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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Solvent in which the chemical reactions of living cells take place. Makes up 70-80% of the cell's mass.
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Water
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Water molecules are held in place by this type of bond.
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Hydrogen bond
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hydrophobic
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"water-fearing"; molecules that are hydrophobic do not dissolve in water.
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hydrophilic
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"water-loving"; molecules that are hydrophilic dissolve in water.
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Water molecules ________ hydrophilic molecules, separating them from the group.
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solvate (surround)
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Hydrolysis
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The most prevalent catabolic reaction in the body.
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Dehydration synthesis
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An anabolic reaction that removes water in order to synthesize a reaction.
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The greater ratio of lipid to protein, the _____ the density.
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Lower. Lipoproteins in order from least to most dense: VLDL, LDL, HDL.
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Name the four levels of protein structure.
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1. amino acid sequence
2. a helix/ beta pleated sheets 3. twisted polypeptide/ 3D folding 4. Several polypeptides bound together. |
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Which type of bond exists between two cysteine amino acids?
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disulfide bond
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Denature
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Protein loses most of its secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structure.
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Minerals
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dissolved inorganic ions that assist in the transport of substances entering and exiting the cell.
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Enzymes
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Typically globular proteins that act as catalysts in the body.
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Catalyst
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Lowers the energy of activation for a biological reaction and increases the rate of that reaction.
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Substrate
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The reactant upon which the enzyme works.
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Active Site
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The position on the enzyme to where the substrate binds.
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The enzyme bound to the substrate is specifically called the ____________
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Enzyme-substrate complex
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Enzyme specificity
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The idea that enzymes are designed to work only on a specific substrate or group of closely related substrates.
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Lock and key theory
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Theory that states that the active site of the enzymes has a specific shape like a lock that only fits a specific substrate, the key. This theory explains some, but not all enzymes.
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Induced fit theory
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The shape of both the enzyme and the substrate are altered upon bonding.
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Saturation kinetics
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As the relative concentration of a substrate increases, the rate of the reaction also increases, but to a lesser and lesser degree until a maximum rate (asymptote when graphed) has been achieved.
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Cofactor
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Coenzymes or metal ions required to assist enzymes.
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Coenzymes
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Organic molecules that help enzymes reach their optimal activity. They usually exist as vitamins.
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Zymogen/proenzyme
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The inactive form of an enzyme.
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Metabolism
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The sum of all the body's cellular chemical reactions.
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Anabolism
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molecular synthesis
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Catabolism
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molecular degradation
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Respiration
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The "energy aquiring" stage of metabolism where oxygen can be used or not used.
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Anaerobic respiration
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respiration in which oxygen is not required
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Glycolysis
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first stage of aerobic and anaerobic respiration; breaks 6-carbon molecules of glucose into 3-carbon pyruvate. The process of glycolysis alone produces 2 ATP.
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Pyruvate
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A broken down form of glucose that aids in respiration.
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Cytosol
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Fluid portion of living cells; glycolysis takes place here.
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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The formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy released from the decay of high energy phosphorylated compounds as opposed to using the energy from diffusion.
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Aerobic respiration
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requires oxygen
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If the cell has oxygen available, the products of glycolysis will move into the ____________ to continue the process of aerobic respiration.
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mitochondrion matrix
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Inner mitochondrial membrane
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Less permeable membrane that allows pyruvate to move through but not all NADH molecules.
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acetyl CoA
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Converted from pyruvate and acts as the junction between glycolysis and the citirc acid cycle.
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Krebs Cycle
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Immediately following glycolysis, each turn of the Krebs cycle creates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. CO2 is given off as a waste product.
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The final electron receptor at the end of the electron transport chain is __________
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oxygen
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In a human renal cortical cell, the Krebs cycle occurs in the ______________
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mitochondrion matrix
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As electrons move within the electron transport chain, each intermediate carrier molecule is
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reduced by the preceding molecule and oxidized by the following molecule.
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Which process do aerobic and anaerobic respiration share?
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Glycolysis
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Name the products of glycolysis.
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ATP and pyruvate
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What is the net ATP production from fermentation?
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2 ATP
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Do lipids contain polymers?
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no
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Examples of lipids
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fats, phospholipids, steroids
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why are fats hydrophobic?
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Because of the relatively nonpolar C-H bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids
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Is the head hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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phobic
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What are lipids composed of?
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glycerol+3 fatty acids
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Difference between saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids
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saturated have single bonds, unsaturated have double
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Triaglycerols have a 3 carbon backbone called _________
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glycerol
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fats and oils are more formally called _______________
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Triaglycerols
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What type of lipid is especially suited for the major component of membranes?
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phospholipids
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Four ringed structures are _______
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steroids
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what does 'amphipathic' mean?
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one end is polar, the other isn't
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give an example of an amphipathic lipid
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phospholipid: a polar phosphate end, and nonpolar fatty acid end
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Proteings are built from _____ _______
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amino acids
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what are amino acids linked by?
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peptide bonds
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how many alpha amino acids are there?
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20
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How many amino acids are "essential"? what does "essential" mean?
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10, must be ingested directly
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R group is also known as a
____ ______ |
side chain
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structural proteins are made from _____ _________
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long polymers
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collagen is what type of protein?
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structural
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what is the chemical formula of a carbohydrate?
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C(H2O)
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Gie the three componenets of a nucleotide:
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1. A five carbon sugar (pentose)
2. a nitrogenous base 3. a phosphate group |
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Give the most common nitrogen bases:
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adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA), and uracil (RNA)
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what type of bonds are found in DNA?
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phosphodiester bonds
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Adenine and thymine form ___ hydrogen bonds, while cytosine and guanine form ___
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2, 3
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What is an example of a catabolic rxn?
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hydrolysis, breaks from complex to simpler
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which is digestible by animals, starch or cellulose?
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starch
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Give examples of metal ion cofactors:
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Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca, Zn
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Agents which bind covalently to enzymes and disrupt their function are _______ inhibitors
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irreversible
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Bind reversibly with noncovalent bonds= _______ inhibitors
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competative
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Bind noncovalently and change the conformation of the enzyme= ______ inhibitors
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noncompetative
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Negative feedback acts in what direction of the stimulus?
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against, shuts its shit down
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Positive feedback acts in what direction of the stimulus?
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with it
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All of the following must chanfe the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed rxn except:
-changing pH -lowering temp -decreasing the concentration of substrate -addaing a noncompetative inhibitor |
decreasing concentration of substrate
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Why wouldn't one use heat to accelerate a rxn?
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heat changes the configuration of proteins
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Fermentation is what type of respiration?
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anaerobic
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STUDY KREBS CYCLE
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STUDY KREBS CYCLE
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What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?
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The ETC is a series of proteins, including cytochromes with heme
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the final electron receptor in the ETC is...
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O2
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where does the Krebs cycle occur?
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the mitochondrial matrix
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Say whether each is aerobic or anaerobic:
fermentation Krebs glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation |
anarobic
aerobic both aerrobic |
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What is the net ATP production from fermentation?
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2 ATP
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