Mcat Biology Lecture 7

Front 1

A single antibody is specific for a single ____, & that a single ____ produces only one antibody type.

Back 1

antigen
B lymphocyte

Front 2

T lymphocytes that are not destroyed differentiate into : (4)

Back 2

helper T cells
memory T cells
suppressor T cells
killer T cells

Front 3

cell mediated immunity involves ____.

Back 3

T-lymphocytes

Front 4

If the B lymphocyte antibody contacts a matching antigen, the B lymphocyte assisted by a helper T cell, differentiate into ____ & ____.

Back 4

plasma cells
memory B cells

Front 5

secondary response

Back 5

memory B cells called upon to synthesize antibodies

approx 5 days to reach full potential

Front 6

The first time the immune system is exposed to an antigen is known as the ____.

Back 6

primary response

approx 20 days to reach its full potential

Front 7

Humoral immunity is promoted by ____.

Back 7

B lymphocytes

Front 8

Each B lymphocyte is capable of making a single type of ____.

Back 8

antibody or
immunoglobulin

Front 9

foreign particle -

Back 9

antigen

Front 10

Two types of acquired immunity -

Back 10

1. humoral or B-cell immunity
2. cell-mediated or t-cell immunity

Front 11

Innate immunity includes (4):

Back 11

1. the skin as a barrier to organisms and toxins
2. stomach acid & digestive enzymes to destroy ingested organisms and toxins
3. phagocytotic cells
4. chemicals in the blood

Front 12

Injury to tissue results in ___, which includes dilation of blood vessels, increased permeability of capillaries, swelling of tissue cells & migration of granulocytes & macrophages to the inflamed area.

Back 12

inflammation

Front 13

The coagulation process involves many factors starting w/ ____ & including the ____ prothrombin & fibrin.

Back 13

platelets
plasma proteins

Front 14

granulocytes -- live?
agranulocytes -- ""

Back 14

A very short time, they multiply quickly against any infection and then die when it is gone.
A very long time, work against specific agents of infection (years).

Front 15

____ are small portions of membrane-bound cytoplasm torn from megakaryocytes.

Back 15

platelets

Front 16

All blood cells differentiate from the same type of precursor a ____ residing in the bone marrow.

Back 16

stem cell

Front 17

____, function is to protect the body from foreign invaders. Do contain organelles, but do not have hemoglobin.

Back 17

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Front 18

____ are like bags of hemoglobin. They have no organelles, not even a nucleus, which mans they do not reproduce or undergo mitosis. Disk shaped, main function is oxygen and co2 transport. Approx lifespan of 120 days.

Back 18

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Front 19

Plasma in which the clotting protein ____ has been removed is called ____.

Back 19

fibrinogen
serum

Front 20

Immunoglobulins are also called ____.

Back 20

antibodies

Front 21

Important proteins contained in the plasma are ____,____ & ____.

Back 21

albumin
immunoglobulins
clotting factors

Front 22

The blood is ____ tissue.

Back 22

connective

Front 23

The lymph system is an ____.

Back 23

open system

Front 24

In the case of ____ (____) the body compensates by increasing the breathing rate thereby expelling carbon dioxide and raising the pH of the blood.

Back 24

acidosis
(too much acid in the blood)

Front 25

The bicarbonate ion formation is governed by the enzyme ____ in the reversible rxn:
co2 +h2o -> hco3- + h+

Back 25

carbonic anhydrase

Front 26

carbon dioxide is carried by the blood in 3 forms:

Back 26

1. in physical solution
2. as bicarbonate ion
3. in carbamino compounds (combined w/ hemoglobin & other proteins)

Front 27

Each of the 4 iron atoms in hemoglobin can bind with one ____.

Back 27

o2 molecule

Front 28

The heme cofactor is an organic molecule w/ an atom of ____ at its center.

Back 28

Iron

Front 29

98% of the oxygen in the blood binds rapidly & reversibly with the protein ____ inside the erythrocytes forming ____.

Back 29

hemoglobulin
oxyhemoglobin

Front 30

The oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right by an increase in ____, ____, or ____.

Back 30

carbon dioxide pressure
hydrogen ion concentration
temperature

Front 31

Since ____ are found in cilia, & cilated cells are fround in the respiratory tract (& the fallopian tubes & ependymal cells of the spinal cord) A problem in ____ production might result in a problem in breathing (or fertility or circulation of cerebrospinal fluid)

Back 31

microtubules
microtubule

Front 32

The job of the respiratory system is to deliver oxygen to the blood & expel carbon dioxide. Part of the R.T functions to prepare the air by ____, ____ & ____.

Back 32

warming
moistening
cleaning

Front 33

Before entering the lungs the trachea splits into the right & left ____. Each ____ branches many more times to become tiny ___. these terminate in grape-like clusters called alveolar sacs composed of tiny ____.

