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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
If during anaphase I or II the centromere of any chromosome does not split this is called ___.
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nondisjunction
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____ a nuclear membrane may or may not reform & cytokinesis may or may not occur.
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telophase I
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meiosis I is ____.
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reduction division
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meiosis II -
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proceeds w/ prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II & telophase II apearing under a light microscope like normal mitosis.
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___ the homologues remain attached & move to the metaphase plate. tetrads align in meiosis.
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metaphase I
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Genes located close together on a chromosome are more likely to cross over together and are said to be ___.
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Linked
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chiasma
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"x" shape
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tetrads
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x shape, has (4) chromotids (46) chromosomes
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spermatagonium
oogonium |
gonna be a sperm
gonna be an egg |
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diploids = ____
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homologues
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____ - a process of genetic recombination in which homologous chromosomes may exchange sequences of DNA nucleotides.
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crossing over
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meiosis is like ___, except in ___ there are ___ rounds, the daughter cells are ____ & ____ occurs.
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mitosis
mitosis 2 haploid genetic recombination |
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oogonium development
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1. oogonium (haploid)
2. primary oocyte (haploid) 3. 2nd oocyte (diploid) and polar bodies 4. more polar bodies 5. join w/ sperm and zygote (haploid) |
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spermatagonium development
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1. spermatagonium (diploid)
2. primary spermatocyte (diploid) 3. 2ndary spermatocyte (haploid) 4. spermatatids (haploid) 5. spermatazoa (haploid) |
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meiosis has ___ rounds of division called ___ & ____.
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2
meiosis I meiosis II |
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after replication occurs in the S phase of interphase, the cell is called ____ or ___. (m or f)
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primary spermatocyte
primary oocyte |
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In humans only ____ & the ____ undergo meiosis. All other cells are ___ & undergo ____ only.
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spermatagonium
oogonium somatic cells mitosis |
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meiosis-
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a double nuclear division which produces 4 haploid gametes.
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gametes -
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germ cells
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____ - a structure of protein & DNA located at the centromere of the joined chromatids of each chromosome.
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kinetochore
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microtubles radiating from the centrioles
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Aster
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a group of proteins located toward the center of the chromosome.
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centromeres
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____ is characterized by the condensation of chromatin into chromosomes. centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell. first the nucleolus and then the nucleus disappear. the spindle apparatus begins to form connecting the two centrioles.
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prophase
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____ - begins when sister chromatids split at their attaching centromeres & move toward opposite ends of the cell. This split is termed disjunction. Cytokinesis, the actual separation of the cellular cytoplasm due to constriction of microfilaments about the center of the cell, may commence toward the end of this phase.
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anaphase
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____ chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.
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metaphase
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mitosis -
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nuclear division w/o genetic change
4 stages (pmat) prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
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___ - the cell has just split & begins to grow in size.
The cell must reach a certain size & synthesize sufficient protein in order to continue to the next stage. |
g1 phase
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___ - the cell prepares to divide
The ___ checkpoint checks for mitosis promoting factor (MPF). When the level of MPF is high enough, mitosis is triggered. |
g2 phase
g2 |
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___ - the cell devotes most of its energy to replicating DNA.
Each chromosome is exactly duplicated. The cell still has the same number of chromosomes (46); only now each chromosome is made of 2 identical sister chromatids. |
s phase
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___ - a nongrowing state distinct from interphase.
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g0 phase
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Interphase -
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g1, S & g2 phases collectively
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Cell life cycle -
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g1 - 1st growth phase
s - synthesis g2 - 2nd growth phase M - mitosis or meiosis |
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The chromatin associated w/ each one of these (46 double stranded DNA) molecules is called a _____.
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chromosome
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human somatic cell has ___.
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46 double stranded DNA molecules.
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haploid -
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w/o homologues
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diploid -
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w/ homologues
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Chromatin -
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the entire dna/protein complex
by mass chromatin is only about 1/3 DNA, 2/3 protein and a small amount of RNA. |
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8 histones wrapped in DNA form a ___.
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nucleosome
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The sections of DNA that are not in use are wrapped tightly around globular proteins called ____.
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histones
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in ___, DNA is found only in the ___ & the ____.
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Animals
nucleus mitochondria |