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317 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Redox RXNs

What are the three types of electrochemical cells?
1-Galvanic/Voltaic
2-Electochemical
3-Concentration
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Definitions

*may not need*
h (Plank's Constant)
6.626 X 10 ^-34 J*s

THINK analogous to avogadro
6.6 but what about the units?
6X6=36 but since there are 2's subtract by 2 = 34
6.6X10-34 and voila!
Atomic Structure

What is the convention to show atomic number and mass number?
A(mass number)
\ /
/ \
Z(atomic number)

THINK AXeZ:
elemental atoms are chopped down into this type of convention to stratify without overlap.
THINK Inversely
the numbering is flipped in the periodic table
(Low # is the the top number in the periodic table!)
(High # is the bottom number in the periodic table!)
Atomic Structure

What does A mean in the convention?
Meaning what (in terms of components of an atom)?
Mass number
Protons & Neutrons
Atomic Structure

What does Z mean in the convention
Meaning what (in terms of components of an atom)?
Atomic number
Protons ONLY
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Deffinitions

Avogardo's number
6.02 X 10^23

THINK Mole Day:
6:02 at Oct 23
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Definitions

Quanta?
EQTN?
Discrete bundles of energy emitted as electromagnetic radiation

E1 - ENG = h(planck) X frequency [PHYS OVERLAP]
E2 - ENG = [h(planck) X v(light)]/wavelength [PHYS OVERLAP]
Atomic Structure

*may not need*
Angluar momentum of an electron = quanta
nh(planck)/2pi
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relation Game

Angular Momentum
Quantum Number
Direct
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relation Game

Kinetic Energy
Quantum Number
Direct

*may seem counter intuitive*
but as n^2 INC, ENG INC because it is heading towards 0
using the EQTN
ENG = - R(rydberg)/n^2
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relation Game

Distance from Nucleus
ENG of electron
Direct

*may seen counterintuitive*
again we are dealing with negative numbers approaching 0
Atomic Structure

What are three characteristics to an element?
1-Their AXeZ numbers
2-Their atomic emission spectra
3-Their atomic absorption spectra
Atomic Structure

What does a -dE mean?
Energy emisssion
Exergonic!
Atomic Structure

What does a +dE mean?
Energy absoption
Atomic Structure

What are the quantum numbers?
1-n
2-l
3-ml
4-ms
Atomic Structure

What is the principal quantum number?
What does that mean?
How do you calculate the possible number of electrons?
n
shell, maximum number of electrons
there are (n-1) possible values for the azimuthal quantum number (l)
2n^2
Atomic Structure

What is the azimuthal quantum number?
What does that mean?
What are the possible values?
l
shape and number of subshells, deals with bonds and angles
(n-1) including 0
Atomic Structure

What is the magnetic quantum number
What is the range for possible values?
ml
orbital in a subshell (x,y,z and etc)
Integers btw (-l) and (+l) including 0
Atomic Structure

What is the magnetic spin quantum number
What is the range for possible values?
ms
the polarity of a specific subshell (- or +)
+.5 or -.5 ALWAYS
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relationship Game

ENG difference btwn two shells
Distance of ele from nucleus
-In terms of General trend from n=0 to n=X
-In terms of specific shells
Generally:
Direct - higher distance from nuc = the higher the difference btwn shells from n=1 to n=2

Specifically:
Indirect: as you INC n (move away from nuc), the differences btwn shells becomes smaller w/ each INC
-meaning a jump from n=5 to n=6 is small compared to n=3 to n=4
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Prinicpal quantum number
Energy
direct
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Prinicpal quantum number
Radius
direct
Atomic Structure

What are the possible subshells?
What is the maximum number of electrons for each subshell?
How was this calculated?
n(1) = l(0) = s - 2
(1 with two spins 1X2=2)
n(2) = l(1) = p - 6
(x, y ,z = 3 with two spins 3X2=6)
n(3) = l(2) = d - 10
(5 with two spins 5X2=10)
n(4) = l(3) = f - 14
(7 with two spins 7X2=14)
4l+2
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relationship Game

ENG of subshells
Azimuthal quantum number
direct
Atomic Structure

What does parallel spins mean?
It is in the different orbitals but similar spin number
Different ml but same ms
Atomic Structure

What is the N+L rule?
A low sum of the two quantum numbers means a low ENG for the subshells (L)
Atomic Structure

What are the rules to orbital filling?
1-Lower to higher & (N+L) Rule
2-Hund's Rule: orbtials are filled with a maximum number of parallel spins
3-Pauli Exclusion: electrons cannot have the same four quantum numbers
Atomic Structure

What is Hund's Rule?
What does that mean?
Hund's Rule: orbtials are filled with a maximum number of parallel spins
Orbitals prefer to be half filled first per subshel: empty first, fill the rest
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Relation Game

Completing Hund's Rule
ENG
Inverse
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Definitions

Diamagnetic
All paired electrons = slightly repelled when introduced to a magnetic field
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Definitions

Paramagnetic
Unpaired electrons = slightly attracted when introduced to a magnetic field
HBrO3
Bromic Acid
Acids Bases
Common A/B

