Mcat Biology Lecture 5

Front 1

All hormones act by ____ to proteins called ____.

Back 1

binding
receptors

Front 2

exocrine glands -
endocrine glands -

Back 2

Release enzymes to the "external" environment through ducts.
Release hormones directly into body fluids.

Front 3

Hormones need a ____, either on the membrane or inside the cell.
When comparing endocrine vs nervous endocrine is ____, ____ & ____.

Back 3

receptor
slow, indirect, longlasting

Front 4

In the 3rd week, the gastrula develops into a ____ in a process called ____.

Back 4

neurula
neurlation

Front 5

Part of normal cell development is programmed cell death or ____.

Back 5

apoptosis

Front 6

____ occurs when one cell type affects the direction of differentiation of another cell type.

Back 6

Induction

Front 7

3 primary germ layer guidelines:

Back 7

Ectoderm: "outer coverings", skin, nails etc
Mesoderm: "middle stuff" muscle, bone etc
Endoderm: "inner stuff" digestive tract lining, liver, pancreas...

Front 8

The specialization that occurs at the end of development forming a specialized tissue cell is called ____.

Back 8

differentiation

Front 9

The formation of the ____ occurs in the 2nd week after fertilization in a process called _____.

Back 9

gastrula
gastrulation

Front 10

(3) primary germ layers

Back 10

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Front 11

The process where a cell becomes committed to a specialized developmental path is called ____.

Back 11

determination

Front 12

____, reaches full development by the end of the 1st trimester and begins secreting its own estrogen and progesterone while lowering its secretion of HCG.

Back 12

Placenta

Front 13

____, prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum and maintains its secretion of estrogen and progesterone.

Back 13

Human chorionic gonadtropin (HCG)

Front 14

____ in the blood and urine of the mother is the first outward sign of pregnancy.

Back 14

HCG

Front 15

A morula further along that forms a hollow ball filled w/ fluid.

Back 15

blastocyst

Front 16

5th to 7th day after you are "pregnant"

Back 16

implantation

Front 17

many cycles of mitosis does not grow during ____.

Back 17

cleavage

Front 18

embryo consisting of 8 or more cells -

Back 18

morula

Front 19

the oocyte does through the 2nd meiotic division to become an ____ & releases a 2nd polar body. ____ occurs when the nuclei of the ovum and sperm fuse to form the _____.

Back 19

ovum
fertilization
zygote

Front 20

menstrual cycle-

Back 20

approx 28 day cycle

Front 21

The remaining portion of the follicle is left to become the ____.

Back 21

corpus luteum

Front 22

____, secretes estradiol and progesterone throughout pregnancy or in the case of no pregnancy for 2 weeks until it degrades into the ____

Back 22

corpus luteum
corpus albicans

Front 23

___ tube or ___

Back 23

Fallopian (uterine)
oviduct

Front 24

____, dramatic increase in LH secretion. Results from a positive feedback loop.

Back 24

luteal surge

Front 25

ovulation

Back 25

the bursting of the follicle

Front 26

estradiol

Back 26

a type of estrogen

Front 27

The granulosa cells secrete a viscous substance around the egg called ____.

Back 27

zona pellucida

Front 28

semen

Back 28

mixture of spermatazoa and fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands (or cowper's glands)

Front 29

Upon ejaculation, spermatazoa are propelled through the ____ into the ___ and out the penis.

Back 29

vas deferens
urethra

Front 30

epididymus

Back 30

where the spermatozoan mature

Front 31

Testosterone is the primary ____ & stimulates the germ cells to become sperm.

Back 31

androgen
(male sex hormone)

Front 32

male gonads

production of sperm occurs in the ____.

Back 32

testes

seminiferous tubules (of the testes)

Front 33

Glucagon

Back 33

a peptide hormone nearly opposite to insulin.

Front 34

Insulin

Back 34

A peptide hormone, cells of the body become highly permeable to glucose.

