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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nervous system lets organs respond to
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stimuli
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functional units of nervous system are called
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neurons
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neuron consists of
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dendrites, cell body, axon
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____________ receive inform and transmit towards the body
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dendrites
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soma is
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neuron cell body
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Axon hillock does what?
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connects the cell body to the axon
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____________ transmits impulses away from cell body
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axon
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What is myelin?
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insulating susb that covers axons
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glial cells make?
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myelin
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Who make myelin in the central nervous system?
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oligodendrocytes
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who makes myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
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schwann cells
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when an auto immune disease destroys the myelin what happens
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slows information transfer.
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name one common demyelinating disorder?
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multiple sclerosis
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the myelin of what is select targeted in ms?
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myelin of brain and spinal cord
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ms patients symptoms?
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weakness, lack of bal, vision prob, incont
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nodes of ranvier?
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gaps betw segm of myelin
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______________ are gaps betw segm of myelin
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nodes of ranvier
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axons end in swellings called?
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synaptic terminals or symaptic boutons
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what are released from the synapse?
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neurotransmitters
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What is synaptic left?
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gap between axon and dendrites of next neuron cell
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What are nerve impulses?
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action potentials
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action potentials travel the lenght of the ______________
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axon
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resting potential
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Is the potential difference between extracellular space and intracellular space
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What is the typical resting membrane potential?
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-70 millivolts
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The inside of a neuron is ________________ compared to the outside
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more negative
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membrane potential of neuron is maintained by
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Sodium and potassium pump
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na+/K+ pump is also called?
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na+/K+ ATPase
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concentration of potassium is higher
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inside the cell
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concentration of sodium is higher
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outside the cell
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Are negative charged protons trapped outside the cells? |
No
they are trapped inside the cell |
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neurons do not allow much of what to enter the cell?
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Na+
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Na+/K+ pumps what?
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3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in.
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depolarized neurons become?
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less negative
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a depolarized neuron becomes less
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negative
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what is the minimum threshold membrane potential?
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around -50 mV
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Na+ wants to go into the cell bec of what 2 things?
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Electron gradient and chemical gradient
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an action potent begins when
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voltage gated sodium channels open
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Sodium goes down its
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electrochemical gradient
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after na+ gates open what happens?
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voltage gated k+ channels open, letting k+ rush out of the c. making cell more negat again
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when potassium rushes out of the cell, it returns the cell to a
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negative potential
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A cell thats becomes more negative than its resting state is called
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repolarization
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hyperpolarization is due to
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K+ rushing down its electrchem grad (moving out of the cell)
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refractory period is
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after action potential when its hard to start another action potential
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action potential is an
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all or nothing response
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neuron information is coded by?
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Frequency and number of action potential but not the size of the action potential
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________________ does not code for neuron information
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size of the action potential
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puffer fish produces which toxin?
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tetrodotoxin
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TTX is
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tetrodotoxin
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tetrodotoxin does what?
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blocks the voltage gated sodium channels
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local anesthetics work by
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blocking the voltage gated sodium channels
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why do local anesthetics work well on sensory neurons?
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cause sens neurons have small axonal diam and have little of no myelin. it makes it easier to prev act potent
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action potential is initiated at
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axon hillock
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as na+ rushes into the neuron and diff into adj parts of the axon it causes what?
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other nearby volt gated na+ channels to open
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what chain of events happen along the length of the axon?
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depolarization followed by subsequent repolarization
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inform transf occurs in _____________ direction
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one
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action potentials are propagated in which direction?
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dendrite to synaptic terminal
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refractory periods make it impossible for
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backward travel of action potential
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As the diameter and amount of myelination increases _____________________
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impulses travel faster
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myelin ____________________ segments of the axon
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insulates
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salotatory conduction is when
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action potential jumps from node to node
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effector cells
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cells in muscles or glands that communicate with neurons
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most synapses are __________
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Chemical synapses
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nerve term has membr bound vesicl with?
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neurotransmitters
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neurotransmt diff across synapse and acts on ?
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recept proteins
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the symaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane through a ________________ process of exocytosis
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calcium depend
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neurotransmitters can have what 2 effects?
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inhibitory or excitatory
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3 ways neurotransm is removed from synapse
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1. taken back up thr uptake carrier
2. degraded by enzymes like acetycholinesterase 3. just diffuse out |
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which enzyme inactivates acetycholine
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acetylcholinesterase
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what protein takes the neurotransmitter back up into nerve terminal?