H3PO4
Phosphoric Acid
Acid and Bases

HClO3
Chloric Acid
Acids Bases
Common A/B

H2SO4
Sulfuric Acid
Acids Bases
Common A/B

HNO3
Nitric Acid
H2CO3
Carbonic Acid
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Conceptual

Which following transition elements from period 4 DO NOT FOLLOW THE N+L RULE?
Why?
Cr and Cu

Because they would rather have a half filled subshell than have one subshell unfilled
Hund's Rule!
Atomic Structure
Chemistry: Definitions

What is ferromagnetic?
The ability of a surface to attract an external magnetic field. Analogous to paramagnetic but stronger and are transition metals.
Atomic Structure

What is a micrometer?
10^-6

THINK MNoP and numbers
Micro is the smallest number in the alphabet
Nano is the middle number in the alphabet
--also Nano = Nine
Pico is the largest number in the alphabet
Atomic Structure

What is a nanometer?
10^-9

THINK MNoP and numbers
Micro is the smallest number in the alphabet
Nano is the middle number in the alphabet
--also Nano = Nine
Pico is the largest number in the alphabet
Atomic Structure

What is a picometer?
10^-12

THINK MNoP and numbers
Micro is the smallest number in the alphabet
Nano is the middle number in the alphabet
--also Nano = Nine
Pico is the largest number in the alphabet
Atomic Structure

What is Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle?
You cannot determine the POSITION and MOMENTUM of an electron AT THE SAME TIME
Atomic Structure

What are the two conditions that can excite an electron out of its ground state?
1-High temperature
2-Irradiation
Periodic Table

What is a group/family?
Elements in the same column
Periodic Table

What is a period?
Elements in the same row
Periodic Table

What is the difference in A and B groups?
A groups have valence electrons in the S or P subshells
B groups have valence electrons in the S and D subshells
Periodic Table

What is the difference with the lathanide and actinide series?
Valence electrons are in the S D and F subshells
Periodic Table

What does Zeff mean?
The core charge, the effective charge of an atom's protons when the inner shell electrons have been subtracted, leaving only the valence electrons and the remainder of protons.
Periodic Table
Periodic Trends

Zeff INC when?
Left to right
Top to bottom does not matter
Periodic Table
Periodic Trends

Zeff is constant when?
Members of the same group/family
Periodic Table
Periodic Trends

Atomic Radius INC when?
Right to left
Top to bottom
Periodic Table
Periodic Trends

What are the 5 periodic trends
1-Zeff
2-Atomic Radius
3-Electronegativity
4-Electron Affinity
5-Ionization ENG
Periodic Table
Periodic Trends

Electronegativity INC when?
Left to right
Bottom to top
Periodic Table
Periodic Trends

Ionization ENG INC when?
Left to right
Bottom to top

THINK Oxidation vs Octet
Endothermic
Periodic Table
Periodic Trends

Electron affinity INC when?
Left to right
Bottom to top

THINK Reduction vs Octet
Exothermic
Periodic Table

What are the periodic trends of metals (Zeff, eNEG, iENG, atomic radius)?
LOW Zeff
LOW eNEG
LOW iENG
LARGE atomic radius
Periodic Table

What are the periodic trends of nonmetals?
HIGH iENG
HIGH eAFF
HIGH eNEG
SMALL atomic radius
Periodic Table

What are the chemical properties of metals?
HIGH density
HIGH MP
Malleable
Ductile
Liquid in standard state!
Shinny
Periodic Table

What are the chemical properties of nonmetals?
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Brittle
Not shinny
Periodic Table

What are active metals?
Groups IA and IIA
They are so reactive that they are NOT FOUND IN ELEMENTAL FORM - only ionic compounds
Bonding and Chemical Interactions

What is Bond Order?
The number of shared electron pairs
Bonding and Chemical Interactions
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Number of shared electrons
Bond length
Inverse
Bonding and Chemical Interactions
Deffinitions

Electronic Geometry
generalized spacial arragnement of ALL ELE PAIRS around central atom
Bonding and Chemical Interactions
Deffinitions

Molecular Geometry
specific spatial arrangement of ONLY BONDING ELE PAIRS
Refines Electronic Geometry with angles
Compounds and Stoichiometry

How do you calculate Gram Equivalent Weight?
molar mass/ numer of equivalents
Compounds and Stoichiometry

How do you calculate Equivalents?
1) mass/gram equivalent weight
2) (mass * # eq)/ molar mass
Compounds and Stoichiometry

What are the FIVE different types of reactions?
1-Simple Displacement - Redox
2-Double Displacement - Metathesis
3-Neutralizaiton
4-Decomposition (THINK ORGO)
5-Synthesis
Compounds and Stoichiometry

What is the Law of Constant Composition?
Any pure sample will contain the same ratio of elements
Common Molecules

What is ammonium's structure?
Tetrahedral!
NH4(+)
Common Molecules

What is ammonia
NH3
Compounds and Stoichiometry

How do you calculate Percent Yield?
(Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) X 100
Compounds and Stoichiometry

How do you calculate Percent Composition?
(Mass of X/Formula Weight) X 100
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What is rate?
Disappearance of reactants over time or the appearance of products over time
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