Front 35

4 small ____ attached to the back of the thyroid. Releases ____ a peptide increases blood calcium.

Back 35

parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 36

A large peptide hormone, decreases blood calcium.

Back 36

calcitonin

Front 37

Their general effect is to increase the basal metabolic rate.

Back 37

T3 & T4 (thyroxine)

Front 38

____ - the creation of glucose and glycogen mainly in the liver from amino acids glycerol and/or lactic acid.

Back 38

gluconeogenesis

Front 39

____, A steroid is a glucocorticoid that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Back 39

cortisol

Front 40

The main effect of ____ (for the mcat) is the Na+ reabsorption and k+ secretion in the collecting tubule of the kidney.
The increase in blood pressure is a secondary effect.

Back 40

aldosterone

Front 41

outside of the gland
"cortex" = bark
produces aldosterone, cortisol both steroid hormones

Back 41

adrenal cortex

Front 42

are located on top of the kidneys
-> adrenal cortex
-> adrenal medulla

Back 42

adrenal glands

Front 43

____ - is a small peptide hormone which causes the collecting ducts of the kidney to become permeable to water (concentrating urine)

Back 43

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
or vasopressin

Front 44

____ - composed mainly of support tissue for nerve endings from the hypothalamus.

Back 44

posterior pituitary

Front 45

Prolactin-

Back 45

a peptide, promotes lactation

Front 46

____ - a peptide, stimulate the thyroid to release t3 &t4 via the 2nd messenger system using cAMP

Back 46

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Front 47

____ - a peptide, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids via the 2nd messenger system using cAMP

Back 47

Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)

Front 48

____ - a peptide, stimulates growth in almost all cells of the body.

Back 48

Human growth hormone
(HGH)

Front 49

_____ - the hormone is responding to the condition, not creating it.

Back 49

Negative feedback

Front 50

Important Mcat steroids
1. the glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids of the adrenal cortex: ____ & ____
2. The gonadal hormones: ____, _____ & ____

Back 50

cortisol
aldosterone
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone

Front 51

For Mcat if the hormones are not steroid or tyrosines they are ____.

Back 51

peptide hormones

Front 52

since ____ are proteins they cant diffuse through the membrane, so they bind to receptors on the membrane and act through a 2nd messenger.

Back 52

peptides

Front 53

Tyrosines are the ___ & the ____

Back 53

thyroid hormones
catecholamines (adrenal medulla hormones)

Front 54

Tyrosines are split ___ diffuse into the nucleus and ____ act on receptors at the membrane.

Back 54

thyroids
catecholamines

Front 55

Steroid hormones come only from the ___, ____ or ____.

Back 55

"GAP"
Gonads
Adrenal Cortex
Placenta

Front 56

Since steroids are ____ they diffuse through the membrane and act in the nucleus.

Back 56

lipids

Front 57

pancreatic hormones:

Back 57

glucagon
insulin

Front 58

parathyroid hormone:

Back 58

PTH

Front 59

posterior pituitary hormones:

Back 59

ADH and oxytocin

Front 60

anterior pituitary hormones:

Back 60

"FAT PIG"
FSH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
LH
Growth Hormone (HGH)

Front 61

These chemicals are ___ because the hormone is the original or ___ to the cell. the ___ activates or deactivates enzymes and/or ion channels and often creates "cascade" of chemical reaction that amplifies the effect of the hormone.

Back 61

2nd messengers
1st messenger
2nd messenger

Front 62

___ - the target cell of the hormone, the cell that the hormone is meant to affect.

Back 62

effector

Front 63

___ hormones are derived from peptides.

Back 63

peptide hormones

Front 64

(3) basic chemistry types (of hormones)

Back 64

1. peptide hormones
2. steroid hormones
3. tyrosine derivatives

Front 65

Tyrosine derivatives are:

Back 65

The thyroid hormones:
t3, triiodothyronine (3 iodine atoms)
t4, thyroxine (4 iodine atoms)
The catecholamines formed in the adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine