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212 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When it says a reaction occurs "in the presence" of multiple other compounds, what effect do those compounds have?
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increase the reaction rate
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Why would N^3- be a stronger base than OH-?
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1. it's less electronegative than O2
2. it's negative charge is greater |
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If a particle splits into two pieces of unequal mass, is the repelling force on each the same?
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yes
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If a particle splits into two pieces of unequal mass, is the kinetic energy of each the same?
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no
- the force is the same, therefore the velocities are the same - the masses are different, so the KEs are different |
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Why are there no naturally occurring elements bigger than uranium?
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- the strong nuclear force only works over short distances
- as the nuclei get bigger, the effect of the strong nuclear force lessens and is overcome by the repelling force of similar charges |
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How do we calculate the change of entropy in a reaction?
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deltS = sumSproducts - sumSreactants
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How much of a free radical is often needed for a reaction? |
only a catalytic amount
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What is the telltale sign that a salt is basic?
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if it dissociates and forms an OH- ion
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Why are pure liquids not included in equilibrium expressions?
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their concentrations essentially don't change
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When comparing products in quantities (XY)n and nZ, what is the ratio between concentrations?
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[XY] = 1/n [Z]
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Why is it important that scintillators are transparent to the wave length of light they're emitting?
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it minimizes reabsorption, producing a strong light intensity
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How does energy, frequency and Planck's constant all relate?
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E=hf
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Why would Cu achieve a different oxidation state when it reacts with I- than when it reacts with Cl-?
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different electronegativities of the anions
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Why does Cu(s) + HNO3(aq) yield NO gas?
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• the HNO3 is reduced
• H2 is not released |
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What happens to entropy during sublimation?
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increases
• gas particles are more disordered |
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What happens to entropy when something freezes?
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decreases
• solids have more order than liquids |
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What is important to look at about the axes of phase diagrams?
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units, especially of pressure
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If mass of a metal is reduced while heating, what is one explanation?
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volatile substances were being released
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What is the orbital hybridization of ALL nonmetals up until phosphorus?
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sp3
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Distance traveled during freefall
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1/2 a t^2
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coherent light
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• opposite of diffuse
• all the beams of light are in phase and at the same frequency • lasers |
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What the hell is specific gravity?
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= weight / buoyant force
= weight in air / (weight in air - weight in water) = weight in air / weight of water displaced |
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Calculate buoyant force
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= weight in air - weight in water
= weight of water displaced |
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When dissolving a basic salt, how does Ksp change if you made the solvent more acidic?
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• doesn't change
• independent of solvent qualities |
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If you increase the pH of a solvent, would an acidic salt dissolve more?
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yes, with no change in Ksp
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What is the variable for the principal quantum number?
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n
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What is the variable for the angular quantum number?
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l
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What is the variable for the magnetic quantum number?
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m
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What is the angular quantum number a measure of?
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shape
• 0, 1 (dumbbell), 2 (cloverleaf) • any integer n-1 |
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What is the magnetic quantum number a measure of?
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orientation of orbital
• any integer between -l and +l |
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What value can the principal quantum number not be?
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0
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Where are B cells processed?
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"B" for bone marrow
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Where are T cells processed?
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"T" for thymus
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What kind of inhibitor is counteracted by an increase in substrate concentration?
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competitive
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What's the fastest way to counteract a noncompetitive inhibitor?
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let it metabolize out
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When do levels of DNA trigger the S phase?
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when they're low
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When are centromeres present?
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all the time
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Why does glycine dissolve easily in water?
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it has a high dipole moment between its N and C termini
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What carbonyl compound is an imide most like?
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an anhydride
• instead of the O between the two carbonyls, it's an N |
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How do you make an anhydride from carboxylate ions?
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1. acidify it to carboxylic acids
2. heat it to combine |
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What is normally the first step in a reaction involving amines and carbonyls?
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the amine attacking the carbonyl carbon
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Is benzylamine (Benz—C—NH2) aromatic?
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no
• must have N bond directly to the aromatic ring |
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How does contraction of the diaphragm affect intrapleural pressure?
