Mcat: Eukaryotic Cells

Front 1

3 Types of Cellular Adhesions

Back 1

Tight Junctions
Gap Junctions
Desmosomes

Front 2

TIght Junctions:
Links what to form what?

Back 2

Adjacent cells to form a barrier

Front 3

Gap Junctions:
Links what?

Back 3

Links together the cytoplasms of adjacent cells, and small particles, such as ions, so they can flow through them freely.

Front 4

Gap Junctions:
Consists of what type of channels? And what type of connection is made?

Back 4

Protein channels that form a bridge between the two cells.

Front 5

Gap Junctions:
Physiological benefit

Back 5

Heart Muscle Contractions
---- Allows the heart's electrical signals to be passed quickly from cell to cell.

Front 6

Tight Junctions:
Structural identity similar to what organ's inner surface? Functions to precent what happening?

Back 6

Small Intestine's inner surface. No intercellular space. They form the barrier that prevents the intestinal contents from leaking out between cells.

Front 7

Desmosomes:
Composed of what?

Back 7

Plaque-like proteins embedded in the cell membrane to which the cytoskeleton is attached.

Front 8

Desmosomes:
Function in body?

Back 8

Responsible for the structural integrity of most tissues in the human body.

Front 9

Endomembrane System:
3 parts?

Back 9

Outer Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear Membrane

Front 10

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 10

Constitutes the principle site of cellular protein synthesis.
In close association with ribosomes.

Front 11

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 11

No ribosomes.
Lipid synthesis and drug detoxification.

Front 12

Golgi Apparatus

Back 12

Specialized derivative of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Consists of a series of flattened sacs rather than channels.
Packages and transports proteins to the cell surface.

Front 13

Proteins transported from Golgi have 2 main fates:

Back 13

1. Expelled into the extracellular space.
2. Incorporated into the cell membrane.

Front 14

How proteins are transported from Golgi

Back 14

Transport is accomplished through vesicles, which pinch off from the golgi and migrate to the cell surface.
They fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents through exocytosis.

Front 15

Two cellular organelles that contain enzymes:

Back 15

Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

Front 16

Peroxisomes contain enzyme:

Function of this enzyme:

Back 16

Catalase
- which processes Hydrogen Peroxide

Front 17

Lysosomes in humans

Back 17

Harbor hydrolytic enzymes that digest foreign particles and senescent (aged) organelles.

Front 18

Lysosomes in plants

Back 18

Houses certain toxins, including alkaloids (primary amines)

Front 19

Vacuoles

Back 19

Constitute spaces or vacancies within the cytoplasm.
Fluid filled.

Front 20

Vacuoles in protozoans

Back 20

Function to expel wastes or excess fluid.

Front 21

Mitochondria membrane:

Back 21

Double membraned

Front 22

Mitochondria functions to

Back 22

Mediate synthesis of ATP
(thereby maintaining the concentration gradient of the cell which needs ATP)
only in aerobic organisms

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Inner folds of mitochondria:

Interior:

Back 23

Folds: Cristae

Interior: Matrix

Front 24

Two processes that occur in the interior mitochondria

Back 24

Krebs cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 25

Anaerobic Organisms energy production via

Back 25

Glycolysis

NOT krebs or ETC

Front 26

Plastids

Found where?
Contains what?
Functions in?

Back 26

Found solely in plant cells.

Contain pigment and function in photosynthesis.

Front 27

Most abundant plastid?

Back 27

Chloroplasts
- Contain Chlorophyll

Front 28

Chromosomes

Composed of:

Back 28

DNA
Proteins
(cells genetic material)

Front 29

Chromosomes

Location:

Back 29

Within the nucleus

Front 30

Nucleolus

Location and function?

Back 30

Located in the Nucleus.

Functions as the site of Ribosomal Ribonucleic acid (rRNA) formation, which functions in the translation of the genetic code.

Front 31

Cilia

Back 31

Propel foreign particles toward the throat in the human airway.

Front 32

Paramecium Locomotion

Back 32

Cilia and Flagella

Front 33

Flagella

Back 33

Comprises tail of the sperm cell and confers motility so that the sperm may reach and fertilize the ovum.

Front 34

Cilia and Flagella are both structurally comprised of:

Back 34

Microtubules

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Microtubules

Back 35

Principally formed of a protein called Tubulin.

Structural component of Cilia and Flagella.

Main component of Centrioles.

Found in and serves as structure for cytoskeleton in cytoplasm.

Front 36

Centrioles

Back 36

Assist in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Comprised of Microtubules.

Front 37

Main protein component of Microtubules?

Back 37

Tubulin

Front 38

Microfilaments

Back 38

Found in cytoplasm.

Serves as a second element of the cytoskeleton.

Composed of the protein: Actin

Also functions in cellular movement.

Front 39

Main protein component of Microfilaments?

Back 39

Actin

Front 40

Two main elements of cytoplasm

Back 40

1. Microtubules (primary)

2. Microfilaments (secondary)

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Mutualism

Back 41

Symbiotic relationship.
Two organisms living in mutualistic alliance confer some gain on each other.

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Commensalism

Back 42

Symbiotic relationship.
One member benefits and the other experiences neither benefit nor harm.

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Parasitism

Back 43

Symbiotic relationship.
One member benefits and the other is harmed.

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Socialism

Back 44

Not a type of Symbiotic relationship.

Front 45

Pinocytosis

Back 45

A form of endocytosis.
Involves cellular ingestion of liquid or small particles.

Front 46

Phagocytosis

Back 46

A form of endocytosis.
Ingestion of foreign particles.

Front 47

Glycolysis Location?

Back 47

Cytoplasm

Can occur with or without oxygen.

Front 48

5' Cap in RNA Processing

Back 48

The addition of a 5' cap, a methylated Guanine, is part of RNA processing in eukaryotes and occurs before the transcript leaves the nucleus.

Front 49

Intron

Back 49

Present in the eukaryotic primary transcript.
Not part of the functional mRNA molecule.

Front 50

When does splicing out introns and joining of exons occur?

Back 50

Before a eukaryotic primary transcript leaves the nucleus to enter the cytosol