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317 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Redox RXNs
What are the three types of electrochemical cells? |
1-Galvanic/Voltaic
2-Electochemical 3-Concentration |
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Definitions *may not need* h (Plank's Constant) |
6.626 X 10 ^-34 J*s
THINK analogous to avogadro 6.6 but what about the units? 6X6=36 but since there are 2's subtract by 2 = 34 6.6X10-34 and voila! |
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Atomic Structure
What is the convention to show atomic number and mass number? |
A(mass number)
\ / / \ Z(atomic number) THINK AXeZ: elemental atoms are chopped down into this type of convention to stratify without overlap. THINK Inversely the numbering is flipped in the periodic table (Low # is the the top number in the periodic table!) (High # is the bottom number in the periodic table!) |
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Atomic Structure
What does A mean in the convention? Meaning what (in terms of components of an atom)? |
Mass number
Protons & Neutrons |
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Atomic Structure
What does Z mean in the convention Meaning what (in terms of components of an atom)? |
Atomic number
Protons ONLY |
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Deffinitions Avogardo's number |
6.02 X 10^23
THINK Mole Day: 6:02 at Oct 23 |
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Definitions Quanta? EQTN? |
Discrete bundles of energy emitted as electromagnetic radiation
E1 - ENG = h(planck) X frequency [PHYS OVERLAP] E2 - ENG = [h(planck) X v(light)]/wavelength [PHYS OVERLAP] |
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Atomic Structure
*may not need* Angluar momentum of an electron = quanta |
nh(planck)/2pi
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relation Game Angular Momentum Quantum Number |
Direct
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relation Game Kinetic Energy Quantum Number |
Direct
*may seem counter intuitive* but as n^2 INC, ENG INC because it is heading towards 0 using the EQTN ENG = - R(rydberg)/n^2 |
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relation Game Distance from Nucleus ENG of electron |
Direct
*may seen counterintuitive* again we are dealing with negative numbers approaching 0 |
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Atomic Structure
What are three characteristics to an element? |
1-Their AXeZ numbers
2-Their atomic emission spectra 3-Their atomic absorption spectra |
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Atomic Structure
What does a -dE mean? |
Energy emisssion
Exergonic! |
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Atomic Structure
What does a +dE mean? |
Energy absoption
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Atomic Structure
What are the quantum numbers? |
1-n
2-l 3-ml 4-ms |
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Atomic Structure
What is the principal quantum number? What does that mean? How do you calculate the possible number of electrons? |
n
shell, maximum number of electrons there are (n-1) possible values for the azimuthal quantum number (l) 2n^2 |
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Atomic Structure
What is the azimuthal quantum number? What does that mean? What are the possible values? |
l
shape and number of subshells, deals with bonds and angles (n-1) including 0 |
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Atomic Structure
What is the magnetic quantum number What is the range for possible values? |
ml
orbital in a subshell (x,y,z and etc) Integers btw (-l) and (+l) including 0 |
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Atomic Structure
What is the magnetic spin quantum number What is the range for possible values? |
ms
the polarity of a specific subshell (- or +) +.5 or -.5 ALWAYS |
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relationship Game ENG difference btwn two shells Distance of ele from nucleus -In terms of General trend from n=0 to n=X -In terms of specific shells |
Generally:
Direct - higher distance from nuc = the higher the difference btwn shells from n=1 to n=2 Specifically: Indirect: as you INC n (move away from nuc), the differences btwn shells becomes smaller w/ each INC -meaning a jump from n=5 to n=6 is small compared to n=3 to n=4 |
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relationship Game Prinicpal quantum number Energy |
direct
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relationship Game Prinicpal quantum number Radius |
direct
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Atomic Structure
What are the possible subshells? What is the maximum number of electrons for each subshell? How was this calculated? |
n(1) = l(0) = s - 2
(1 with two spins 1X2=2) n(2) = l(1) = p - 6 (x, y ,z = 3 with two spins 3X2=6) n(3) = l(2) = d - 10 (5 with two spins 5X2=10) n(4) = l(3) = f - 14 (7 with two spins 7X2=14) 4l+2 |
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relationship Game ENG of subshells Azimuthal quantum number |
direct
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Atomic Structure
What does parallel spins mean? |
It is in the different orbitals but similar spin number
Different ml but same ms |
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Atomic Structure
What is the N+L rule? |
A low sum of the two quantum numbers means a low ENG for the subshells (L)
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Atomic Structure
What are the rules to orbital filling? |
1-Lower to higher & (N+L) Rule
2-Hund's Rule: orbtials are filled with a maximum number of parallel spins 3-Pauli Exclusion: electrons cannot have the same four quantum numbers |
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Atomic Structure
What is Hund's Rule? What does that mean? |
Hund's Rule: orbtials are filled with a maximum number of parallel spins
Orbitals prefer to be half filled first per subshel: empty first, fill the rest |
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relation Game Completing Hund's Rule ENG |
Inverse
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Definitions Diamagnetic |
All paired electrons = slightly repelled when introduced to a magnetic field
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Definitions Paramagnetic |
Unpaired electrons = slightly attracted when introduced to a magnetic field
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HBrO3
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Bromic Acid
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Acids Bases
Common A/B H3PO4 |
Phosphoric Acid
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Acid and Bases
HClO3 |
Chloric Acid
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Acids Bases
Common A/B H2SO4 |
Sulfuric Acid
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Acids Bases
Common A/B HNO3 |
Nitric Acid
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H2CO3
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Carbonic Acid
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Conceptual Which following transition elements from period 4 DO NOT FOLLOW THE N+L RULE? Why? |
Cr and Cu
Because they would rather have a half filled subshell than have one subshell unfilled Hund's Rule! |
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Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Definitions What is ferromagnetic? |
The ability of a surface to attract an external magnetic field. Analogous to paramagnetic but stronger and are transition metals.