Rates* are proportional to what?
Rate Law* are proportional to what?
[prdCTs] OR [reaCTs]
[reaCTs] of the RDS - rate determining step

-note that Rate Laws(only?) are not proportional to the Stiochiometry
with exception of 2 factors
1-SINGLE STEP
2-RDS indicated
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What is a rate law?
The trend of the concentraiton of reactants times the rate constant
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

Rate laws are proportional to what?
Concentration of reactants and rate constant
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What is the rate constant/reaction rate coefficient?
Constant that helps dictate the rate law
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are the two instances where stoichiometry = rate law order?
1-When it is a one step RXN
2-When the RDS is determined and complete RXN is given
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What is the difference btwn EQ and Rate law in terms of concentrations?
EQ includes the conentrations of products and reactants

Rate law includes only the concentrations of the reactatns and the rate constant
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are the two things that the rate constant is determined by?
1-Temperatuere
2-Activation ENG (catalysts)
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What is the difference btwn EQ and Rate law in terms of time?
EQ focuses only at the end of the RXN (when in EQ!)

Rate law focuses towards the begining of the RXN
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are the units of 0th Order?
moles/liter X 1/s

THINK PHYSICS!
Rates deal with concentrations so
Concentration over time, like the velocity/rate of dissapearance when 0th order
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are the units of 1st Order?
1/s
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are the units of 2nd Order?
L/moles X 1/s
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What kind of slope does the 0th order have?
negative slope
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What kind of slope does the 1st order have?
negative slope
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What kind of slope does the 2nd order have?
positive slope
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

When is the 0th order graph a straight line?
[A] vs Time

THINK the Units
moles/L is the concentration [A] and is oppositely proportional to time
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

When is the 1st order graph a straight line?
ln[A] vs Time

THINK the Units
ln[1] is the intial and the max and drops as time progresses: the only thing that makes the impact is the time
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

*may not need*
When is the 2nd order graph a straight line?
1/[A] vs Time

THINK the Units
L/mole is the concentration 1/[A] and is proportional to time
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are factors that can change a 0th order?
Temperature
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are factors that can change a 1st order?
Temperature
Concentration of [A]
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are FOUR factors that can change a 2nd order?
1-Temperature - standard in 0th order
2-[A] OR [B] - standard NOT 0th order
3-Catalyst - standard
3-Medium - standard

-meaning as a whole, there are 4 factors for NON-ZERO rates, BUT only 3 factors for the 0th rate law
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are the two theories of chemical reactions
Collision Theory
Transition State
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

How do you calculate the rate via the collision theory
Rate = freq of effective collisions X total collisions
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

How do you estimate the rate by interpreting the graph (hint - transition state)?
Activated complex/transition state = aENG.
Lower aENG = faster the rate
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

-dH means in terms of thermodynamics?
Exothermic

THINK the thermodynamics of oxidation
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

+dH means in terms of thermodynamics
Endothermic

THINK the thermodynamics of reduction
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are the differences btwn Intermediates and Transition States?
Intermediates are distinct/finite lifetimes.
Transition States are theoretical and exist at aENG maxima: exist on a continuum.
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Relationship Game

Potential ENG difference of prods and react
aENG foward
Inverse?

Need to look up
A buildup of ENG = ENDO has a higher aENG (general) than aENG of EXO
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Relationship Game

Potential ENG difference of prods and react (pos/neg)
aENG reverse (high/low)
INVERSE

In general terms whether something (ENDO/EXO) a huge disparity in the ENGs of prdCT and reaCT will yield a HUGE ENG gap (build up/release) however it all depends on the DIRECTION to determine aENG.
-if EXO = neg UPe difference therefore the aENG for the reverse will be HIGH
-if ENDO = pos UPe difference therefore the aENG for the reverse will be SMALL
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

How do you calculate the dH of a reaction to determine if its exo/endo?
dH = Upe (products) - Upe (reactants)
(-) dH = EXO
(+) dH = ENDO
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What are the four factors that can affect the reaction rate?
Temp
[reactants]
Catalysts
Medium
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What type of medium is preferred in speeding up RXN?
Polar - weakens the bonds
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What type of temperature is preferred to INC RXN?
Higher temps
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

How do catalysts INC reaction rate?
a-INC the freq of collisions btwn the reactants
b-Change relative orientation of the reactants
c-Donate electron density to the reactants
d-Reduce IM bonding w/ reactant molecules
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What is a homogenous catalyst?
Catalysts in the same phase as reactants
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What is a heterogenous catalyst?
Catalysts in a different phase as reactants
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

How do you find Kc of multiple step reversible reactions?
(Product of K's forward)/(Product of K's reverse)

Look familiar? (general rule for a lot of concepts):
products over reactants
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

Q is dependent of what?
Time

-remember that Q is like Keq but relative to time, Keq is only the time at which the rxn is in EQ but the reaction also has a beginning and end that requires Q to understand points NOT in EQ!
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

Q<Keq means?
Not yet reached eq
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

Q=Keq means?
Reached eq
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

Q>Keq means?
Beyond eq
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What changes Q=Keq in terms of L'Chat in the foward RXN?
What does it create?
Adding reactants
OR
Removing products
Q<Keq
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What changes Q=Keq in terms of L'Chat in the reverse RXN?
Removing reactants
OR
Adding products
Q>Keq
Chemical Kinetis and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Changing Pressure
L'Chat in terms of EQ
Inverse - EQ heads away from direction

