Mcat Exma Krackers Biology Systems Ch.1

Front 1

what are the 7 animal classification systems

Back 1

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (king philip can't order full grain spaghetti)

Front 2

what are the 3 domain

Back 2

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Front 3

polymorphism:

Back 3

gene that has multiple alleles corresponding to different forms of a phenotype

Front 4

speciation:

Back 4

formation of a new species

Front 5

factors that lead to speciation (4)

Back 5

interbreeding, bottle-neck, specialization, adaptation

Front 6

how does interbreeding lead to speciation

Back 6

if species is divided into group and a mutation occurs in 1 group and no the other

Front 7

out-breading:

-does it contribute to speciation? why?

Back 7

mating on non-relatives; no b/c it maintains genetic flow

Front 8

how does bottle neck contribute to speciation

Back 8

a specie mayface a crisis so severe that there are few survivors, whose allelic frequencies are notrepresentative of the original population. The result is that the allelic frequenciesof the population are shifted

Front 9

specialization:

-how does it contribute to speciation

Back 9

species tailor to behaviors that allow them to exploit their environment; when species behavior differ vastly from general population speciation is possible

Front 10

adaptation:

Back 10

genetic or behavioral changes that give a species an advantage

Front 11

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:

Back 11

theorizes about a possible species where no evolution occurs

Front 12

factors of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (5)

Back 12

1. mutational equilibrium

2. large population

3. random mating

4. immigration and emigration does not change the gene pool

5. no selection for the fittest organism

Front 13

mutational equilibrium:

Back 13

rate of forward genetic mutations equals the rate of backward genetic mutations

Front 14

genetic drift:

Back 14

1 allele is lost because the animals that have that allele are gone

Front 15

genetic drift can lead to ___

Back 15

bottleneck affect

Front 16

random mating:

Back 16

chances for mating are equal regardless of phenotype or genotype

Front 17

differential reproduction:

Back 17

animals that have favorable genes of behaviors are more likely to reproduce than animals that don't have these traits

Front 18

lytic infection:

Back 18

virus takes over the host cells synthetic machinery. virus RNA is translated into proteins and proteins create a new viruses until the host cell bursts or releases the viruses 1 at a time

Front 19

virulent virus:

Back 19

virus in the lytic cycle that is capable of causing disease

Front 20

lysogenic infection:

Back 20

viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome. the host does not show any signs of infection and the virus is dormant until "awaken" by stress

Front 21

temperate virus:

Back 21

virus in a lysogenic cycle

Front 22

do enveloped or nonenveloped viruses cause cell lysis during the release of duplicated viruses

Back 22

nonenveloped

Front 23

colligative property:

-ex

Back 23

property based on the number of particles not the type of particles; osmosis

Front 24

types of molecules that cam move through the plasma membrane

Back 24

small molecules with little to no charge

Front 25

concentration cell:

-ex(2)

Back 25

differences in concentration initiate movement of charge and thus create a voltage ; Na and K

Front 26

resting membrane potential

Back 26

-70 mV

Front 27

explain the electrochemical gradient

Back 27

as K+ diffuses across the membrane the chemical gradient starts to equilibrate and diffuse decreases. as the chemical gradient breaks down the electrical gradient increase. diffusion of K+ to the extracellular positive environment and the buildup of negatively charged substances on the internal environment causes the K+ to move back inside.

Front 28

which ion is the major determinant of the membrane potential across the membrane

Back 28

K+

Front 29

the resting membrane potential is determined by ___

Back 29

equilibrium potential of K

Front 30

Nernst equation:

n=

E* =

Q=

Back 30

n=number of electrons; standard cell potential, meaningthe voltage that exists when ion concentrations are equal in both parts of the cell; ratio of products over reactants

Front 31

what does the brainstem contain

Back 31

medulla, pons, and midbrain

Front 32

medulla function (4-5)

Back 32

autonomic functions, have chemoreceptors that recognizes changes of CO2 levels in the blood and adjust and regulate bp by controlled sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the heart, respiration, cardiac function, vasodilation, reflexes (coughing, vomiting, sneezing etc)

Front 33

pons function (2)

Back 33

communication b/t motor cortex and cerebellum to facilitate motor movement (relay sensory, motor, and autonomic functions from the forebrain to the cerebellum)

Front 34

midbrain function (1)

Back 34

relay are of auditory and visual signals, motor movement of the eye,

Front 35

cerebellum function (2)