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Atomic Structure
What is a micrometer? |
10^-6
THINK MNoP and numbers Micro is the smallest number in the alphabet Nano is the middle number in the alphabet --also Nano = Nine Pico is the largest number in the alphabet |
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Atomic Structure
What is a nanometer? |
10^-9
THINK MNoP and numbers Micro is the smallest number in the alphabet Nano is the middle number in the alphabet --also Nano = Nine Pico is the largest number in the alphabet |
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Atomic Structure
What is a picometer? |
10^-12
THINK MNoP and numbers Micro is the smallest number in the alphabet Nano is the middle number in the alphabet --also Nano = Nine Pico is the largest number in the alphabet |
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Atomic Structure
What is Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle? |
You cannot determine the POSITION and MOMENTUM of an electron AT THE SAME TIME
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Atomic Structure
What are the two conditions that can excite an electron out of its ground state? |
1-High temperature
2-Irradiation |
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Periodic Table
What is a group/family? |
Elements in the same column
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Periodic Table
What is a period? |
Elements in the same row
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Periodic Table
What is the difference in A and B groups? |
A groups have valence electrons in the S or P subshells
B groups have valence electrons in the S and D subshells |
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Periodic Table
What is the difference with the lathanide and actinide series? |
Valence electrons are in the S D and F subshells
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Periodic Table
What does Zeff mean? |
The core charge, the effective charge of an atom's protons when the inner shell electrons have been subtracted, leaving only the valence electrons and the remainder of protons.
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Periodic Table
Periodic Trends Zeff INC when? |
Left to right
Top to bottom does not matter |
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Periodic Table
Periodic Trends Zeff is constant when? |
Members of the same group/family
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Periodic Table
Periodic Trends Atomic Radius INC when? |
Right to left
Top to bottom |
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Periodic Table
Periodic Trends What are the 5 periodic trends |
1-Zeff
2-Atomic Radius 3-Electronegativity 4-Electron Affinity 5-Ionization ENG |
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Periodic Table
Periodic Trends Electronegativity INC when? |
Left to right
Bottom to top |
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Periodic Table
Periodic Trends Ionization ENG INC when? |
Left to right
Bottom to top THINK Oxidation vs Octet Endothermic |
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Periodic Table
Periodic Trends Electron affinity INC when? |
Left to right
Bottom to top THINK Reduction vs Octet Exothermic |
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Periodic Table
What are the periodic trends of metals (Zeff, eNEG, iENG, atomic radius)? |
LOW Zeff
LOW eNEG LOW iENG LARGE atomic radius |
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Periodic Table
What are the periodic trends of nonmetals? |
HIGH iENG
HIGH eAFF HIGH eNEG SMALL atomic radius |
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Periodic Table
What are the chemical properties of metals? |
HIGH density
HIGH MP Malleable Ductile Liquid in standard state! Shinny |
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Periodic Table
What are the chemical properties of nonmetals? |
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Brittle Not shinny |
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Periodic Table
What are active metals? |
Groups IA and IIA
They are so reactive that they are NOT FOUND IN ELEMENTAL FORM - only ionic compounds |
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Bonding and Chemical Interactions
What is Bond Order? |
The number of shared electron pairs
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Bonding and Chemical Interactions
Chemistry: Relationship Game Number of shared electrons Bond length |
Inverse
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Bonding and Chemical Interactions
Deffinitions Electronic Geometry |
generalized spacial arragnement of ALL ELE PAIRS around central atom
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Bonding and Chemical Interactions
Deffinitions Molecular Geometry |
specific spatial arrangement of ONLY BONDING ELE PAIRS
Refines Electronic Geometry with angles |
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Compounds and Stoichiometry
How do you calculate Gram Equivalent Weight? |
molar mass/ numer of equivalents
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Compounds and Stoichiometry
How do you calculate Equivalents? |
1) mass/gram equivalent weight
2) (mass * # eq)/ molar mass |
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Compounds and Stoichiometry
What are the FIVE different types of reactions? |
1-Simple Displacement - Redox
2-Double Displacement - Metathesis 3-Neutralizaiton 4-Decomposition (THINK ORGO) 5-Synthesis |
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Compounds and Stoichiometry
What is the Law of Constant Composition? |
Any pure sample will contain the same ratio of elements
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Common Molecules
What is ammonium's structure? |
Tetrahedral!