THINK Adding Reactants
Analogous to adding pressure
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Changing Volume
L'Chat in terms of EQ
Direct - EQ heads towards same direction

THINK Removing Products/Volume as [reactant]
Adding volume =
DEC volume DEC Products
INC volume INC Products
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Concentration of reactants
Forward RXN
Direct
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Concentration of products
Forward RXN
Inverse
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Pressure
# of moles
Inverse
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Volume
# of moles
Direct

THINK Avogadro's derivative of Ideal Gas
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Temperature
Foward RXN
Inverse
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Temperature
Reverse RXN
Direct
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Surface Area
MP
Inverse

THINK Cooking
The more area there is to cook the easier it is to exchange heat
Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions

What is an isolated system?
System CANNOT exchange ENG (heat or work) OR Matter
Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions

What is an closed system?
System CAN exchange ENG (heat or work) NOT Matter
Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions

What is an open system?
System CAN exchange ENG and Matter
Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions

What is an isothermal process?
Temperature/Internal ENG is constant: heat and work are the same

SAME AS CLOSED CYCLE
Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions

What is an adiabatic process?
What does this mean mathematically?
Heat is constant: no heat exchange btwn system and environment
Q=W since dU is 0
Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions

What is an isobaric process?
Mathematically what does that mean?
Pressure is constant
dU=Heat-PV
Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Definitions

What is an closed cycle process?
Temperature/Internal ENG is constant: heat and work are the same


SAME AS ISOTHERMAL
Thermochemistry

What are the state functions?
Temperature
Pressure
Volume
*Density*
Internal/Potential ENG
Enthalpy
Entropy
Gibbs Free ENG

THINK Ideal Gas and Gibbs EQTs
PV=nRT
dG=dH-TdS
Thermochemistry

What is a state function?
Independent of the process taken
Thermochemistry

What is are standard conditions?
When is it used?
298K
1 atm

Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry

What are standard states?
Most stable form of substance
Thermochemistry

What is STP?
When is it used?
273K
1 atm
22.4L

Ideal Gas
Thermochemistry

What are the tenets of a constant volume calorimetry?
No work done
No heat transfer
Thermochemistry

What is Hess' Law?
Enthalpy changes are additive
Thermochemistry

What is Gibbs Free ENG?
Max ENG capable of doing work that is released
Thermochemistry

When is the Gibbs EQTN spontaneous at all temps?
Negative dH
Positive dS
Thermochemistry

When is the Gibbs EQTN nonspontaneous at all temps?
Positive dH
Negative dS
Thermochemistry

At EQ, process going towards EQ is what sign convention of Gibbs fENG?
What does this mean (spon/nonspon)?
Negative
Spontaneous
Thermochemistry

At EQ, process going away EQ is what sign in Gibbs?
What does this mean?
Positive
Nonspontaneous
Thermochemistry

What is the difference btw Thermodynamically and Kinetically Spontaneous?
Thermodynamics is dictated by Gibbs EQTN (derivative concepts) and occurs without ENG input
Kinetics is only dictated by the aENG and collisions
Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Keq
Spontaneity (NOT dG! just simple spon/nonspon)
Direct

Keq>1 = spontaneous
Keq<1 = nonspontaneous
Thermochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

dG (sign conversion)
Spontaneity (yes/no)
Indirect
Thermochemistry

What does Q or Keq < 1 or Q < Keq means in terms of spontaneity?
Spontaneous
Thermochemistry

What does Q or Keq > 1 or Q > Keq means in terms of spontaneity?
Nonspontaneous
Thermochemistry

What does Q or Keq = 1 or Q = Keq means in terms of spontaneity?
Dynamic EQ!
What is R - gas constant?
8.314 J/mol or Pa/m^3
0.0821 Latm/mol K
Thermochemistry

What does endergonic mean?
It suggests a nonspontaneous RXN that absorbs ENG
Thermochemistry

What does exergonic mean?
It suggets a spontaneous RXN that gives/releases of ENG
Thermochemistry

What is a difference btwn graphs of isothermic and adiabatic?
There is a lower Vf for adiabatic
The Gas Phase

What is an atm in mm Hg?
760 mm
The Gas Phase

What is an atm in torr?
760 torr
The Gas Phase

What is an atm in Pa?
101325
OR 100k Pa

THINK Bar but larger
Pa = 10^5 bars
The Gas Phase

What is an atm in bar?
1.01325

THINK Pa but smaller
Pa 10^-5 = bar
The Gas Phase

Gases and liquids have similar properties but what are some differences?
Liquids have higher IM forces
Liquids are incompressilbe
The Gas Phase

What are the three properties of Ideal Gases?
1-No IM forcres
2-Occupy no volume
3-Ideal at high temp and low pressure
The Gas Phase
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Rate/Speed
mass of gas
Inverse

THINK PHYSICS!
-smaller weight means higher speed if same ENG - .5mv^2
The Gas Phase
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Pressure
Volume
Indirect

THINK PV=nRT
Boyle
The Gas Phase
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Temperature
Volume
Direct