Back 35

planning and coordination of movement, balance

Front 36

what does the diencephalon contain (2)

Back 36

thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 37

thalamus function (1)

Back 37

processes almost all sensory info before it reaches higher cortical centers

Front 38

hypothalamus function

Back 38

maintain homeostasis in multiple systems such as temp and water balance

Front 39

frontal lobe function: (3)

Back 39

planning, impulse control, voluntary movements

Front 40

motor cortex:

-location

Back 40

creates a map of parts of the body, the amount of motor cortex devoted to each parts depends on the complexity of movements needed; frontal lobe

Front 41

parietal lobe function

Back 41

contains the somatosensory cortex which maps the body's sensation to touch

Front 42

somatosensory system:

-location

Back 42

involves the detection of physical stimuli such as touch, temperature, and pain; parietal lob

Front 43

occipital lobe:

Back 43

where visual info is processed

Front 44

temporal lobe:

Back 44

process auditory and olfactory info

Front 45

hippocampus and amygdala are important for the function of the ____ system

-location

-function

Back 45

limbic; temporal lobe; memory and emotion

Front 46

how is the brain a top down process

Back 46

considering what is most important and thus altering the perception of environmental stimuli

Front 47

the 2 cerebrums are connected by the ____

Back 47

corpus callosum

Front 48

lateralized functons in the brain:

ex. (2)

Back 48

take place in primarily 1 hemisphere;

comprehension of language, emotions

Front 49

5 types of sensory receptors

Back 49

mechanoreceptors, thermorerceptors, nocireceptors, electromagnetic receptors, and chemoreceptors

Front 50

what are the receptors of the somatosensory system (3)

Back 50

mechanoreceptors, nocireceptors, and thermoreceptors

Front 51

somatosensory system function

Back 51

process the sensation of touch, temperature, and pain

Front 52

ex of a mechanoreceptor

Back 52

organ of cori hair cells

Front 53

photoreceptors:

-how do they work?

Back 53

type of electromagnetic receptor that detects the physical stimuli of photons near the eye; the level of light affects how much of the neurotransmitter released

Front 54

chemoreceptors are responsible for the homeostasis of ____ and ___ system

Back 54

cardiovascular; respiratory

Front 55

pathway of light entering the eye

Back 55

light reflects off of an object in the environment and hits the cornea -> anterior chamber (filled with aqueous humor) -> lens -> light is focused through the vitreous humor and onto the retina where the image is inverted

Front 56

what happens with light hits a rod or cone

Back 56

it triggers a hyperpolarization of the membrane of the photorecptor which inhibits the release of neurotransmitters

Front 57

what neurotransmitter do photoreceptors release

- is it excitatory or inhibitory

Back 57

glutamate; excitatory

Front 58

where does light go after the photoreceptors

Back 58

bipolar cells

Front 59

bipolar cells:

Back 59

receive signals from their associated photoreceptors (vertical info) and based on the type of glutamate receptor will be inhibited or excited by the change of glutamate released by the photoreceptor

Front 60

where does the light signal go after the bipolar cell

-when are the cells bipolar cells act on activated?

Back 60

ganglion cells: when bipolar cells experience an overall excitatory effect from both the vertical and horizontal inputs

Front 61

what do the axons of the ganglion cell form?

Back 61

the optic nerve

Front 62

pathway of the optic nerve to the occipital lobe

Back 62

optic nerve -> lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus -> primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Front 63

function of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Back 63

preserves the visual map created by the ganglion cell and projects the info to the occipital lobe

Front 64

where do the visual stimuli go after the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe (2)

Back 64

to the ventral ("what") pathway -> temporal lobe or dorsal ("where") pathway -> parietal lobe

Front 65

function of dorsal/where pathway

-function of ventral/what pathway

Back 65

perceiving the location of objects; object recognition

Front 66

pathway of auditory info to the brain

Back 66

auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei (ventral and dorsal) in the medulla ->axons in the cochlear nuclei synapse with neurons w/in the inferior colliculus (some nerves cross over so auditory info from each ear goes to opposite sides of the brain) -> medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus ->auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

Front 67

smell and taste involve ___ receptors

Back 67

chemo

Front 68

all taste sensation are a ____ of all 5 primary taste sensations

Back 68

combination

Front 69

pathway of olfactory info

Back 69

olfactory nerve -> chemicals bind to the GPCR on the chemoreceptors and cause an action potential -> olfactory bulb ->pyriform cortex in temporal lobe, the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus -> orbitofrontal cortex