NH4(+) |
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Common Molecules
What is ammonia |
NH3
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Compounds and Stoichiometry
How do you calculate Percent Yield? |
(Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) X 100
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Compounds and Stoichiometry
How do you calculate Percent Composition? |
(Mass of X/Formula Weight) X 100
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What is rate? |
Disappearance of reactants over time or the appearance of products over time
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Rates* are proportional to what? Rate Law* are proportional to what? |
[prdCTs] OR [reaCTs]
[reaCTs] of the RDS - rate determining step -note that Rate Laws(only?) are not proportional to the Stiochiometry with exception of 2 factors 1-SINGLE STEP 2-RDS indicated |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What is a rate law? |
The trend of the concentraiton of reactants times the rate constant
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Rate laws are proportional to what? |
Concentration of reactants and rate constant
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What is the rate constant/reaction rate coefficient? |
Constant that helps dictate the rate law
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are the two instances where stoichiometry = rate law order? |
1-When it is a one step RXN
2-When the RDS is determined and complete RXN is given |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What is the difference btwn EQ and Rate law in terms of concentrations? |
EQ includes the conentrations of products and reactants
Rate law includes only the concentrations of the reactatns and the rate constant |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are the two things that the rate constant is determined by? |
1-Temperatuere
2-Activation ENG (catalysts) |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What is the difference btwn EQ and Rate law in terms of time? |
EQ focuses only at the end of the RXN (when in EQ!)
Rate law focuses towards the begining of the RXN |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are the units of 0th Order? |
moles/liter X 1/s
THINK PHYSICS! Rates deal with concentrations so Concentration over time, like the velocity/rate of dissapearance when 0th order |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are the units of 1st Order? |
1/s
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are the units of 2nd Order? |
L/moles X 1/s
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What kind of slope does the 0th order have? |
negative slope
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What kind of slope does the 1st order have? |
negative slope
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What kind of slope does the 2nd order have? |
positive slope
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
When is the 0th order graph a straight line? |
[A] vs Time
THINK the Units moles/L is the concentration [A] and is oppositely proportional to time |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
When is the 1st order graph a straight line? |
ln[A] vs Time
THINK the Units ln[1] is the intial and the max and drops as time progresses: the only thing that makes the impact is the time |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
*may not need* When is the 2nd order graph a straight line? |
1/[A] vs Time
THINK the Units L/mole is the concentration 1/[A] and is proportional to time |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are factors that can change a 0th order? |
Temperature
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are factors that can change a 1st order? |
Temperature
Concentration of [A] |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are FOUR factors that can change a 2nd order? |
1-Temperature - standard in 0th order
2-[A] OR [B] - standard NOT 0th order 3-Catalyst - standard 3-Medium - standard -meaning as a whole, there are 4 factors for NON-ZERO rates, BUT only 3 factors for the 0th rate law |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are the two theories of chemical reactions |
Collision Theory
Transition State |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
How do you calculate the rate via the collision theory |
Rate = freq of effective collisions X total collisions
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
How do you estimate the rate by interpreting the graph (hint - transition state)? |
Activated complex/transition state = aENG.
Lower aENG = faster the rate |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
-dH means in terms of thermodynamics? |
Exothermic
THINK the thermodynamics of oxidation |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
+dH means in terms of thermodynamics |
Endothermic
THINK the thermodynamics of reduction |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are the differences btwn Intermediates and Transition States? |
Intermediates are distinct/finite lifetimes.
Transition States are theoretical and exist at aENG maxima: exist on a continuum. |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Relationship Game Potential ENG difference of prods and react aENG foward |
Inverse?
Need to look up A buildup of ENG = ENDO has a higher aENG (general) than aENG of EXO |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Relationship Game Potential ENG difference of prods and react (pos/neg) aENG reverse (high/low) |
INVERSE
In general terms whether something (ENDO/EXO) a huge disparity in the ENGs of prdCT and reaCT will yield a HUGE ENG gap (build up/release) however it all depends on the DIRECTION to determine aENG. -if EXO = neg UPe difference therefore the aENG for the reverse will be HIGH -if ENDO = pos UPe difference therefore the aENG for the reverse will be SMALL |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
How do you calculate the dH of a reaction to determine if its exo/endo? |
dH = Upe (products) - Upe (reactants)
(-) dH = EXO (+) dH = ENDO |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What are the four factors that can affect the reaction rate? |
Temp
[reactants] Catalysts Medium |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What type of medium is preferred in speeding up RXN? |
Polar - weakens the bonds
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What type of temperature is preferred to INC RXN? |
Higher temps
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
How do catalysts INC reaction rate? |
a-INC the freq of collisions btwn the reactants
b-Change relative orientation of the reactants c-Donate electron density to the reactants d-Reduce IM bonding w/ reactant molecules |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What is a homogenous catalyst? |
Catalysts in the same phase as reactants
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What is a heterogenous catalyst? |