THINK PV=nRT
Charles-Gay Lussac
The Gas Phase
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Volume
Number of moles
Direct

THINK PV=nRT
Avogadro
The Gas Phase

In VDW eqn, what are the a and b constants?
a = attactive forces
b = (bounce) volume
The Gas Phase

*may not need*
What does a small a mean in VDW eqn?
smaller a means that it is a small and less polarizable molecule of gas
The Gas Phase

*may not need*
What does a small b mean in VDW eqtn
small b means that it is a small volume that the molecule takes up

THINK
b=bouce the more the molecules bounce w/ each other the greater the volume
Thermochemistry

What is e roughly?
2.7
Phase and Phase Changes

What are the characteristics of solids?
Rigidity - resist shearing and flow
IM forces - crystalline/amorphous structure
Incompressible
Phase and Phase Changes

What are the characteristics of liquids?
No ridigity - does not resist shearing or flow
IF forces
Incompressible
Miscibility
Phase and Phase Changes

What are the types of solids?
What are the differences?
What are the similarities?
1-Ionic
2-Metallic
Ionic arrangement and Staggared arrangement - dissimilar in size of molecules and similar in size of molecuels respectively. Ionic are conductive in molten stage.
They share high MP, BP and Unit Cells
Phase and Phase Changes

What is the critical point?
Termination point (temp and press) in the boundary of liquids and gases which liquids and gases are undistinguishable
Phase and Phase Changes

What is the triple point?
Temperature and pressure in which all three phases are in EQ
Phase and Phase Changes

What is the boiling point?
Temperature in which the vapor pressure of the liquid is the same as the ambient pressure
Phase and Phase Changes

What is the melting/freezing point?
Temperature in which the vapor pressure of the liquid and solid are equal.
Phases and Phase Changes

What is raoult's law?
In nonvolatile solutions, the vapor pressure of the solute times the mole fraction is the pressure of the pure solvent.

Pvap * X = Pressure
Phases and Phase Change

What are the colligative properties?
Boiling point INC
Freezing point DEC
Vapor pressure DEC
Osmotic pressure
Phases and Phase Change

What is the heat of vaporization?
The it is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is the same as ambient pressure: boiling point. Temperature and pressure where above the critical value is zero
Phases and Phase Change
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Volatility
MP/BP
Indirect
Phases and Phase Change

In a multiple composition phase diagram, which is which (vapor vs liquid, solid vs liquid)?
Top = less dense, most dS
Bottom = most dense, less dS
Think densities
Phases and Phase Changes

What are the colligative properties?
1-Vapor Pressure DEC
2-Boiling Point INC
3-Freezing Point DEC
4-Osmotic Presure
Phases and Phase Change
Chemistry: Definitions

What does Colligative Properties mean?
Physical properties of solutions that are dependent upon the [dissolved particles] NOT identity of particles
Phases and Phase Changes

What is the caveat (Raoult's Law) of the colligative properties?
Raoul'ts law holds only to Vapor Pressure DEC if the attraction of the different components is equal the attraction of any one component in its pure state - only ideal solutions.
Phases and Phase Changes
Chemistry: Definitions

What is hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure that pushes fluid OUT to the extracellular
Pushes fluid INTO cell!
Phases and Phase Changes

What is osmotic pressure?
Pressure that pushes fluids IN to the exTrC (extracellular)
Pressure that pushes fluids OUT of the inTrC (intracelluar)
Phases and Phase Changes

What is the equation for osmotic pressure?
Osmotic pressure = i(van hoff factor)*Molarity(moles/L)*R*T
Solutions

What are the THREE solute solvent interactions?
Ion-dipole
Dipole-dipole
H Bonding
Solutions

What is Solvation/Dissolution?
Electrostatic interaction btw solute and solvent to form new bonds
Solutions

What is hydration?
Solvation/Dissolution when water is the solvent
Solutions

What does a EXO process mean in terms of the strength of bonds?
At what temperature?
Stronger than original
Favored at lower temps (why? - lower dS)
Making bonds releases ENG!
Solutions

What does a ENDO process mean in terms of the strength of bonds?
At what temperature?
Weaker than original
Favored at high temps
Solutions

What is Ideal Solution?
Overall str is equal original and overall enthalpy is close to 0
Solutions
Chemistry: Definitions

What is solubility?
MAX amount of substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent and temp
Solutions
Chemistry: Definitions

What does saturated mean?
MAX amount of solute has been added
Solutions
Chemistry: Definitions

What does concentrated mean?
Proportion of the solute to solvent is large
Solutions
Chemistry: Definitions

What does dilute mean?
Proportion of the solute to solvent is small
Solutions
Chemistry: Definitions

What does it mean to be sparingly soluble?
Solute dissolves minimally
Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Spontaneity
Solubility
Direct
Solutions

What does thermochemically spontaneous mean in terms of solubility?
Soluble
Solutions

What does thermochemically non-spontaneous mean in terms of solubility?
Insoluble
Solutions
Solubility Rules

NO3 - Nitrates
Is it soluble?
What exceptions?
Soluble
NONE
Solutions
Solubility Rules

