Mcat Hormones 101

Front 1

FSH

Back 1

1. Site of Production: anterior pituitary
2. Effect: stimulation of follicle cells in female and sertoli cells in males
3. Regulation: Negative feedback of anterior pituitary via estrogen/progesterone and testosterone/inhibin

Front 2

Inhibin

Back 2

1. Site of Production: Sertoli cells
2. Effect: inhibition of anterior pituitary production of FSH / LH
3. Regulation: N/A

Front 3

TSH

Back 3

1. Site of Production: anterior pituitary
2. Effect: stimulates T3/T4 production in thyroid via cAMP
3. Regulation: T3/T4 negative feedback to TSH release

Front 4

hGH

Back 4

1. Site of Production: anterior pituitary
2. Effect: stimulates growth in almost all cells of the body by increasing mitosis, cell size, protein synthesis etc.
3. Regulation: N/A

Front 5

ACTH

Back 5

1. Site of Production: anterior pituitary
2. Effect: stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids via cAMP
3. Regulation: Negative feedback via cortisol

Front 6

PRL

Back 6

1. Name: prolactin
2. Site of Production: anterior pituitary
3. Effect: milk production & inhibits menstrual cycle
4. Regulation: inhibited by estrogen/progesterone

Front 7

ADH

Back 7

1. Name: antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
2. Site of Production: hypothalamus (released by posterior pituitary)
3. Effect: Causes DCT & collecting duct to become permeable to water; results in increased blood pressure
4. Regulation: osmoregulators in hypothalamus

Front 8

oxytocin

Back 8

1. Name: oxytocin
2. Site of Production: hypothalamus (released by posterior pituitary)
3. Effect: uterine contractions + milk release
4. Regulation: N/A

Front 9

cortisol

Back 9

1. Name: Cortisol
2. Site of Production: adrenal cortex
3. Effect: Increase blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis in liver; also causes degrades fatty tissue for energy & has anti-inflammatory/immune suppressing properties
4. Regulation: N/A

Front 10

aldosterone

Back 10

1. Name: aldosterone
2. Site of Production: adrenal cortex
3. Effect: stimulates DCT & collecting duct to increase Na+/Cl- absorbtion and K+/H+ secretion; results in increased blood pressure
4. Regulation: baroreceptors throughout body (i.e. carotid artery) / pH receptors

Front 11

NE

Back 11

1. Name: norepinephrine/noradrenaline
2. Site of Production: adrenal medulla
3. Effect: vasoconstriction of internal organs but vasodilation of skeletal muscle; stimulation of fight-or-flight pathway
4. Regulation: N/A

Front 12

Renin

Back 12

1. Name: renin
2. Site of Production: JGA
3. Effect: Initiates ACE cascade & stimulates production of aldosterone
4. Regulation: N/A

Front 13

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Back 13

1. Name: ANP
2. Site of Production: heart
3. Effect: lowers blood Na+ concentration
4. Regulation: N/A

Front 14

Erythropoietin

Back 14

1. Name: EPO
2. Site of Production: Liver/kidneys
3. Effect: stimulates RBC production
4. Regulation: N/A

Front 15

Melatonin

Back 15

1. Name: melatonin
2. Site of Production: pineal gland
3. Effect: regulates daily rhythms and seasonal reproduction in some animals
4. Regulation: N/A

Front 16

Calcitonin

Back 16

1. Name: Calcitonin
2. Site of Production: thyroid
3. Effect: lowers blood [Ca2+]
4. Regulation: PTH

Front 17

PTH

Back 17

1. Name: parathyroid hormone
2. Site of Production: parathyroid glands
3. Effect: increases [Ca2+]
4. Regulation: calcitonin

Front 18

Prostaglandins

Back 18

Not hormones; autocrine/paracrine action. Act as local messengers & are produced not at a discrete site but at many places throughout the body.

Oxytocin stimulates prostaglandin production during pregnancy which induces contractions.

Front 19

angiotensinogen

Back 19

1. Name: angiotensinogen
2. Site of Production: liver
3. Effect: Part of ACE cascade; ACE II stimulates release of aldosterone & acts as a strong vasoconstrictor
4. Regulation: Renin from JGA converts zymogen to active form

Front 20

testosterone

Back 20

1. Name: Testosterone
2. Site of Production: Leydig cells
3. Effect: Stimulation of Sertoli cells + development of male sex characteristics
4. Regulation: Act as negative inhibitor on anterior pituitary & hypothalamus leading to decreased output of FSH/LH & GnRH

Front 21

estrogen

Back 21

1. Name: Estrogen
2. Site of Production: follicle (granulosa) cells, corpus luteum, placenta
3. Effect: Stimulates uterus to prepare for pregnancy; causes LH surge resulting in ovulation; at a critical level of estrogen/progesterone during end of pregnancy it also stimulates the start of contractions
4. Regulation: At low levels it inhibits the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary; at high levels it stimulates the anterior pituitary resulting in the LH surge. At any level with progesterone the combination inhibits both the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

Front 22

progesterone

Back 22

1. Name: Progesterone
2. Site of Production: corpus luteum, placenta
3. Effect: prepares and maintains uterus for pregnancy
4. Regulation: negative feedback regulator of anterior pituitary & hypothalamus

Front 23

hCG

Back 23

1. Name: human chorionic gonadotropin
2. Site of Production: placenta
3. Effect: stimulates corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen/progesterone until after 1st trimester when placenta is capable of producing hormones on its own
4. Regulation: N/A