Catalysts in a different phase as reactants
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
How do you find Kc of multiple step reversible reactions? |
(Product of K's forward)/(Product of K's reverse)
Look familiar? (general rule for a lot of concepts): products over reactants |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Q is dependent of what? |
Time
-remember that Q is like Keq but relative to time, Keq is only the time at which the rxn is in EQ but the reaction also has a beginning and end that requires Q to understand points NOT in EQ! |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Q<Keq means? |
Not yet reached eq
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Q=Keq means? |
Reached eq
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Q>Keq means? |
Beyond eq
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What changes Q=Keq in terms of L'Chat in the foward RXN? What does it create? |
Adding reactants
OR Removing products Q<Keq |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What changes Q=Keq in terms of L'Chat in the reverse RXN? |
Removing reactants
OR Adding products Q>Keq |
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Chemical Kinetis and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game Changing Pressure L'Chat in terms of EQ |
Inverse - EQ heads away from direction
THINK Adding Reactants Analogous to adding pressure |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game Changing Volume L'Chat in terms of EQ |
Direct - EQ heads towards same direction
THINK Removing Products/Volume as [reactant] Adding volume = DEC volume DEC Products INC volume INC Products |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game Concentration of reactants Forward RXN |
Direct
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game Concentration of products Forward RXN |
Inverse
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game Pressure # of moles |
Inverse
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game Volume # of moles |
Direct
THINK Avogadro's derivative of Ideal Gas |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game Temperature Foward RXN |
Inverse
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game Temperature Reverse RXN |
Direct
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Chemistry: Relationship Game
Surface Area MP |
Inverse
THINK Cooking The more area there is to cook the easier it is to exchange heat |
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Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions What is an isolated system? |
System CANNOT exchange ENG (heat or work) OR Matter
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Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions What is an closed system? |
System CAN exchange ENG (heat or work) NOT Matter
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Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions What is an open system? |
System CAN exchange ENG and Matter
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Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions What is an isothermal process? |
Temperature/Internal ENG is constant: heat and work are the same
SAME AS CLOSED CYCLE |
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Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions What is an adiabatic process? What does this mean mathematically? |
Heat is constant: no heat exchange btwn system and environment
Q=W since dU is 0 |
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Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions What is an isobaric process? Mathematically what does that mean? |
Pressure is constant
dU=Heat-PV |
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Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions What is an closed cycle process? |
Temperature/Internal ENG is constant: heat and work are the same
SAME AS ISOTHERMAL |
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Thermochemistry
What are the state functions? |
Temperature
Pressure Volume *Density* Internal/Potential ENG Enthalpy Entropy Gibbs Free ENG THINK Ideal Gas and Gibbs EQTs PV=nRT dG=dH-TdS |
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Thermochemistry
What is a state function? |
Independent of the process taken
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Thermochemistry
What is are standard conditions? When is it used? |
298K
1 atm Thermochemistry |
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Thermochemistry
What are standard states? |
Most stable form of substance
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Thermochemistry
What is STP? When is it used? |
273K
1 atm 22.4L Ideal Gas |
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Thermochemistry
What are the tenets of a constant volume calorimetry? |
No work done
No heat transfer |
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Thermochemistry
What is Hess' Law? |
Enthalpy changes are additive
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Thermochemistry
What is Gibbs Free ENG? |
Max ENG capable of doing work that is released
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Thermochemistry
When is the Gibbs EQTN spontaneous at all temps? |
Negative dH
Positive dS |
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Thermochemistry
When is the Gibbs EQTN nonspontaneous at all temps? |
Positive dH
Negative dS |
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Thermochemistry
At EQ, process going towards EQ is what sign convention of Gibbs fENG? What does this mean (spon/nonspon)? |
Negative
Spontaneous |
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Thermochemistry
At EQ, process going away EQ is what sign in Gibbs? What does this mean? |
Positive
Nonspontaneous |
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Thermochemistry
What is the difference btw Thermodynamically and Kinetically Spontaneous? |
Thermodynamics is dictated by Gibbs EQTN (derivative concepts) and occurs without ENG input
Kinetics is only dictated by the aENG and collisions |
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Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game Keq Spontaneity (NOT dG! just simple spon/nonspon) |
Direct
Keq>1 = spontaneous Keq<1 = nonspontaneous |
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Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game dG (sign conversion) Spontaneity (yes/no) |
Indirect
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Thermochemistry
What does Q or Keq < 1 or Q < Keq means in terms of spontaneity? |
Spontaneous
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Thermochemistry
What does Q or Keq > 1 or Q > Keq means in terms of spontaneity? |
Nonspontaneous
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Thermochemistry
What does Q or Keq = 1 or Q = Keq means in terms of spontaneity? |
Dynamic EQ!
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What is R - gas constant?
