Mcat Lesson 5

Front 1

Exocrine Glands

Back 1

release enzymes to the external environment through ducts.

Front 2

Endocrine Glands

Back 2

release hormones directly into body fluids.

Front 3

The Pancreas:

Back 3

acts as both an exocrine gland, releasing digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct, and an endocrine gland releasing insulin and glucagon directly into the blood.

Front 4

Hormones need a receptor (proteins) :

Back 4

either on the membrane or inside the cell.

Front 5

Endocrine System is:

Back 5

slow, indirect, and long lasting.

Front 6

The Effects of the Endocrine System:

Back 6

alter metabolic activities, regulate growth and development, and guide reproduction.

Front 7

Hormones exist in three basic chemistry types:

Back 7

peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and tyrosine derivatives.

Front 8

Peptide Hormones:

Back 8

The anterior hormones; posterior pituitary hormones;parathyroid hormones; pancreatic hormones.

Front 9

Anterior Pituitary Hormones:

Back 9

FSH, LH, ACTH, hGH, TSH, and Prolactin

Front 10

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Back 10

ADH and Oxytocin

Front 11

Parathyroid Hormone

Back 11

PTH

Front 12

Pancreatic Hormones:

Back 12

Glucagon and Insulin

Front 13

Steroid hormones come only from the _____________.

Back 13

adrenal cortex, the gonads, or the placenta.

Front 14

Tyrosines are the ______ hormones and the ________ hormones.

Back 14

Thyroid hormones and the catecholamines ( the adrenal medulla hormones.)

Front 15

Steroids are lipids, they diffuse through the membrane and act in the nuclueus

Back 15

Since peptides are proteins they can't diffuse through the membrane, so they bind to receptors on the membrane and act through a second messenger.

Front 16

Tyrosines are split:

Back 16

thyroids diffuse into the nucleus and catecholamines act on receptors at the membrane.

Front 17

The important Steroid hormones:

Back 17

the glucocorticods and mineral corticoids of the adrenal cortex: cortisol and aldosterone; the gonadal hormones: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone.

Front 18

Estrogen and Progesterone are produced by the _____________rr

Back 18

Placenta.

Front 19

Tyrosine Derivatives are:

Back 19

the thyroid hormones: T3(Triiodothyronine contains 3 iodine atoms) and T4` (thyroxine contains: 4 iodine atoms and the catecholamines formed in the adrenal medulla:epinephrine and norepinphrine. All of these hormones are formed by the enzymes in the cytosol or the rough ER.

Front 20

Anterior Pituitary is located behind the __________.

Back 20

Hypothalamus which controls the release of the anterior pituitary hormones.

Front 21

Anterior Pituitary releases six major hormones:

Back 21

1.human growth hormone(hGH) 2. Adrenocorticotropin(ACTH) 3. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 4. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 5. leutinizing hormone (LH) 6. prolactin

Front 22

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

Back 22

a peptide, stimulates growth in almost all cells of the body by increasing episodes of mitosis, increasing cell size, increasing the rate of protein synthesis, mobilizing fat stores, etc.

Front 23

Adrenocortiotropic hormone

Back 23

a peptide, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (stress hormones) via the second messenger system using cAMP. release of ACTH is stimulated by types of stress.

Front 24

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Back 24

a peptide, stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4 via the second messenger using cAMP. TSH increases thyroid cell size, number and rate of secretion of T3 & T4. T3 & T4 have a negative feedback effect on TSH release.

Front 25

Prolactin

Back 25

a peptide, promotes lactation (milk production) by the breasts.

Front 26

Posterior Pituitary

Back 26

composed mainly of support tissue for nerve endings from the hypothalamus.

Front 27

Oxytocin

Back 27

a small peptide hormone that increaases uterine contractions during pregnancy and causes milk to be ejected from the breasts.

Front 28

Antidiuretic Hormones (ADH) (aka vasopressin)

Back 28

a small peptide hormone which causes the collecting ducts of the kidney to become permeable to water reducing the amount and concentration of urine. Since fluid is reabsorbed, blood pressure increases. Coffee and bear are ADH blockers that increase urine volume.

Front 29

Adrenal Glands

Back 29

Located on top of kidneys. Divided into: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.

Front 30

adrenal cortex

Back 30

the ouside protion of the adrenal glad. Secretes only steroid hormones: aldosterone and cortisol.

Front 31

Two types of steroids secreted by the cortex:

Back 31

mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids.

Front 32

Mineral corticoids

Back 32

affect the electrolyte balance in the blood stream.

Front 33

Glucocoticoids

Back 33

increase the blood glucose concentration and have an even greated effect on fat and protein metabolims.

Front 34

Major mineral corticoid from adrenal cortex is:

Back 34

aldosterone

Front 35

Major glucocorticoid from adrenal cortex is:

Back 35

cortisol

Front 36

Aldosterone:

Back 36

a steroid, a mineral corticoid that acts in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to increase Na+ and Cl- reabsoroption and K+ and H+ secreation. increases blood pressure

Front 37

Cortisol

Back 37

glucocorticoid that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glucogenesis in the liver. A stress hormone.

Front 38

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are:

Back 38

vasoconstrictors of most internal organs and skin but are vasodilators of skeletal muscle (increase blood flow) "fight or flight" response.

Front 39

Thyroid

Back 39

Located along the trachea just in front of the larynx.

Front 40

Anterior Pituitary is located behind the __________.

Back 40

Hypothalamus which controls the release of the anterior pituitary hormones.

Front 41

Anterior Pituitary releases six major hormones:

Back 41

1.human growth hormone(hGH) 2. Adrenocorticotropin(ACTH) 3. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 4. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 5. leutinizing hormone (LH) 6. prolactin

Front 42

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

Back 42

a peptide, stimulates growth in almost all cells of the body by increasing episodes of mitosis, increasing cell size, increasing the rate of protein synthesis, mobilizing fat stores, etc.

Front 43

Adrenocortiotropic hormone

Back 43

a peptide, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (stress hormones) via the second messenger system using cAMP. release of ACTH is stimulated by types of stress.

Front 44

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Back 44

a peptide, stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4 via the second messenger using cAMP. TSH increases thyroid cell size, number and rate of secretion of T3 & T4. T3 & T4 have a negative feedback effect on TSH release.

Front 45

Thyroid hormones:

Back 45

T3, T4 and calcitonin

Front 46

T3 and T4

Back 46

their general effect is to increase the basal metabolic rate (resting metabolic rate)

Front 47

Pancreas

Back 47

acts as both an endocrine and exocrine gland.

Front 48

Two important hormones secreted by the pancreas:

Back 48

insulin and glucagon

Front 49

insulin

Back 49

peptide hormone release by the B-cells of the pancreas. associated with energy abundance in form of high energy nutrients.

Front 50

Insulin is released:

Back 50

when blood levels of carbohydrates and proteins are high.

Front 51

Glucagon

Back 51

peptide hormone: released by the a-cells of the pancreas. Effects=nearly opposite of insulin. raises blood glucose level. stimulates the breakdown of glycogen.

Front 52

Parathyroid

Back 52

attached to the back of the thyroid

Front 53

Parathyroid Hormones (PTH)

Back 53

a peptide, increases blood calcium. increases osteocyte absorption of calcium and phosphate from the bone and stimulates proliferation of osteocytes.