Back 33

bronchi
bronchus
bronchioles
alveoli

Front 34

The ____ lies in front of the esophagus. It is composed of ringed cartilage covered by ciliated mucous cells.

Back 34

trachea (or windpipe)

Front 35

The ____ is the voicebox. It sits behind the ____, which is the cartilaginous member that prevents fod from entering the trachea during swallowing.

Back 35

larynx
epiglottis

Front 36

The ____ functions as a passageway for food & air.

Back 36

pharynx (or throat)

Front 37

____ at the front of the nasal cavity traps large dust particles. ____ secreted by goblet cells trap smaller dust particles & moistens the air. ____ move the mucus & dust back toward the pharynx, so that it may be removed by spitting or swallowing.

Back 37

coarse hair
mucus
cilia

Front 38

The ____ is the space inside the nose it ____, ____ & ____ incoming air.

Back 38

nasal cavity
filters, moistens & warms

Front 39

The ____ is skeletal muscle & is innervated by the phrenic nerve. When relaxed, it is dome shaped. It flattens on contraction, expanding the chest cavity & creating negative gauge pressure.

Back 39

diaphragm

Front 40

____ carries blood away from the heart.
____ carries blood toward the heart.

Back 40

artery
vein

Front 41

Dont confuse oxygenated blood w/ the definition for ____. the pulmonary ____ contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body.

Back 41

arteries
arteries

Front 42

____ & ____ are similar in structure to arterioles & arteries.

Back 42

venules & veins

Front 43

____ are very small, they are wrapped by smooth muscle. Constriction & dilation of ____ can be used to regulate blood pressure as well as rerouting blood.

Back 43

arterioles
smooth muscle

Front 44

____ are elastic & stretch as they fill w/ blood. When the ventricles finish their contraction, the stretched ____ recoil, keeping the blood moving more smoothly.

Back 44

Arteries
Arteries

Front 45

The action potential branches out through the ventricular walls via conductive fibers called ____. From these the action potential is spread through gap junctions from one cardiac muscle to the next. The ____ in the ventricles allow for a more unified & stronger contraction.

Back 45

purkinje fibers
purkinje fibers

Front 46

From the AV node, the action potential moves down conductive fibers called the ____. these are located ____.

Back 46

bundle of His
in the wall separating the ventricles

Front 47

The ____ node is slower to contract, creating a delay which allows the atria to finish their contraction, and to squeeze their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles begin to contract.

Back 47

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Front 48

The parasympathetic ____ innervates the SA node, slowing the contractions.

Back 48

vagus nerve

Front 49

The SA node is autorhythmic, spreading its contraction to the surrounding cardiac muscles via ____ made from ____.

Back 49

electrical synapses
gap junctions

Front 50

The heart contracts automatically, paced by a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells called the ____ located in the right atrium.

Back 50

sinoatrial node (SA node)

Front 51

4 methods for materials to cross capillary walls

Back 51

1. pinocytosis
2. diffusion or transport through capillary cell membranes
3. movement through pores in the cells called fenestrations.
4. movement through the space between the cells.

Front 52

____ are microscopic blood vessels, only one cell thick & the diameter is roughly equal to that of a single red blood cell.

Back 52

capillaries

Front 53

This 2nd half of the circulation is called the ____.

Back 53

pulmonary circulation

Front 54

The pulmonary veins empty into the ____, which fills the left ventricle.

Back 54

left atrium

Front 55

From the capillaries of the lungs, blood collects in venules, then in veins, & finally in the ____ leading to the heart.

Back 55

pulmonary veins

Front 56

The right ventricles pumps blood through the ____, to arterioles, to the capillaries of the lungs.

Back 56

pulmonary arteries

Front 57

Since there are no openings for the blood to leave the vessels, the entire system is said to be ____.

Back 57

closed (circulatory system)

Front 58

From the right atrium, blood is squeezed into the ____.

Back 58

right ventricle

Front 59

The _____ nerves which is ____ innervates the heart & digestive system. This nerve slows the rate of heart contraction & increases digestive activity in the intestines.

Back 59

vagus
parasympathetic

Front 60

The first half of the circulation is called the ____.

Back 60

systemic circulation

Front 61

The ____ contracts w/ the most force to propel the blood through systemic circulation.

Back 61

left ventricle

Front 62

The vena cava empties into the ____ of the heart.

Back 62

right atrium

Front 63

Blood from the capillaries is collected into ____, which themselves collect into larger ____, which collects again into the ____.

Back 63

venules
veins
superior & inferior vena cava

Front 64

From the aorta, branch many smaller ____, which themselves branch into still smaller ___ which branch into still smaller ____.

Back 64

arteries
arterioles
capillaries

Front 65

Beginning with the left ventricle blood is pumped through the ____.

Back 65

aorta