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it makes it more negative
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What is species longevity?
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how long a species has been around
• not lifespan of individuals |
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What role does coelom development have in nervous system development?
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none
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In general, do most enzymes produce other enzymes?
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no
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What does the gall bladder hold?
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bile
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What does bile act on?
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triglycerides
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What's the main thing to think about when comparing animal anatomies?
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structure, then function
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How can we sweat through skin that is otherwise impermeable to water?
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sweat glands have channels that go through the skin
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Can osmosis occur through the skin?
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no
• osmosis can only occur through water permeable membranes |
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Are proteins heat stable?
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no, they would be denatured
• but some types of bacterial peptide toxins are |
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If a virion has a protein coat and reverse transcriptase, can it synthesize proteins?
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NOT NECESSARILY
• these are normally synthesized in the host cell |
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If something can't be seen with a light microscope, how does its size compare to a eukaryotic cell?
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• it's smaller
• all eukaryotic cells can be seen under a light microscope |
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How are most viral proteins produced?
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translation of VIRAL nucleic acid inside a host
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Is finding a suspicious object in the blood of ill patients a reason to think a microbe might be causing the disease?
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no
• weird things show up in the blood even when microbes aren't causing the disease |
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electron donating groups
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• give electrons to a conjugated pi system
• this increases the inductive or resonance effects and makes it more nucleophilic |
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How can you tell if a group will be an electron withdrawing or donating group?
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• if the first element in the group is very electronegative (N or O), it will donate
• if the first element is a C, it will withdraw • exception: quaternary N's (NR4+) withdraw |
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What is the hybridization of Si?
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sp3
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Does Fe normally accept or donate electrons?
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normally thought of as DONATING
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Does sulfur donate or accept electrons?
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accept
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What does the earth supply to keep things in circular orbit?
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centripetal force
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How do you find the beat frequency?
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subtract the lesser of two frequencies from the greater one
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How do you find a medium's index of refraction?
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n = c/v
• n = index • c = speed of light • v = actual velocity of the wave |
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What is the index of refraction for the vacuum of space?
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1
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Are radio waves influenced by the index of refraction?
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yes
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Why do electromagnetic waves travel more slowly through atmosphere than space?
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the index of refraction is higher in the atmosphere
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How does index of refraction affect speed of a wave?
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the higher the index, the slower the wave moves
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How does the density of a medium affect index of refraction?
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denser typically means higher index, slower speeds
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What has a higher index of refraction, air or water?
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water
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Do electromagnetic waves move slower in air or water?
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water
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How does the boiling point of a primary alcohol compare to that of a triol?
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• it is much much less
• more than 10° less |
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If metal X is REDUCED, how do you find which metals would form a galvanic cell with it?
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the sum of the adjust reduction potentials > 0
• only metals with reduction potentials LESS POSITIVE than metal X |
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If metal X is OXIDIZED, how do you find which metals would form a galvanic cell with it?
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the sum of the adjust reduction potentials > 0
• only metals with reduction potentials MORE POSITIVE than metal X |
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What is the relationship between frequency and period of a wave?
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• they are inverse
• frequency * period = 1 |
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Projectile motion: An object is thrown vertically for t time and returns to the same height and is caught. How do find the velocity?
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v = gt
• for ONLY finding the height, you would use x = 1/2 g (t^2) |
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In nX + mYZ -> oXY + pZ, how do coefficients affect if it's a single or double displacement?
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they don't
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ionization constant
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• Pk
• dissociation constant of an acid or electrolyte |
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What is the ionization constant of a weak acid?
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almost 0, much less than 1
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If an object is attached to springs on both sides, what is the effective spring constant?
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the sum of the K's
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What's the trick for "dimensional arguments" questions?
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make the units work
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What are "dimensions" in dimensional constants?
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NOT vectors but units of measurement
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What is the potential energy of an object if connected to two springs?
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the sum of the potential energies for each spring
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When there is no kinetic energy in a spring system, what is the internal energy?
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the potential energy
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What's important for determining the Lewis dot structure of rare elements?