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uptake carrier
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afferent neurons are?
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sensory neurons
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efferent neurons are?
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motor neurons
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afferent neurons carry information to?
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brain or spinal cord
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nerves that carry commands from brain to body are?
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efferent neurons
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interneurons are?
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local circuits, cell bodies and nerve term are in same place
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nerves are _______________
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bundles of axons
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sensory nerve has only
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sensory fibers
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mixed nerve has?
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both sensory and motor fibers
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ganglia are?
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clusters of neuronal cell bodies
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clusters of neuronal bodies in central nervous system are called
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nuclei
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nervous system is divided in to
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Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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amyotrophic lateral scelrosis affects only
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motor neurons
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ALS is also called
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lou gehrig's disease
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ALS stands for
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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central nervous system is made of
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system is made up of the
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somatic and autonomic nervous systems
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autonomic nervous system is made up of
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sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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brain consists of what kinds of matter?
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gray matter and white matter
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in the brain, gray matter is the
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cell bodies
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white matter in the brain is the
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myelinated axons
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Three major parts of the brain are
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forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
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The forebrain consists of |
telencephalon and diencephalon
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Telencephelon consists of the
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right and left hemispheres of the brain
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The right and left hemispheres of the telencephelon have 4 lobes
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frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
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Cerebral cortex is a major component of
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telencephelon
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cerebral cortex is the
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highly convolute gray matter
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cerebral cortex does what?
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proc and integr sens input and motor resp. It is important for memory and creative thought
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right and left cerebr cortices communicate thr?
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corups callosum
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diencephelon contains the
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thalamus and hypothalamus
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Thalamus is?
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relay and integrat center for spinal cord and cerebral cortex
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hypothalamus controls
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hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance, blood press and temperature regulation
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alcohol has a big effect on what part of the brain?
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cerebellum
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midbrain is the
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Relay center for visual and audit impulses and is important in motor control
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hindbrain is made up of 3 parts
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cerebellum, pons, and medulla
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cerebellum does what?
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modul motor impulses init by motor cortex.
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What part of the brain is important for balance, hand eye coordination and rapid movements?
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cerebellum
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pons does what?
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acts as relay center to let the cortex commun with the cerebellum
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The pons helps the ___________ to communiate w the cerebellum
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cortex
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medulla oblangata controls
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breathing, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity
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brainstem is made up of
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midbrain, pons, medulla
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midbrain, pons, and medulla make up the?
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brainstem
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spinal cord goes down the ____________ side of vertebrates
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dorsal
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spinal cord has
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outer white matter, inner gray matter
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in the spinal cord, outer white matter has
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motor and sensory axons
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in the spinal cord, inner gray matter has
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nerve cell bodies
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sensory information enters the spinal cord
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dorsally
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cells of sensory neurons are located in the
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dorsal root ganglia
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motor information exits the spinal cord
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ventrally
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In the spinal cord, the roots are
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nerve branches entering and leaving the cord
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spinal cord is made up of what 4 regions?
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cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
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Peripheral
Nervous system has 12 pairs of |
cranial nerves
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Peripheral nervous system has
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12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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The two primary divisions of the peripheral nervous system
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somatic and autonomic nerv system
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somatic nervous system is responsible for
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voluntary movement
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motor neurons release neurotransmitter called
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ACh
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somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement and
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reflex action
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name the two types of reflexes
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monosynaptic and polysynaptic
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describe a monosynaptic reflex
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one synapse between sensory and motor neurons
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In a knee jerk reflex, what senses the hit of the hammer on your knee
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stretch receptors
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Which disease causes the body to have an immune reaction against the acetycholine receptor on skeletal muscle?
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myasthenia gravis
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in myasthenia gravis what happens?
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immune syst attacks Ach recept on skel muslce
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withdrawal reflex is a ____________ reflex
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polysynaptic reflex
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withdrawal reflex is a ?
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polysynaptic reflex
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in a polysynaptic reflex sesnory neurons?
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symapse w more than one neuron
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In withdrawal reflex one leg ___________ , and one leg?
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one leg moves off the nail and one leg extends to keep your balance
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ANS is
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autonomic nervous system
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ANS innvervates?
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cardiac and smooth muscle
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name 4 places where smooth muscles is found?