C2H3O2 - Acetates
Is it soluble?
What exceptions?
Soluble
NONE
Solutions
Solubility Rules

NH4+ - Ammonium
Is it soluble?
What exceptions?
Soluble
NONE
Solutions
Solubility Rules

GI Cations
Is it soluble?
What exceptions?
Soluble
NONE
Solutions
Solubility Rules

GII Cations
Is it soluble?
What exceptions?
Soluble

Insoluble EXs
Phosphates (PO4), Carbonates (CO3), Sulfide (S2), Sulfate (SO4), Sulfite (SO3), Metal Oxides
Solutions
Solubility Rules

SO4 - Sulfate
Is it soluble?
What exceptions?
Soluble

Insoluble EXs
GII, Ag, Hg, Pb
Solutions
Solubility Rules

[No F] - Halides
Is it soluble?
What exceptions?
Soluble

Insoluble EXs
Ag, Hg, Pb - PAH/HAP
Solutions
Solubility Rules

O2 - Metal Hydroxides
Is it soluble?
What exceptions?
Insoluble

Soluble EXs
GI, GII, NH4
Solutions
Solubility Rules

OH- Hydroxide
Is it soluble?
What exceptions?
Insoluble

Soluble EXs
GI, GII, NH4
Solutions

CO3, PO4, S2, SO3
Is it soluble?
What are exceptions?
Insoluble

Soluble EXs
NH4, GI
Solutions

Ferrous
Fe2

THINK Inversely and Letters
ferrOUS - 3 letter suffix
Solutions
Common Ions

Ferric
Fe3

THINK Inversely and Letters
ferrIC - 2 letters suffix
2*charge = 6
tRfR charge = 3!
applies to ferrOUS as well
3*charge = 6
tRfR charge = 2!
Solutions

Cuprous
Cu

THINK FE (and the +6 rule due to core charge)
OUS means one less from IC
so how far is Cu from Fe? 4 boxes apart/3 elements
4 - (# let in suffix) = charge
CuprOUS = 3 so 4-3=1+!
CuprIC = 2 so 4-2=2+!
Solutions

Cupric
CU2

THINK FE
IC means normal from OUS
Solutions

Nitride
N3
Solutions

Phosphide
P3
Solutions

Obeying the -O3 ate rule?
N, Cl, C ?
Solutions

Obeying the -O4 ate rule?
S, P ?
Solution Chemistry
Common Ions

Bicarbonate
HCO3

*may seem counter intuitive
Bi- meant one hydrogen
Bisulfate
HSO4

Bi- meant one hydrogen
Counter Intuitive
Solutions

What does a high oxidation number mean?
Means that it has a higher probability of gaining an electiron (reduction)

Furthermore it is a good oxidizing agent

THINK Negative Feedback
Since the Oxidation # is high, it has to be reduced by "Reduction" of the oxidation number
Solutions

What does a low oxidation number mean?
In terms of EMF?
In terms of reduction potential?
Means that it has a higher probability of losing an electiron (oxidation)
Negative EMF
Negative Reduction potential


-Furthermore it is a good oxidizing agent

THINK Negative Feedback
Since the Oxidation # is low, it has to be increased by "Oxidation" of the oxidation number
Solutions

How do strong electrolytes dissociate?
Dissociate fully
Solutions

How do weak electrolytes dissociate?
Partially dissociates
Solutions

How do non-electrolytes dissociate?
Does not dissociate
Solutions

How do you calculate Percent Composition?
mass/total mass
Solutions

How do you calculate Mole Fraction?
moles/total moles
Solutions

How do you calculate Molarity?
moles/total L
Solutions

How do you calculate Molality?
moles/total kg
Solutions

How do you calculate Normality?
eq/total L
Solutions

For solutions, what does the EQ mean?
Saturation Point, solute concetnration is at MAX for a given temp and pressure
Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Ksp
Temp of Nongas solute
Direct
Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Ksp
Temp of Gas solute
Indirect
Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Ksp
Presure of gas solute
Direct

High Ksp = supersaturated!
There are more things floating around in solution
INC pressure INC solubility of gases
Solutions

What does IP<Ksp mean?
Unsaturated, it has not reached EQ/Saturation
Thermodynamically favors dissolution

THINK Q and Keq
Solutions

What does IP=Ksp mean?
Saturated, it has reached dynamic EQ of precipitaiton and dissolution

THINK Q and Keq
Solutions

What does IP>Ksp mean?
Supersaturated, is beyond EQ/Saturation
Thermodynamically unstable - favors preciptation

THINK Q and Keq
IP is to Ksp as Q is to Keq
Solutions

What is the common ion effect?
Reduction of molar solubility when there is alreayd a constituent ion dissolved
It has no effect on Ksp
Solutions

What are the factors that affect solution EQ?
1-Temperature
2-Pressure
3-Common Ion
Solutions

How do you calculate the temperature change given the molality?
dT = K*molality
Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Molarity
Molar mass
Inverse

Take for example comapring masses of two unknowns with differing molar masses dissolved in two separate beakers of same volume:
A higher molar mass means less moles less M because there are less moles to dissolve in volume
Solutions

When taking into account charge density, what are the two factors that should be taken into account?
1-Number of charges (the higher the greater density)
2-Size of the molecule and eNEG
Solutions
Relationship Game

