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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
digestive tract anatomy
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mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
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subsets of small intestine
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duodenum, ileum, jejunum
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subsets of large intestine
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ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
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mouth
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salivary amylase (alpha amylase) breaks down starch chains. Chewing increases surface area of food.
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esophagus
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moves chewed food (bolus) to stomach via peristaltic action.
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chyme
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mixture of semifluid mass of food in stomach
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cells of exocrine glands of stomach
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mucous cells - mucous lines stomach wall to protect from acid, food
chief cells - secrete pepsinogen, activated by low PH parietal cells - secrete HCl, taking alot of energy G cells - secrete gastrin, which stimulates parietal cell HCl production |
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small intestine
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villi contain capillary network and lymph vessel called lacteal. Microvilli cover apical side of 'enterocytes', forming brush border--contains digestive enzymes. Goblet cells secrete mucus to lubricate intestine.
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bile
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released by liver stored in gallbladder. emulsifies fat, physically breaking into small particles.
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pancreatic enzymes
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trypsin - degrade proteins to small polypeptides
chymotrypsin - same as trypsin amylase - polysaccharides to di, tri lipase - degrades fat, triglycerides. |
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large intestine function
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water absorption, electrolyte absorption. E. coli producing vitamins in gut.
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random ideas about digestion
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food may move too fast through digestive tract... enzymes to counter this. stomach stores for constant level of digestion. gastrointestinal hormones regulate speed for these reasons.
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urea
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byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
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glyconeogenesis
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formation of glycogen from nonglucose precusors.
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7 functions of the liver
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1. blood storage
2. blood filtration, bacteria phagocytized 3. carbohydrate metabolism 4. fat metabolism, synthesizes bile, creates fat. 5. protein metabolism, deaminates AAs, forms urea. 6. detoxification 7. erythrocyte destruction, assists spleen in destroying RBCs |
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renal corpuscle
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consists of
glomerulus: first capillary bed in nephron Bowman's capsule: where filtrate collects after being forced through fenestrations |
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net result of proximal tubule
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reduce amount of filtrate in nephron while changing the solute composition without changing osmolarity.
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distal tubule
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reabsorbs Na+, Ca+. secretes K+ H+ HC03-. Lowers filtrate osmolarity. ADH creates more permeable cells, water leaves filtrate making it more concentrated.
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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monitors filtrate pressure in distal tubule. secretes renin, which ultimately makes adrenal cortex make aldosterone. aldosterone acts on tubule, creating Na+ absorbtion and K+ secretion proteins.
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nephron function details
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renal corpuscle - filtration
proximal tubule - reabsorption, secretion loop of Henle - concentrate solute in medulla distal tubule - empties into collecting duct collecting duct - concentrates urine |
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enterocytes
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cells exposed to lumen of intenstine, in villi. Absorb and break down small polymers, di and tri.
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glycogenolysis
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break down of glycogen into glucose, in liver.
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albumin
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carrier molecule to move fatty acids through blood, can take up to 30 but usually takes 3 FAs.
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result of liver mobilizing fat or protein for energy
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blood acidity goes up, metabolizing those elements produces acids.
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3 functions of kidney
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1. execrete waste products, urea, uric acid, ammonia, phosphate
2. maintain moneostasis of body fluid and solute 3. help control plasma pH |
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Urine path
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kidney outer cortex, kidney inner medulla. Urine created by kidney goes to renal pelvis, emptied into ureter, goes to bladder. Bladder drained by urethra.
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nephron
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functional unit of kidney
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proximal tubule
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where reabsorption takes place, glucose, proteins and other solutes leave proximal tubule by 2ndary active transport.
drugs, toxins etc secreted into filtrate by prox tubule. |
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loop of Henle
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dips into medulla, increases solute concentration and osmotic pressure of medulla.
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collecting duct
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distal tubule empties into CD, which carries it into medulla. IF ADH in medulla, it makes duct permeable to water, so water diffuses into medulla.
ducts empty into renal calyx and finally renal pelvis. |
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descending loop of Henle vs ascending
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permeable to water vs impermeable to water.
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