|
8.314 J/mol or Pa/m^3
0.0821 Latm/mol K |
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Thermochemistry
What does endergonic mean? |
It suggests a nonspontaneous RXN that absorbs ENG
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Thermochemistry
What does exergonic mean? |
It suggets a spontaneous RXN that gives/releases of ENG
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Thermochemistry
What is a difference btwn graphs of isothermic and adiabatic? |
There is a lower Vf for adiabatic
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The Gas Phase
What is an atm in mm Hg? |
760 mm
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The Gas Phase
What is an atm in torr? |
760 torr
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The Gas Phase
What is an atm in Pa? |
101325
OR 100k Pa THINK Bar but larger Pa = 10^5 bars |
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The Gas Phase
What is an atm in bar? |
1.01325
THINK Pa but smaller Pa 10^-5 = bar |
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The Gas Phase
Gases and liquids have similar properties but what are some differences? |
Liquids have higher IM forces
Liquids are incompressilbe |
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The Gas Phase
What are the three properties of Ideal Gases? |
1-No IM forcres
2-Occupy no volume 3-Ideal at high temp and low pressure |
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The Gas Phase
Chemistry: Relationship Game Rate/Speed mass of gas |
Inverse
THINK PHYSICS! -smaller weight means higher speed if same ENG - .5mv^2 |
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The Gas Phase
Chemistry: Relationship Game Pressure Volume |
Indirect
THINK PV=nRT Boyle |
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The Gas Phase
Chemistry: Relationship Game Temperature Volume |
Direct
THINK PV=nRT Charles-Gay Lussac |
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The Gas Phase
Chemistry: Relationship Game Volume Number of moles |
Direct
THINK PV=nRT Avogadro |
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The Gas Phase
In VDW eqn, what are the a and b constants? |
a = attactive forces
b = (bounce) volume |
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The Gas Phase
*may not need* What does a small a mean in VDW eqn? |
smaller a means that it is a small and less polarizable molecule of gas
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The Gas Phase
*may not need* What does a small b mean in VDW eqtn |
small b means that it is a small volume that the molecule takes up
THINK b=bouce the more the molecules bounce w/ each other the greater the volume |
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Thermochemistry
What is e roughly? |
2.7
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Phase and Phase Changes
What are the characteristics of solids? |
Rigidity - resist shearing and flow
IM forces - crystalline/amorphous structure Incompressible |
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Phase and Phase Changes
What are the characteristics of liquids? |
No ridigity - does not resist shearing or flow
IF forces Incompressible Miscibility |
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Phase and Phase Changes
What are the types of solids? What are the differences? What are the similarities? |
1-Ionic
2-Metallic Ionic arrangement and Staggared arrangement - dissimilar in size of molecules and similar in size of molecuels respectively. Ionic are conductive in molten stage. They share high MP, BP and Unit Cells |
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Phase and Phase Changes
What is the critical point? |
Termination point (temp and press) in the boundary of liquids and gases which liquids and gases are undistinguishable
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Phase and Phase Changes
What is the triple point? |
Temperature and pressure in which all three phases are in EQ
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Phase and Phase Changes
What is the boiling point? |
Temperature in which the vapor pressure of the liquid is the same as the ambient pressure
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Phase and Phase Changes
What is the melting/freezing point? |
Temperature in which the vapor pressure of the liquid and solid are equal.
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Phases and Phase Changes
What is raoult's law? |
In nonvolatile solutions, the vapor pressure of the solute times the mole fraction is the pressure of the pure solvent.
Pvap * X = Pressure |
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Phases and Phase Change
What are the colligative properties? |
Boiling point INC
Freezing point DEC Vapor pressure DEC Osmotic pressure |
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Phases and Phase Change
What is the heat of vaporization? |
The it is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is the same as ambient pressure: boiling point. Temperature and pressure where above the critical value is zero
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Phases and Phase Change
Chemistry: Relationship Game Volatility MP/BP |
Indirect
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Phases and Phase Change
In a multiple composition phase diagram, which is which (vapor vs liquid, solid vs liquid)? |
Top = less dense, most dS
Bottom = most dense, less dS Think densities |
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Phases and Phase Changes
What are the colligative properties? |
1-Vapor Pressure DEC
2-Boiling Point INC 3-Freezing Point DEC 4-Osmotic Presure |
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Phases and Phase Change
Chemistry: Definitions What does Colligative Properties mean? |
Physical properties of solutions that are dependent upon the [dissolved particles] NOT identity of particles
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Phases and Phase Changes
What is the caveat (Raoult's Law) of the colligative properties? |
Raoul'ts law holds only to Vapor Pressure DEC if the attraction of the different components is equal the attraction of any one component in its pure state - only ideal solutions.
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Phases and Phase Changes
Chemistry: Definitions What is hydrostatic pressure? |
Pressure that pushes fluid OUT to the extracellular
Pushes fluid INTO cell! |
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Phases and Phase Changes
What is osmotic pressure? |
Pressure that pushes fluids IN to the exTrC (extracellular)
Pressure that pushes fluids OUT of the inTrC (intracelluar) |
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Phases and Phase Changes
What is the equation for osmotic pressure? |
Osmotic pressure = i(van hoff factor)*Molarity(moles/L)*R*T
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Solutions
What are the THREE solute solvent interactions? |
Ion-dipole
Dipole-dipole H Bonding |
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Solutions
What is Solvation/Dissolution? |
Electrostatic interaction btw solute and solvent to form new bonds
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Solutions
What is hydration? |
Solvation/Dissolution when water is the solvent
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Solutions
What does a EXO process mean in terms of the strength of bonds? At what temperature? |
Stronger than original
Favored at lower temps (why? - lower dS) Making bonds releases ENG! |
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Solutions
