Mcat Biology Lecture 8

Front 1

Muscle contractions' (4) possible functions -

Back 1

1. body movement
2. stabilization of body position
3. movement of substances through the body
4. generating heat to maintain body temp

Front 2

types of muscle tissue

Back 2

1. cardiac muscle
2. skeletal muscle
3. smooth muscle

Front 3

Like many cell types, human muscle cells are so specialized that they lost the ability to undergo ____. Only in rare cases does one muscle cell ___ to form ___.

Back 3

mitosis
split
two cells

Front 4

The entire system of lamellae & haversian canals is called an ____.

Back 4

Osteon/Haversian system

Front 5

____ are also incapable of mitosis. They exchange nutrients & waste materials w/ the blood.

Back 5

osteocytes

Front 6

____ secrete collagen & organic compounds upon which bone is formed. They are incapable of mitosis. As they release matrix material around themselves, they become enveloped by the matrix and differentiate into ____.

Back 6

osteoblasts
osteocytes

Front 7

____ is living tissue. Its functions are ___ of soft tissue, ____ of internal organs, assistance in ___ of the body, ____ , ____ & ____ in the form of adipose cells in bone marrow.

Back 7

Bone
support
protection
movement
mineral storage
blood cell production
energy storage

Front 8

Bone is not just for support, protection & movement. Bone also store ___ & ___, helping to maintain a consistent concentration of these in the blood. Bone stores energy in the form of ___ & bone is the site of ____ formation.

Back 8

calcium
phosphate
fat
blood cell formation

Front 9

Like cardiac muscle, smooth muscle cells contain only one ____.

Back 9

nucleus

Front 10

Cardiac muscle is ___.

Back 10

involuntary

Front 11

The human heart is composed mainly of ____ muscle.

Back 11

cardiac

Front 12

each cardiac muscle cell contains only one ____ and is separated from its neighbor by an _____.

Back 12

nucleus
intercalcated disk

Front 13

Smooth muscle is mainly ____, so it is innervated by the ____.

Back 13

involuntary
autonomic nervous system

Front 14

Smooth muscles also contain ____, but they are not organized into sarcomeres.

Back 14

thick & thin filaments

Front 15

Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is ___, which means that it is composed of ____.

Back 15

striated
sarcomeres

Front 16

Smooth muscle cells contain ____, which are attached to ____ spread throughout the cell.

Back 16

intermediate filaments
dense bodies

Front 17

____ stores oxygen inside muscle cells. A molecule of this looks like one subunit of hemoglobin. It is capable of storing only one molecule of oxygen.

Back 17

myoglobin

Front 18

The lumen of the ___ is filled w/ Ca2+ ions.

Back 18

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 19

____ allow for a uniform contraction of the muscle by allowing the action potential to spread through the muscle cell more rapidly.

Back 19

t-tubules

Front 20

The "components" of muscle contraction -

Back 20

"HI"
H zone & I band get smaller, while the A band does not change size.

Front 21

The smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle is the ____.

Back 21

sarcomere

Front 22

____ muscles assist the agonist by stabilizing the origin bone or by positioning the insertion bone during the movement.

Back 22

synergistic

Front 23

Muscles work in groups.
The ___ contracts, while the ___ stretches.

Back 23

agonist
antagonist

Front 24

A ____ connects muscle to bone, a ____ connects bone to bone.

Back 24

tendon
ligament

Front 25

Skeletal muscle is ____, it can be consciously controlled.

Back 25

voluntary muscle tissue

Front 26

A neuron attaches to a muscle cell forming a ____. The action potential of the neuron releases ___ into the synaptic cleft.

Back 26

neuromuscular synapse
acetylcholine

Front 27

The ____ is connective tissue derived from mesodermal cells.

Back 27

dermis

Front 28

(7) important functions of skin

Back 28

BEETVIP
Blood reservoir
Environmental sensory input
Excretion
Thermoregulation
Vitamin D synthesis
Immunity
Protection

Front 29

Exposure to friction or pressure stimulates the epidermis to thicken forming a ____.

Back 29

callus

Front 30

The skin has (2) principal parts ___ & ___.

Back 30

Epidermis
dermis

Front 31

_____ is flexible, resilient connective tissue.

Back 31

cartilage

Front 32

Haverisan canals contain blood & lymph vessels, and are connected by crossing canals called ____.

Back 32

Volkmann's canals

Front 33

Osteocytes trapped between the lamellae exchange nutrients via ____.

Back 33

canalculi

Front 34

In a continuous remodeling process, osteoclasts burrow tunnels called ____, through compact bone. These are followed by osteoblasts, which lay down a new matrix onto the tunnel walls forming concentric rings called. ____.

Back 34

Haversian (central) canals
Lamellae

Front 35

____ surrounds the medullary cavity, which holds ____ which contains adipose cells for fat storage.

Back 35

compact bone
yellow bone marrow

Front 36

____ contains ____, the site of hemopoiesis or red blood cell development.

Back 36

spongy bone
red bone marrow

Front 37

____ resorb bone matrix, releasing minerals back into the blood. They are believed to develop from white blood cells called monocytes.

Back 37

osteoclasts

Front 38

Most of the Ca2+ in the body is stored in the bone matrix as ____.

Back 38

hydroxyapatite