Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A single antibody is specific for a single ____, & that a single ____ produces only one antibody type.
|
antigen
B lymphocyte |
|
T lymphocytes that are not destroyed differentiate into : (4)
|
helper T cells
memory T cells suppressor T cells killer T cells |
|
cell mediated immunity involves ____.
|
T-lymphocytes
|
|
If the B lymphocyte antibody contacts a matching antigen, the B lymphocyte assisted by a helper T cell, differentiate into ____ & ____.
|
plasma cells
memory B cells |
|
secondary response
|
memory B cells called upon to synthesize antibodies
approx 5 days to reach full potential |
|
The first time the immune system is exposed to an antigen is known as the ____.
|
primary response
approx 20 days to reach its full potential |
|
Humoral immunity is promoted by ____.
|
B lymphocytes
|
|
Each B lymphocyte is capable of making a single type of ____.
|
antibody or
immunoglobulin |
|
foreign particle -
|
antigen
|
|
Two types of acquired immunity -
|
1. humoral or B-cell immunity
2. cell-mediated or t-cell immunity |
|
Innate immunity includes (4):
|
1. the skin as a barrier to organisms and toxins
2. stomach acid & digestive enzymes to destroy ingested organisms and toxins 3. phagocytotic cells 4. chemicals in the blood |
|
Injury to tissue results in ___, which includes dilation of blood vessels, increased permeability of capillaries, swelling of tissue cells & migration of granulocytes & macrophages to the inflamed area.
|
inflammation
|
|
The coagulation process involves many factors starting w/ ____ & including the ____ prothrombin & fibrin.
|
platelets
plasma proteins |
|
granulocytes -- live?
agranulocytes -- "" |
A very short time, they multiply quickly against any infection and then die when it is gone.
A very long time, work against specific agents of infection (years). |
|
____ are small portions of membrane-bound cytoplasm torn from megakaryocytes.
|
platelets
|
|
All blood cells differentiate from the same type of precursor a ____ residing in the bone marrow.
|
stem cell
|
|
____, function is to protect the body from foreign invaders. Do contain organelles, but do not have hemoglobin.
|
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
|
|
____ are like bags of hemoglobin. They have no organelles, not even a nucleus, which mans they do not reproduce or undergo mitosis. Disk shaped, main function is oxygen and co2 transport. Approx lifespan of 120 days.
|
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
|
|
Plasma in which the clotting protein ____ has been removed is called ____.
|
fibrinogen
serum |
|
Immunoglobulins are also called ____.
|
antibodies
|
|
Important proteins contained in the plasma are ____,____ & ____.
|
albumin
immunoglobulins clotting factors |
|
The blood is ____ tissue.
|
connective
|
|
The lymph system is an ____.
|
open system
|
|
In the case of ____ (____) the body compensates by increasing the breathing rate thereby expelling carbon dioxide and raising the pH of the blood.
|
acidosis
(too much acid in the blood) |
|
The bicarbonate ion formation is governed by the enzyme ____ in the reversible rxn:
co2 +h2o -> hco3- + h+ |
carbonic anhydrase
|
|
carbon dioxide is carried by the blood in 3 forms:
|
1. in physical solution
2. as bicarbonate ion 3. in carbamino compounds (combined w/ hemoglobin & other proteins) |
|
Each of the 4 iron atoms in hemoglobin can bind with one ____.
|
o2 molecule
|
|
The heme cofactor is an organic molecule w/ an atom of ____ at its center.
|
Iron
|
|
98% of the oxygen in the blood binds rapidly & reversibly with the protein ____ inside the erythrocytes forming ____.
|
hemoglobulin
oxyhemoglobin |
|
The oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right by an increase in ____, ____, or ____.
|
carbon dioxide pressure
hydrogen ion concentration temperature |
|
Since ____ are found in cilia, & cilated cells are fround in the respiratory tract (& the fallopian tubes & ependymal cells of the spinal cord) A problem in ____ production might result in a problem in breathing (or fertility or circulation of cerebrospinal fluid)
|
microtubules
microtubule |
|
The job of the respiratory system is to deliver oxygen to the blood & expel carbon dioxide. Part of the R.T functions to prepare the air by ____, ____ & ____.
|
warming
moistening cleaning |
|
Before entering the lungs the trachea splits into the right & left ____. Each ____ branches many more times to become tiny ___. these terminate in grape-like clusters called alveolar sacs composed of tiny ____.
