Mcat: Energy Production (Atp) Under Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Front 1

What is ATP comprised of

Back 1

Adenine (Nitrogenous Base)
linked to a Ribose (sugar)
which is linked to a chain of 3 Phosphate groups (PO4)

Front 2

The Nitrogenous group found in ATP is called

Back 2

Adenine

Front 3

Highest energy bonds in the ATP molecule are found where?

Back 3

Between the Phosphate groups and the adenosine.

Front 4

Energy released from the disruption of bonds in the ATP molecule (or any molecule) does not come from the bond breaking, rather...

Back 4

Energy from disruption comes from the subsequent formation of bonds that are more stable in the molecule.

Front 5

Where is the energy derived from to synthesize ATP?

Back 5

From glucose molecules stored in the cell.

Front 6

"Six Carbon Monosaccharide" is a super fancy schmancy way of naming what?

Back 6

Glucose

Front 7

How is ATP generated anaerobically?

Back 7

Glycolysis

Front 8

What is Anaerobic glycolysis followed by, depending on presence of oxygen ?

Back 8

Fermentation (anaerobic) which facilitates the continuity of glycolysis.

Aerobic processes that produce ATP.

Glycolysis is always anaerobic DUH.

Front 9

Glycolysis breaks down glucose to form 3 things:

Back 9

2 molecules of Pyruvate (3 carbon molecule)
Net +2 ATP (used 2 to begin, gained 4)
2 NADH (reduced from NAD+)

Front 10

NADH

What form is it in?
What condition does it require to release it's stored energy?

Back 10

In reduced form, became reduced in Glycolysis.

Stored energy that will release ATP in the presence of Oxygen.

Front 11

Where does Glycolysis occur in the cell?

Back 11

Cytoplasm - because of the availability of enzymes and substrates it needs

Front 12

When did Glycolysis come about in the history of the entire world?

Back 12

Glycolysis represents a primitive process that arose very early in evolution.

Obligate and Tolerant Anaerobes depend solely on Glycolysis for ATP.

Front 13

Fermentation is characterized by what happening to the pyruvate formed from Glycolysis?

Back 13

The pyruvate is the hydrogen acceptor itself, and is converted to lactate.

NAD+ is regenerated from NADH.

Front 14

The pain associated with muscle fatigue is caused by:

Back 14

Insufficient oxygen supply to the muscle tissue resulting in lactic acid fermentation producing more lactic acid thereby lowering the pH to a painful level!

Front 15

Each pyruvate entering Lactic acid fermentation produces 2 things:

Back 15

1 Lactate
Regenerates 1 NAD+

So for 1 Glucose = 2 Pyruvate = 2 Lactate

Front 16

Why is Fermentation essential despite no net ATP production?

Back 16

Despite Fermentation yielding no ATP, it regenerates NAD+ which is essential to the continuity of glycolysis.

NAD+ is essentially the chemical resource of the cell.

Front 17

Yeast undergoing fermentation does not produce Lactate, rather it has two products:

Back 17

Ethanol
CO2

(aka Booze baby yah!)

Front 18

Net ATP production:
Glycolysis alone:
Glycolysis + Fermentation:
Fermentation alone:

Back 18

Glycolysis alone: +2
Glycolysis + Fermentation: +2
Fermentation alone: 0

Front 19

All components for Aerobic Respiration in order:

Back 19

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 20

All Aerobic reactions occur where in the cell:

Back 20

Mitochondria

Krebs: Mitochondrial Matrix

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation: Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Front 21

Which enzyme prepares Pyruvate to enter Krebs cycle? Where is this enzyme located?

Back 21

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase in the Mitochondrial Matrix.

Front 22

What is the reaction called when Pyruvate Dehydrogenase catalyzes the release of CO2 from Pyruvate, oxidizing it and thereby reducing NAD+ to NADH?

Back 22

Oxidative Decarboxylation

Front 23

Oxidative Decarboxylation produces an acetyl group from the oxidation of Pyruvate. What happens to the Acetyl group?

Back 23

It combines with Coenzyme A and yields acetyl CoA.