Electrolyte
pKa above 15
Inverse

p=(-log)!
therefore a (-log) of 15 = negative
Ka<1 means what
Weak acid = Weak electrolyte!
why did i pick pKa=15 ORGANIC and pKa tables
Acids and Bases

What are the THREE definitions of acids/bases?
1-Arrhenius
2-Bronstead
3-Lewis
Acids and Bases

What does Arrhenius definition mean?
A/B dissociating into H and OH ions

THINK Ka/Kb
THINK Strong Acids/Bases
HCl --> H + Cl
NaOH --> Na + OH
Acids and Bases

What does Bronstead definition mean?
A/B donating or accepting H ions

THINK Organic
Conjugates - Weak Bases!
CH3COOH --> CH3CO + H
Acids and Bases

What does Lewis definition mean?
A/B accepting or donating electrons
Opposite of Arrhenius Gen Chem seeing OH- and H+

THINK ORGANIC
Metal nuPH/elPHs
Br2/FeBr3!
AlOH3 + OH --> AlOH4 - Acid (general trend low to high)
NH4 --> NH3 + H - Base (general trend high to low)
Acids and Bases

HCl
Hydrochloric Acid
Strong Acid
Acids and Bases
Common A/B

HBr
Hydrobromic Acid
Strong Acid
Acids and Bases
Common A/B

HI
Hydroiodic Acid
Strong Acid
Acids and Bases
Common A/B

H2SO4
Sulfuric Acid
Strong Acid
Acids and Bases

HNO3
Nitric Acid
Strong Acid
Acids and Bases

HClO4
Perchloric Acid
Strong Acid
Acids and Bases

NaOH
Sodium Hydroxide
Strong Base
Acids and Bases

KOH
Potassium Hydroxide
Stong Base
Acids and Bases

Group I and II Metals
Strong Base

Reducing Agents! = undergoes oxidation
Acid and Bases

What does a Ka less than 1 mean?
Weak acid
Acid and Bases

What does a Kb less than 1 mean?
Weak base
Acid and Bases

Which yields salt? and no water in neutralization?
Stong Acid/Weak Acid &
Weak Base
Acid and Bases

Which yields water and salt in neutralization?
Strong Acid/ Weak Acid & Strong Base
Acid and Bases

What is a titrand?
Unknown concentration of a solution - known volume
Acid and Bases

What is a titrant?
Known concnetration of a solution - known volume
Acid and Bases

What is an equivalence point?
What equation is used to determine the equivalence point?
Reached when the nubmer of acid and base equivalents are equal
Graphically it is the mid point of the steepest curve

Use N1V1=N2V2
Acid and Bases

What is an end point?
Volume at which the indicator changes color

Roughly pKa=pH=[H]equals[OH]
Where Acids and Bases are of equal concentrations
However the volume difference is usually small
Acid and Bases

What are the useful titrations?
Strong Acid/Strong Base
Weak Acid/Strong Base
Strong Acid/Weak Base

WK Base & Acid are usually not accurate
Acid and Bases

What is a buffer solution?
Mixture of weak acid and its salt
Conjugate base and a cation
Acids and Bases

What is a Buffer Capacity?
The amount of acids or bases it can buffer
Acids and Bases
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Buffer Capacity
Conjugate pair concentrations
Direct

The pKa does not change but it means it can handle more opposing concentrations of [H/OH]: becomes a stronger buffer!
Acids and Bases

What is the Henderson Hasselback Eqn?
pH/OH = pKa/b + log(conj a/b)/(a/b)

pneumonic for the log(conja/b OVER a/b)
When HH discovered this eqtn, he proclaimed AH HA!
Meaning log[(A)(H)]/[(HA)]
the bottom is the acid, while the top is the conjugate
Acids and Bases

In a titration curve, what is the pKa value?
It is the midpoint of the flattest curve
It is the point in which there is little pH change
Acids and Bases

In a titration curve, what is the equivalence point?
It is the mid point of the steepest curve
It is the point in which there is a dramatic pH change
Acids and Bases

What does Ka of 1 mean?
Strong Acid
Anything less than 1 means a weaker species
Acids and Bases

What does Kb>1 mean?
Strong Base
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

EMF
Spontaneity (Think Gibbs)
Inverse
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Reduction Potential
Oxidation
Inverse
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Reduction Potential
Reduction
Direct
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

What is a Faraday?
Charge per mole
-chemical change DIRECT #moles
100k C/mole = 1F

similar to Pa = 100k pa=1atm
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

What is the charge designation of the electrodes for a galvanic cell?
AN - NEG
CAT - POS

E-AP-CN
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

What is the charge designation of the electrodes for a voltaic cell?
AN - POS
CAT - NEG

CP-AN-G
Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Gibbs
EMF
Inverse
Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Keq
EMF (sign convention)
Direct

THINK EQTs!
Where -nFEmf = dG = -RTln(Q or Keq)
Therefore they are directly related to each other but inversely reated to dG
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

What is the Nernst Eqn?
Ecell = Ecell(strd) - (RT/nF)(lnQ)
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

What is the eqn relationship of Gibbs and EMF/Ecell?
dG=(-n)F(Ecell)
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

What is the relationship of Gibbs Keq and EMF/Ecell?
dG(strd)=(-)RTln(Keq)
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

What is the relationship of Keq and EMF/Ecell?
(n)F(Ecell)=RTln(Keq)
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

What does Keq<1 mean in terms of the Ecell (standard) in terms of sign convention?