What does a ENDO process mean in terms of the strength of bonds? At what temperature? |
Weaker than original
Favored at high temps |
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Solutions
What is Ideal Solution? |
Overall str is equal original and overall enthalpy is close to 0
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Solutions
Chemistry: Definitions What is solubility? |
MAX amount of substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent and temp
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Solutions
Chemistry: Definitions What does saturated mean? |
MAX amount of solute has been added
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Solutions
Chemistry: Definitions What does concentrated mean? |
Proportion of the solute to solvent is large
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Solutions
Chemistry: Definitions What does dilute mean? |
Proportion of the solute to solvent is small
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Solutions
Chemistry: Definitions What does it mean to be sparingly soluble? |
Solute dissolves minimally
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Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game Spontaneity Solubility |
Direct
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Solutions
What does thermochemically spontaneous mean in terms of solubility? |
Soluble
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Solutions
What does thermochemically non-spontaneous mean in terms of solubility? |
Insoluble
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Solutions
Solubility Rules NO3 - Nitrates Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
NONE |
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Solutions
Solubility Rules C2H3O2 - Acetates Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
NONE |
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Solutions
Solubility Rules NH4+ - Ammonium Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
NONE |
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Solutions
Solubility Rules GI Cations Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
NONE |
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Solutions
Solubility Rules GII Cations Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
Insoluble EXs Phosphates (PO4), Carbonates (CO3), Sulfide (S2), Sulfate (SO4), Sulfite (SO3), Metal Oxides |
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Solutions
Solubility Rules SO4 - Sulfate Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
Insoluble EXs GII, Ag, Hg, Pb |
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Solutions
Solubility Rules [No F] - Halides Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
Insoluble EXs Ag, Hg, Pb - PAH/HAP |
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Solutions
Solubility Rules O2 - Metal Hydroxides Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Insoluble
Soluble EXs GI, GII, NH4 |
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Solutions
Solubility Rules OH- Hydroxide Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Insoluble
Soluble EXs GI, GII, NH4 |
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Solutions
CO3, PO4, S2, SO3 Is it soluble? What are exceptions? |
Insoluble
Soluble EXs NH4, GI |
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Solutions
Ferrous |
Fe2
THINK Inversely and Letters ferrOUS - 3 letter suffix |
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Solutions
Common Ions Ferric |
Fe3
THINK Inversely and Letters ferrIC - 2 letters suffix 2*charge = 6 tRfR charge = 3! applies to ferrOUS as well 3*charge = 6 tRfR charge = 2! |
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Solutions
Cuprous |
Cu
THINK FE (and the +6 rule due to core charge) OUS means one less from IC so how far is Cu from Fe? 4 boxes apart/3 elements 4 - (# let in suffix) = charge CuprOUS = 3 so 4-3=1+! CuprIC = 2 so 4-2=2+! |
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Solutions
Cupric |
CU2
THINK FE IC means normal from OUS |
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Solutions
Nitride |
N3
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Solutions
Phosphide |
P3
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Solutions
Obeying the -O3 ate rule? |
N, Cl, C ?
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Solutions
Obeying the -O4 ate rule? |
S, P ?
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Solution Chemistry
Common Ions Bicarbonate |
HCO3
*may seem counter intuitive Bi- meant one hydrogen |
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Bisulfate
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HSO4
Bi- meant one hydrogen Counter Intuitive |
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Solutions
What does a high oxidation number mean? |
Means that it has a higher probability of gaining an electiron (reduction)
Furthermore it is a good oxidizing agent THINK Negative Feedback Since the Oxidation # is high, it has to be reduced by "Reduction" of the oxidation number |
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Solutions
What does a low oxidation number mean? In terms of EMF? In terms of reduction potential? |
Means that it has a higher probability of losing an electiron (oxidation)
Negative EMF Negative Reduction potential -Furthermore it is a good oxidizing agent THINK Negative Feedback Since the Oxidation # is low, it has to be increased by "Oxidation" of the oxidation number |
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Solutions
How do strong electrolytes dissociate? |
Dissociate fully
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Solutions
How do weak electrolytes dissociate? |
Partially dissociates
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Solutions
How do non-electrolytes dissociate? |
Does not dissociate
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Solutions
How do you calculate Percent Composition? |
mass/total mass
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Solutions
How do you calculate Mole Fraction? |
moles/total moles
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Solutions
How do you calculate Molarity? |
moles/total L
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Solutions
How do you calculate Molality? |
moles/total kg
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Solutions
How do you calculate Normality? |
eq/total L
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Solutions
For solutions, what does the EQ mean? |
Saturation Point, solute concetnration is at MAX for a given temp and pressure
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Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game Ksp Temp of Nongas solute |
Direct
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Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game Ksp Temp of Gas solute |
Indirect
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Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game Ksp Presure of gas solute |
Direct
High Ksp = supersaturated! There are more things floating around in solution INC pressure INC solubility of gases |
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Solutions
What does IP<Ksp mean? |
Unsaturated, it has not reached EQ/Saturation
Thermodynamically favors dissolution THINK Q and Keq |
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Solutions
What does IP=Ksp mean? |
Saturated, it has reached dynamic EQ of precipitaiton and dissolution
THINK Q and Keq |