Front 24

Oxidative Phosphorylation uses an enzyme called ___ to oxidize ____ in order to produce ____ to combine with an enzyme _____ to yield ______.

Back 24

Oxidative Phosphorylation uses an enzyme called PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE to oxidize PYRUVATE in order to produce an ACETYL GROUP to combine with COENZYME A to yield ACETYL CoA.

Front 25

Pyruvate doesn't enter the krebs cycle immediately, what is the molecule it ends up becoming that enters the Krebs cycle?

Back 25

Acetyl CoA - a 2 carbon molecule.
(Reacts with a 4 carbon Oxaloacetate to produce 6 carbon citrate.)

Front 26

A series of Oxidation-Reduction reactions are seen in which parts of Aerobic respiration?

Back 26

Krebs cycle, Electron Transport chain

Front 27

When is a molecule of GTP produced?

Back 27

During each turn of the Krebs cycle.

Front 28

Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces:

Back 28

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
2 CO2

Front 29

Glycolysis + Krebs cycle produces:

Back 29

1 Glucose = 2 molecules of pyruvic acid = (1 pyruvic acid = 1 acetyl coa) 2 acetyl CoA = Each acetyl coA for 1 Krebs cycle so = 2 turns in krebs cycle.
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP
4 CO2

Front 30

What constitutes the intermediate stage of aerobic respiration?

Back 30

The end of the Krebs cycle

Front 31

The inner mitochondrial membrane contains an array of molecules, collectively called:

Back 31

Electron Transport Chain

Front 32

Iron is found in a good portion of which part of Aerobic Respiration?

Back 32

Electron Transport Chain

Front 33

What initiates the beginning of the ETC?

Back 33

The NADH and FADH2 molecules produced from the Krebs cycle.

Front 34

FMN and CoQ are found in the ETC and function to:

Back 34

Oxidize NADH > NAD+
FADH2 > FAD+

Front 35

What is the function of the positive charges generated by NAD+ and FAD+ in the ETC ?

Back 35

Electrons are attracted as the positive charges accumulate, thus reducing them again, and with each transfer, energy is released and Oxidative Phosphorylation directs the energy to produced ATP.

Front 36

Oxygen in the ETC functions to:

Back 36

Accept electrons donated by NADH and FADH2.

Oxidizing agent.
When Oxygen is combined with the electrons it stole from NADH and FADH2, it forms water.

Front 37

Where is ATP Synthetase found and what does it do?

Back 37

Inner mitochondrial membrane, used as a channel during Oxidative phosphorylation to move protons through the membrane.

Front 38

The pumping of H+ ions outward from the mitochondrial matrix into the space between the outer and inner membranes creating an electrochemical gradient is called?

Back 38

Electron Transport Chain

Front 39

The energy generated in the electrochemical gradient represents:

Back 39

Potential energy, because a membrane "wants" charge and concentration will be equalized on each of it's sides.

Just as creating an electrochemical gradient requires energy, the energy invested in creating the gradient is that stored within the fact of the gradient itself.

Front 40

Once the electrochemical gradient is produced from the ETC, the protons move across the inner mitochondrial membrane space to the matrix in order to accomplish what?

Back 40

The movement of protons releases energy.

Front 41

The process in which ATP Synthetase catalyzes the formation of ATP

Back 41

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 42

Which occurs before the other - ETC or oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 42

They are in fact coupled

Front 43

Protons flow up/down their gradient during oxidation/reduction processes?

Back 43

Down

Front 44

ATP Synthetase converts potential energy of the gradient into ?

Back 44

CHemical energy when it catalyzes the formation of ATP form ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Front 45

How much ATP is produced from:
NADH
FADH2

Back 45

1 NADH = 2.5 ATP
1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP

Front 46

Where is CO2 formed?

Back 46

Krebs cycle.

Front 47

Drugs are largely metabolized in

Back 47

ER of liver cells

Front 48

Enzymes that promote hydrolysis by lipases are found in which organ?

Back 48

Bile - found as bile salts. Bile salts are a product of cholesterol breakdown.