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finding out how many valence electrons they have
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How many valence electrons does phosphorus have?
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5
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Given the same mass of a small compound and a large compound, how does the change in pressure or volume with temperature compare between the two?
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large molecules increase P and V less than smaller ones
• PV=nRT can be rearranged to make a simple linear formula: P = nr/V (T) |
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Given the same mass of two compounds, which has more moles, the smaller one or the larger one?
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the smaller one
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A mass is lifted heigh, h. How much more work is down if the same mass is lifted twice as high?
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twice as much work
• W = Fd |
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At the same temperature and pressure, which gas has the lowest molecular weight?
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the least dense one
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What forces hold together a pile of rocks?
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only gravitational
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Are gases good reflectors of light?
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no
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What is the Ksp of PbI2 if the molar solubility is S?
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4S^3
• Pb = 1 x [S], 2I = 2 x [S] • [S] [2S]^2 = 4 S^3 |
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What is molar solubility?
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the amount of solute that dissolves per mole of solute
• in CaCl2, the molar solubility for the compound might be 1 S, but the molar solubility for Cl would be 2S |
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Would PbBr2 precipitate if you mixed .0001 M of Pb with .00005 M Br? (Ksp = 4 x 10^-6)
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no, remember to double the Br and then square it
• [.0001] x [2 x .00005]^2 < 4 x 10^-6 |
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When a Keq is very high (greater than 1000), what percentage of reactant is turned into product?
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virtually 100%
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What effect would decreasing the voltage have on the speed of moving positive ions?
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it would decrease the speed and increase the time it took to travel
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What type of lymphocyte is a neutrophil?
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granulocytic
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How can you tell if the rate determining step is biomolecular?
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• if the rate is dependent on both reactants
• if the rate changes with both change in reactant concentrations |
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What happens in an E2 reaction?
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1. two sigma bonds are broken
2. a transition state forms 3. a pi bond is formed as two components leave |
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Two signma bonds are cleaved in a concerted fashion, leading to a transition state and a pi bond. What kind of reaction is this?
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E2
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What systems does a fever interact with?
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lymphatic and immune
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What happens when alcohol is put in the presence of Chromium?
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it is oxidized
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What are quinones good at accepting?
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Michael additions
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What produces an imine?
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the nucleophilic addition of an amine
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Do fevers affect the respiratory system?
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not usually
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It requires 2 bacteria for species A to cause infection and 1 bacterium for species B. How do their potencies compare?
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species B is twice as potent
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What attacks what in anhydride formation?
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a carboxylic acid attacks another carboxlyic acid
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What attacks what in ester formation?
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an alcohol attacks a carboxylic acid
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What attacks what in amide formation?
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an amine attacks a carboxylic acid
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How are carboxylic acids prepared for the making of its derivatives?
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a primary alcohol or aldehyde has to get oxidized
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What shape is the intermediate in acyl substitution?
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tetrahedral
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What shape are carboxyl groups?
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trigonal planar
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Do acyl substitution reactions form racemic mixtures?
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no
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Are intermediates in acyl substitutions racemic?
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yes
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What is a byproduct of esterification reactions and the making of anhydrides?
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water
• the -OH group is protonated and leaves |
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How do you form an alcohol from a carboxylic acid?
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reduce with LiAlH4
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Why would NaBH4 not reduce a -COOH?
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it isn't a strong hydride source
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When can a carboxylic acid spontaneously decarboxylate?
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if it has a beta ketone
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In a carboxylic acid, which carbon is the alpha hydrogen?
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the first one AFTER the carboxyl group
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What forms when a beta-keto acid decarboxylates?
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CO2 and an enol
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enol
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a carbon with a single bond going one way, a pi bond going another and an -OH group going the other
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What is special about beta-keto acids?
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all they need is heat to decarboxylate
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What is the order of reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives?
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1. halides (most)
2. anhydrides 3. thioesters 4. esters and carboxylic acid 5. amide 6. carboxylate |
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saponification
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when an acid gets hydrolyzed
• strong base is added |
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What forms from the saponification of an ester?