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Solutions
What does IP>Ksp mean? |
Supersaturated, is beyond EQ/Saturation
Thermodynamically unstable - favors preciptation THINK Q and Keq IP is to Ksp as Q is to Keq |
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Solutions
What is the common ion effect? |
Reduction of molar solubility when there is alreayd a constituent ion dissolved
It has no effect on Ksp |
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Solutions
What are the factors that affect solution EQ? |
1-Temperature
2-Pressure 3-Common Ion |
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Solutions
How do you calculate the temperature change given the molality? |
dT = K*molality
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Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game Molarity Molar mass |
Inverse
Take for example comapring masses of two unknowns with differing molar masses dissolved in two separate beakers of same volume: A higher molar mass means less moles less M because there are less moles to dissolve in volume |
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Solutions
When taking into account charge density, what are the two factors that should be taken into account? |
1-Number of charges (the higher the greater density)
2-Size of the molecule and eNEG |
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Solutions
Relationship Game Electrolyte pKa above 15 |
Inverse
p=(-log)! therefore a (-log) of 15 = negative Ka<1 means what Weak acid = Weak electrolyte! why did i pick pKa=15 ORGANIC and pKa tables |
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Acids and Bases
What are the THREE definitions of acids/bases? |
1-Arrhenius
2-Bronstead 3-Lewis |
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Acids and Bases
What does Arrhenius definition mean? |
A/B dissociating into H and OH ions
THINK Ka/Kb THINK Strong Acids/Bases HCl --> H + Cl NaOH --> Na + OH |
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Acids and Bases
What does Bronstead definition mean? |
A/B donating or accepting H ions
THINK Organic Conjugates - Weak Bases! CH3COOH --> CH3CO + H |
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Acids and Bases
What does Lewis definition mean? |
A/B accepting or donating electrons
Opposite of Arrhenius Gen Chem seeing OH- and H+ THINK ORGANIC Metal nuPH/elPHs Br2/FeBr3! AlOH3 + OH --> AlOH4 - Acid (general trend low to high) NH4 --> NH3 + H - Base (general trend high to low) |
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Acids and Bases
HCl |
Hydrochloric Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases
Common A/B HBr |
Hydrobromic Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases
Common A/B HI |
Hydroiodic Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases
Common A/B H2SO4 |
Sulfuric Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases
HNO3 |
Nitric Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases
HClO4 |
Perchloric Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases
NaOH |
Sodium Hydroxide
Strong Base |
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Acids and Bases
KOH |
Potassium Hydroxide
Stong Base |
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Acids and Bases
Group I and II Metals |
Strong Base
Reducing Agents! = undergoes oxidation |
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Acid and Bases
What does a Ka less than 1 mean? |
Weak acid
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Acid and Bases
What does a Kb less than 1 mean? |
Weak base
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Acid and Bases
Which yields salt? and no water in neutralization? |
Stong Acid/Weak Acid &
Weak Base |
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Acid and Bases
Which yields water and salt in neutralization? |
Strong Acid/ Weak Acid & Strong Base
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Acid and Bases
What is a titrand? |
Unknown concentration of a solution - known volume
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Acid and Bases
What is a titrant? |
Known concnetration of a solution - known volume
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Acid and Bases
What is an equivalence point? What equation is used to determine the equivalence point? |
Reached when the nubmer of acid and base equivalents are equal
Graphically it is the mid point of the steepest curve Use N1V1=N2V2 |
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Acid and Bases
What is an end point? |
Volume at which the indicator changes color
Roughly pKa=pH=[H]equals[OH] Where Acids and Bases are of equal concentrations However the volume difference is usually small |
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Acid and Bases
What are the useful titrations? |
Strong Acid/Strong Base
Weak Acid/Strong Base Strong Acid/Weak Base WK Base & Acid are usually not accurate |
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Acid and Bases
What is a buffer solution? |
Mixture of weak acid and its salt
Conjugate base and a cation |
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Acids and Bases
What is a Buffer Capacity? |
The amount of acids or bases it can buffer
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Acids and Bases
Chemistry: Relationship Game Buffer Capacity Conjugate pair concentrations |
Direct
The pKa does not change but it means it can handle more opposing concentrations of [H/OH]: becomes a stronger buffer! |
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Acids and Bases
What is the Henderson Hasselback Eqn? |
pH/OH = pKa/b + log(conj a/b)/(a/b)
pneumonic for the log(conja/b OVER a/b) When HH discovered this eqtn, he proclaimed AH HA! Meaning log[(A)(H)]/[(HA)] the bottom is the acid, while the top is the conjugate |
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Acids and Bases
In a titration curve, what is the pKa value? |
It is the midpoint of the flattest curve
It is the point in which there is little pH change |
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Acids and Bases
In a titration curve, what is the equivalence point? |
It is the mid point of the steepest curve
It is the point in which there is a dramatic pH change |
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Acids and Bases
What does Ka of 1 mean? |
Strong Acid
Anything less than 1 means a weaker species |
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Acids and Bases
What does Kb>1 mean? |
Strong Base
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game EMF Spontaneity (Think Gibbs) |
Inverse
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game Reduction Potential Oxidation |
Inverse
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game Reduction Potential Reduction |
Direct
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
What is a Faraday? |
Charge per mole
-chemical change DIRECT #moles 100k C/mole = 1F similar to Pa = 100k pa=1atm |
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
What is the charge designation of the electrodes for a galvanic cell? |
AN - NEG
CAT - POS E-AP-CN |
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
What is the charge designation of the electrodes for a voltaic cell? |
AN - POS
CAT - NEG CP-AN-G |
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Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game Gibbs EMF |
Inverse
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Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game Keq EMF (sign convention) |
Direct