What does this mean?
Negative

Nonspontaneous
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

What does Keq>1 mean in terms of the Ecell (standard) sign convention?

What does this mean?
Positive
why? - Keq>1 is past the EQ so that means that the electrolytic cell is performing towards conclusion (depositing salts and generating ele)
remmber the eqtn dG=(-)R*T*lnKeq
meaning that something that is greater than 1 Keq will yield a NEG dG

Spontaneous
why? - remember the eqtn dG = (-)n*F*Emf
So something that is POS EMF will have a NEG dG = spontaneous
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

What does Keq=1 mean in terms of the Ecell (standard)?
Dynamic EQ where the Ecell(strd) = 0 AND Keq=1
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

EMF
Electrode's Charge
Inverse

LINK IT BACK what about Keq and Electrode Charge?
EMF (+) = eleTrCharge (+) = Keq = (+)
EMF (-) = eleTrCharge (-) = Keq = (+)
Acids and Bases (KapCH10)

*may not need*
What is the Arrhenius Eqtn?
k=Ae^(-Ea/RT)
OR
ln[A/Ao]=Ea/R[(1/T1)-(1/T2)]
Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

What is the difference btw Kc and Keq?
Keq uses the Law of Mass Action w/ stoichiometry

Kc/Kp uses the rice table annotation and emphasizes the Concentratons or Pressures of reacts and products.

They can mean the same thing but the process to get them is different
Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Keq
EMF (spontaneity)
Direct
Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Gibbs
EMF (sign convention)
Indirect
Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Gibbs
EMF (spontaneity)
Indirect
What are the similar factors that affect rate law and EQ?
What are the differences that affect rate law and EQ?
d [reaCT]
d Temp
catalysts - for EQ it is like a secondary relationship (catalysts affect rate and therefore rate affects EQ)

Rate laws also dependent on type of medium

EQ are also dependent on d Pressure and Volume as well as [prdCT]
What eqn is used to calculate the temperature change when Kbp/mp are given and
dT=i(vhf)*Kbp/mp*(molal)
Phase and Phase Changes
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Vapor Pressure
Polarity
Inverse

Gases have higher vapor pressure when it is NONPOLAR!
Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Ksp
Precipitation
Indirect

A higher chance of precipitation is indicated with a lower Ksp
Periodic Table

Which group reacts most violently with water?
Group 1 Alkalai metals

Think adding strong acid directly to water! - dissociates H ions directly with water.
Acids and Bases
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Lewis Acid (yes/no)
Electrons (gain/loss)
Direct

When it gains electrons (reduced) it is Lacid
Acids and Bases
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Lewis Base (y/n)
Electrons (gain/loss)
Indirect

When it loses electrons (oxidized) its ID-ed as a Lbase
Redox RXNs

Where is the reduction and oxidation in each cell (gal and elect)?
Where does current run in each cell (gal and elect)?
RED CAT & AN OX in all the cells!

Current runs from cathode to anode - GAL
Current runs from anode to cathode - ELEC
*may not need*
Boltzman Constant
1.38 X 10^23

Think a derivative of A's #
6.23 X10^(-23)
-4X1.34 = close to 6.23
-10^23 = inverse 10^(-23)
What is an electron Volt?
1.6 X 10^-19 J

The amount of work done by an accelerating electron through an electrical potential difference
Molarity
1) moles/ L
2) Normality/# of eq
What is Flux? The equation?
flow of light particles

sigma * T^4
What is Luminosity? The equation?
Flux/Area
(sigma * T4)/Surface Area
Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Ionic solutions
Conductivity
Direct
Solutions
Chemistry: Relationship Game

Covalent solutions (yes/no)
Conductivity
Indirect

Covalent solutions are not dissociated and are not as conductive as solutions that have dissociated (from ex salts/str a/bs)
Changing gravity, Weight, Mass and Volume floating
Changing gravity will change the weights of an object.
However, the volume of an object floating when compared to the changing gravities is constant (if the density of the fluid is the same and mass).
Light and Optics

Fiber optics deals with what type of property?
Dispersion
Refraction
Reflection
Diffraction
Reflection!
Compounds and Stoichiometry

What is a metathesis RXN?
Double Displacement!
Compounds and Stoichiometry

What is a redox RXN?
Single Displacement!
Solutions

What does Ksp mean?
It is the DISSOCIATION constant
It dictates the solubility and concentrations dissolved
Meaning that if the number is LOW (higher sci notation), a majority of the solid does not dissociate
Meaning that if the number is HIGH (lower sci notation), a majority of the solid does dissociate
What property remains the same for Sound reflection?
Speed
Intensity
Wavelenght
Freq
Period
Energy
speed!
What property remains the same for Light reflection?
Speed
Intensity
Wavelenght
Freq
Period
Energy
frequency!
What are the non-reducing sugars?
Sucrose
Trehalose

THINK
Dont reduce the suc-tre