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an alcohol and a carboxylate
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What is required for a transesterification?
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1. acidic environment
2. an ester 3. a primary alcohol |
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Suffixes: ketone
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"-one"
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hydrazine
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H2N—NH2
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Why are acyl halides the most reactive acyl derivative?
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the halides are more electronegative than any of the other elements of other acyl derivatives (O, S and N)
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parthenogenesis
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the activation of an egg in the absence of a sperm
• can be an alternative to sexual reproduction |
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What effect does isogamy have on sexual reproduction?
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none
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isogamy
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males and females can sexually reproduce, but look identical
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hermaphroditism
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• an individual produces both a sperm and an egg
• the individual is born with both full sex organs NOT AS INTERMEDIATES |
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pseudohermaphroditism
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individual born with one set of sex characteristics and develops into an INTERMEDIATE
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Is hermaphroditism a form of asexual reproduction?
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NO
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What kind of reproduction is parthenogenesis?
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asexual
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amphoteric
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can act as both acids and bases
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Are amino acids amphoteric?
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yes
• can act as an acid and a base |
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What is an alternative way of writing out UV absorption?
|
as a log
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What effect does conjugation have on UV absorption?
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it increases it, making for a stronger absorption
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What is the difference between chiral centers in (+) and (-) rotation compounds?
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they are enantiomers
• all of the carbon centers are rotated in opposite directions |
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Is DNA positively charged?
|
no, it is negatively charged
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Is DNA hydrophilic?
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yes
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Why are nucleic acids negatively charged?
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the phosphate backbone creates a negative charge
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What effect does emphysema have on alveolar surface area?
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it decreases it by decreasing the tissue's ability to recoil after stretch and compression
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Why would an increase in breathing rate and depth increase blood oxygenation?
|
more oxygen in alveoli
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What effect would an increase in hemoglobin concentration have in how well blood is oxygenated?
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the higher the concentration, the more O2 that can be taken up
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Is blood pressure in the pulmonary artery likely to affect blood oxygenation?
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no, not unless it drops really suddenly
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NMR: how many sets of peaks there are
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how many groups of protons are different
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NMR: splitting pattern
|
how many protons are next door
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NMR: integration of sets
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how many protons are in a particular environment
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NMR: chemical shift values
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the kind of chemical environment the protons are in
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What is formula for finding if there's a hydrogen deficiency?
|
2n+2 = no deficiency
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Glomerular flow rate is directly proportional to what?
|
blood pressure
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NMR: How many non-equivalent neighboring hydrogens correspond to two peaks?
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• 1
• number of non-equivalent neighbors = n - 1 |
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How does blood pressure affect reabsorption rate in the kidneys?
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it doesn't
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What does the liver produce to aid in digestion?
|
bile salts
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NMR: What does it mean to move to the left?
|
• you move DOWNFIELD
• that group is MORE shielded from electrons in the NMR magnetic field |
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NMR: What does it mean to move to the right?
|
• you move UPFIELD
• that group is LESS shielded from electrons in the NMR magnetic field |
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What does the pancreas make for use in digestion?
|
digestive enzymes
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What effect does hybridization shape have on deshielding?
|
linear orbitals (sp) leave H's more exposed
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What is the relationship between the liver, pancreas and gallbladder?
|
• the liver makes bile
• the pancreas makes zymogens • the gall bladder hold both of these types of products for release into the duodenum • they all feed into the common bile duct, which dumps into the duodenum |
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Where is mass spec conducted?
|
inside a magnetic field inside high vacuum chamber
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Generally speaking, how can you use mass spec to find out what is in a compound?
|
look at the mass lost from the parent and it will tell you
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UV Spec: What two kinds of molecules are
|
• highly conjugated chains
• complexes of transition metals |
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UV Spec: Why are transition metals good at absorbing UV light?
|
they have lots of orbitals
|
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UV Spec: What is the relationship between what molecule absorbs and what we see?
|
• we see the opposite of what is absorbed
• if it only absorbs UV radiation it appears white |
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What kind of light does a white compound absorb?