|
bronchi
bronchus bronchioles alveoli |
|
The ____ lies in front of the esophagus. It is composed of ringed cartilage covered by ciliated mucous cells.
|
trachea (or windpipe)
|
|
The ____ is the voicebox. It sits behind the ____, which is the cartilaginous member that prevents fod from entering the trachea during swallowing.
|
larynx
epiglottis |
|
The ____ functions as a passageway for food & air.
|
pharynx (or throat)
|
|
____ at the front of the nasal cavity traps large dust particles. ____ secreted by goblet cells trap smaller dust particles & moistens the air. ____ move the mucus & dust back toward the pharynx, so that it may be removed by spitting or swallowing.
|
coarse hair
mucus cilia |
|
The ____ is the space inside the nose it ____, ____ & ____ incoming air.
|
nasal cavity
filters, moistens & warms |
|
The ____ is skeletal muscle & is innervated by the phrenic nerve. When relaxed, it is dome shaped. It flattens on contraction, expanding the chest cavity & creating negative gauge pressure.
|
diaphragm
|
|
____ carries blood away from the heart.
____ carries blood toward the heart. |
artery
vein |
|
Dont confuse oxygenated blood w/ the definition for ____. the pulmonary ____ contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body.
|
arteries
arteries |
|
____ & ____ are similar in structure to arterioles & arteries.
|
venules & veins
|
|
____ are very small, they are wrapped by smooth muscle. Constriction & dilation of ____ can be used to regulate blood pressure as well as rerouting blood.
|
arterioles
smooth muscle |
|
____ are elastic & stretch as they fill w/ blood. When the ventricles finish their contraction, the stretched ____ recoil, keeping the blood moving more smoothly.
|
Arteries
Arteries |
|
The action potential branches out through the ventricular walls via conductive fibers called ____. From these the action potential is spread through gap junctions from one cardiac muscle to the next. The ____ in the ventricles allow for a more unified & stronger contraction.
|
purkinje fibers
purkinje fibers |
|
From the AV node, the action potential moves down conductive fibers called the ____. these are located ____.
|
bundle of His
in the wall separating the ventricles |
|
The ____ node is slower to contract, creating a delay which allows the atria to finish their contraction, and to squeeze their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles begin to contract.
|
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
|
|
The parasympathetic ____ innervates the SA node, slowing the contractions.
|
vagus nerve
|
|
The SA node is autorhythmic, spreading its contraction to the surrounding cardiac muscles via ____ made from ____.
|
electrical synapses
gap junctions |
|
The heart contracts automatically, paced by a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells called the ____ located in the right atrium.
|
sinoatrial node (SA node)
|
|
4 methods for materials to cross capillary walls
|
1. pinocytosis
2. diffusion or transport through capillary cell membranes 3. movement through pores in the cells called fenestrations. 4. movement through the space between the cells. |
|
____ are microscopic blood vessels, only one cell thick & the diameter is roughly equal to that of a single red blood cell.
|
capillaries
|
|
This 2nd half of the circulation is called the ____.
|
pulmonary circulation
|
|
The pulmonary veins empty into the ____, which fills the left ventricle.
|
left atrium
|
|
From the capillaries of the lungs, blood collects in venules, then in veins, & finally in the ____ leading to the heart.
|
pulmonary veins
|
|
The right ventricles pumps blood through the ____, to arterioles, to the capillaries of the lungs.
|
pulmonary arteries
|
|
Since there are no openings for the blood to leave the vessels, the entire system is said to be ____.
|
closed (circulatory system)
|
|
From the right atrium, blood is squeezed into the ____.
|
right ventricle
|
|
The _____ nerves which is ____ innervates the heart & digestive system. This nerve slows the rate of heart contraction & increases digestive activity in the intestines.
|
vagus
parasympathetic |
|
The first half of the circulation is called the ____.
|
systemic circulation
|
|
The ____ contracts w/ the most force to propel the blood through systemic circulation.
|
left ventricle
|
|
The vena cava empties into the ____ of the heart.
|
right atrium
|
|
Blood from the capillaries is collected into ____, which themselves collect into larger ____, which collects again into the ____.
|
venules
veins superior & inferior vena cava |
|
From the aorta, branch many smaller ____, which themselves branch into still smaller ___ which branch into still smaller ____.
|
arteries
arterioles capillaries |
|
Beginning with the left ventricle blood is pumped through the ____.
|
aorta
|