THINK EQTs! Where -nFEmf = dG = -RTln(Q or Keq) Therefore they are directly related to each other but inversely reated to dG |
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
What is the Nernst Eqn? |
Ecell = Ecell(strd) - (RT/nF)(lnQ)
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
What is the eqn relationship of Gibbs and EMF/Ecell? |
dG=(-n)F(Ecell)
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
What is the relationship of Gibbs Keq and EMF/Ecell? |
dG(strd)=(-)RTln(Keq)
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
What is the relationship of Keq and EMF/Ecell? |
(n)F(Ecell)=RTln(Keq)
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
What does Keq<1 mean in terms of the Ecell (standard) in terms of sign convention? What does this mean? |
Negative
Nonspontaneous |
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
What does Keq>1 mean in terms of the Ecell (standard) sign convention? What does this mean? |
Positive
why? - Keq>1 is past the EQ so that means that the electrolytic cell is performing towards conclusion (depositing salts and generating ele) remmber the eqtn dG=(-)R*T*lnKeq meaning that something that is greater than 1 Keq will yield a NEG dG Spontaneous why? - remember the eqtn dG = (-)n*F*Emf So something that is POS EMF will have a NEG dG = spontaneous |
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
What does Keq=1 mean in terms of the Ecell (standard)? |
Dynamic EQ where the Ecell(strd) = 0 AND Keq=1
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game EMF Electrode's Charge |
Inverse
LINK IT BACK what about Keq and Electrode Charge? EMF (+) = eleTrCharge (+) = Keq = (+) EMF (-) = eleTrCharge (-) = Keq = (+) |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
*may not need* What is the Arrhenius Eqtn? |
k=Ae^(-Ea/RT)
OR ln[A/Ao]=Ea/R[(1/T1)-(1/T2)] |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
What is the difference btw Kc and Keq? |
Keq uses the Law of Mass Action w/ stoichiometry
Kc/Kp uses the rice table annotation and emphasizes the Concentratons or Pressures of reacts and products. They can mean the same thing but the process to get them is different |
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Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game Keq EMF (spontaneity) |
Direct
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Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game Gibbs EMF (sign convention) |
Indirect
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Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game Gibbs EMF (spontaneity) |
Indirect
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What are the similar factors that affect rate law and EQ?
What are the differences that affect rate law and EQ? |
d [reaCT]
d Temp catalysts - for EQ it is like a secondary relationship (catalysts affect rate and therefore rate affects EQ) Rate laws also dependent on type of medium EQ are also dependent on d Pressure and Volume as well as [prdCT] |
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What eqn is used to calculate the temperature change when Kbp/mp are given and
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dT=i(vhf)*Kbp/mp*(molal)
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Phase and Phase Changes
Chemistry: Relationship Game Vapor Pressure Polarity |
Inverse
Gases have higher vapor pressure when it is NONPOLAR! |
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Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game Ksp Precipitation |
Indirect
A higher chance of precipitation is indicated with a lower Ksp |
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Periodic Table
Which group reacts most violently with water? |
Group 1 Alkalai metals
Think adding strong acid directly to water! - dissociates H ions directly with water. |
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Acids and Bases
Chemistry: Relationship Game Lewis Acid (yes/no) Electrons (gain/loss) |
Direct
When it gains electrons (reduced) it is Lacid |
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Acids and Bases
Chemistry: Relationship Game Lewis Base (y/n) Electrons (gain/loss) |
Indirect
When it loses electrons (oxidized) its ID-ed as a Lbase |
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Redox RXNs
Where is the reduction and oxidation in each cell (gal and elect)? Where does current run in each cell (gal and elect)? |
RED CAT & AN OX in all the cells!
Current runs from cathode to anode - GAL Current runs from anode to cathode - ELEC |
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*may not need*
Boltzman Constant |
1.38 X 10^23
Think a derivative of A's # 6.23 X10^(-23) -4X1.34 = close to 6.23 -10^23 = inverse 10^(-23) |
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What is an electron Volt?
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1.6 X 10^-19 J
The amount of work done by an accelerating electron through an electrical potential difference |
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Molarity
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1) moles/ L
2) Normality/# of eq |
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What is Flux? The equation?
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flow of light particles
sigma * T^4 |
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What is Luminosity? The equation?
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Flux/Area
(sigma * T4)/Surface Area |
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Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game Ionic solutions Conductivity |
Direct
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Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game Covalent solutions (yes/no) Conductivity |
Indirect
Covalent solutions are not dissociated and are not as conductive as solutions that have dissociated (from ex salts/str a/bs) |
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Changing gravity, Weight, Mass and Volume floating
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Changing gravity will change the weights of an object.
However, the volume of an object floating when compared to the changing gravities is constant (if the density of the fluid is the same and mass). |
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Light and Optics
Fiber optics deals with what type of property? Dispersion Refraction Reflection Diffraction |
Reflection!
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Compounds and Stoichiometry
What is a metathesis RXN? |
Double Displacement!
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Compounds and Stoichiometry
What is a redox RXN? |
Single Displacement!
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Solutions
What does Ksp mean? |
It is the DISSOCIATION constant
It dictates the solubility and concentrations dissolved Meaning that if the number is LOW (higher sci notation), a majority of the solid does not dissociate Meaning that if the number is HIGH (lower sci notation), a majority of the solid does dissociate |
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What property remains the same for Sound reflection?
Speed Intensity Wavelenght Freq Period Energy |
speed!
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What property remains the same for Light reflection?
Speed Intensity Wavelenght Freq Period Energy |
frequency!
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What are the non-reducing sugars?
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Sucrose
Trehalose THINK Dont reduce the suc-tre |