|
only UV
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IR Spec: C-H
|
2700-3300
|
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IR Spec: O-H
|
3200-3600
|
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IR Spec: Why are O-H peaks very broad?
|
H bonding
|
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Can you perform an extraction between two miscible solvents?
|
no, they have to be immiscible
|
|
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What are the typical solvents for extraction?
|
• polar: water
• organic/non-polar: CH2Cl2, Et2O or EtOAc |
|
|
partition coefficient
|
the ratio of the substances solubilities in two solvents during EXTRACTION
|
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Extraction: What advantage is there for adding dilute acid to an amine solution?
|
it protonates the amine, making it more polar and soluble in water
|
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Extraction: What advantage is there for adding dilute base to a carboxylic acid solution?
|
it deprotonates the -COOH, making it ionic and soluble in water
|
|
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What are the parts of bile?
|
• electrolytes
• bile acids • cholesterol • phospholipids • water • conjugated bilirubin |
|
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What is bilirubin a product of?
|
the breakdown of RBCs with hemoglobin
|
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How is bilirubin excreted?
|
in urine and bile
|
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What is the mobile phase in GC?
|
the gas that's constantly going through the machine
|
|
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What is the stationary phase in GC?
|
the coating of the column in the machine
|
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What is the cause of yellowing during jaundice and bruising?
|
bilirubin
|
|
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What is the cause of brown coloration of feces?
|
bilirubin after conversion to stercobilin
|
|
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What is the cause for the yellow coloring of urine?
|
bilirubin after conversion to urobilin
|
|
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Thin-Layer Chromatography: What is Rf?
|
retention factor
• ratio of how far a compound moved up the stationary phase / total distance possible to move |
|
|
TLC: What is the maximum Rf value?
|
1
|
|
|
conjugated bilirubin
|
• made soluble with glucuronic acid
• used in bile • not resorbed in ileum • moves on to colon to be part of feces |
|
|
What feeds into the common bile duct?
|
• the pancreatic duct
• the hepatic duct • the cystic duct (gall bladder) |
|
|
When aiding in digestion, what kind of gland is the pancreas?
|
exocrine
|
|
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Which phase is the heart in when it contracts?
|
systole
|
|
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Which phase is the heart in between contractions?
|
diastole
|
|
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When given a blood pressure reading, what are you looking at?
|
systole/diastole
|
|
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What is a normal systolic pressure?
|
120
|
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What is a normal diastolic pressure?
|
80
|
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NMR: If a group is connected to an electronegative atom, where is it likely to be located?
|
• to the left
• downfield • it is said to be more deshielded |
|
|
NMR: If a group isn't connected to an electronegative atom, where is it likely to be?
|
• to the right
• upfield • it is said to be less deshielded |
|
|
A halide leaves a carbon. What is the product of this SOLVOLYSIS?
|
a carbocation
|
|
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What forms when a geminal halide reacts with two alkoxides?
|
an acetal
• two -OR groups |
|
|
What does ADH increase the water permeability of?
|
the distal tubule and the collecting duct
|
|
|
Is potassium part of the mineral component of bone?
|
no
|
|
|
Is calcium part of the mineral component of bone?
|
yes
|
|
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Is phosphate part of the mineral component of bone?
|
yes
|
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Are hydroxyl groups part of the mineral component of bone?
|
yes
|
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Is ATP necessary to start glycolysis?
|
YES
|
|
|
What role does the anterior pituitary play with epinephrine regulation?
|
none
|
|
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Is cortisone regulated by the anterior or posterior pituitary?
|
anterior
|
|
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Is progesterone regulated by the anterior pituitary?
|
yes
|
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Is thyroxin regulated by the anterior pituitary?
|
yes
|
|
|
What happens when bromine reacts with alkenes?
|
it produces dihalides
• this decolorizes the bromine |
|
|
dienoic
|
polyunsaturated fatty acids with two double bonds
|
|
|
trienoic
|
polyunsaturated fatty acids with three double bonds
|