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bl vess, dig tract, bladder, bronchi
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ANS has a ______________ system
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2 neuron system
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what are 2 neurons of ANS?
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preganglionic neuron and postgangionic neuron
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in ANS preglionic neuron has a cell body in the>?
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CNS
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The axon synapse of the ANS preglionic neuron is in ?
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peripheral ganglia
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postganionic neuron has its cell body _______________ and synapses on ______?
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cell body in ganglia, synapses on cardiac or smooth muscle
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ANS is made up of?
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sympathetic and parasympathetic nerv systm
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fight or flight comes from?
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symp nerv syst
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sympath nerv syst does what to the body?
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incr bl press and hr, incr bl flow to sk muscles and decr gut mobility
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in sympath nerv syst, the preganglionic neurons emerge from?
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thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cords
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symph nerv syst the preganglionic neurons use?
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Ach
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symp nerv syst the postganglionic neurons release?
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norepinephrine
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first neuron in ans is called ?
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preganglionic neuron
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second neuron in ans is called ?
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postganglionic neuron
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the preganglionic symp neurons cause the adrenal medulla to ?
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release adrenaline
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Which neurons of the ans cause adrenal medulla to release adrenaline (epinephrine)
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preganglionic neurons
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parasymph system is the ?
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rest and digest
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Which part of ANS does "rest and digest"?
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parasymph nerv systm
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parasymp does what to hr?
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lowers it
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vagus nerve is part of ?
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parasymp nerv syst
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Which nerve innervates many of thoracic and abdom viscera?
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vagus nerve
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parasymp nerves originate in?
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brainstem (cranial nerves) and sacral part of spinal cord
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parasym ns
pregangl and post gangl neurons release? |
Ach
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sympath ns has short preganglionic and long?
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post ganglionic axons
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sympath ns has short ___________ and long ________________
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short pregangl and long postganglionic axons
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parasympathetic has long
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preganglionic nerves
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Parasympathetic has short
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post ganglia axons
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what is presbyopia?
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as you get older, the lens bec less elastic
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as you get older your lens has a harder time "rounding up" this is called?
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presbyopia
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body has what 3 types of receptors?
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interoceptors, propioceptors, and exteroeptors
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interoceptors monitor
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internal environment such as the blood press, partial press of Carbon dioxide and blood ph
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The propioceptors monitor the
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position of body in space
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where are propioceptors located?
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muscles, tendons
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what type of sensory receptor is in the inner ear?
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proprioceptors
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exteroceptors sense
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light, sound, taste, pain, touch, and temperature
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eye is covered by a thick opaque layer called?
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sclera (white of the eye)
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what is beneatht the sclera of the eye?
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choroid layer
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choroid of the eye does what?
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supplys retina w blood
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The thick opaque layer of the eye is called?
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sclera
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What layer of the eye has photoreceptors?
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retina
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what bends and focuses light?
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cornea
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after light is bent by the cornea, it goes through an opening called
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pupil
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What does the iris do?
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controls the diameter of the pupil
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What controls the diameter of the pupil
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iris
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Is the iris is pigmented |
Yes
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What is suspended behind the pupil?
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the lens
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what contr the shape of the lens?
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the ciliary muslces
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the lens focus the image on the
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retina
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The retina has ?
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photoreceptors
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Photoreceptors transduce ?
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light into action potentials
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2 types of photoreceptors?
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cones and rods
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cones are sens to ?
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color
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rods detect ?
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low intensity light,
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which photorecp is imp in night vision?
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rods
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cones pigments absorb what 3 colors?
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red, green and blue
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what is the rod pigment?
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rhodopsin
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photorecept cells-----> bipolar cells ----> ?
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ganglion cells
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right and left optic nerves are made up of?
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bundles of axons of the ganglion cells
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blind spot in eye is where?
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the optic nerve exits the eye.
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in the eye, the fovea has?
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lots of cones
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the fovea is important for
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high acuity vision
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where does the eye secrete aqueous humor?
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near base of iris
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aqueous humor travels to?
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anterior chamber of the eye
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lens of the eye is a ___________ lens
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convex lens
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the ear transduces?
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sound energy (pressure waves)
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ear does what 2 things?
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1. transduces sound e
2. equil |
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outer ear is?
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auricle (pinna)
auditory canal |
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tympanic membrane is at the end of?
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auditory canal
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middle ear is made up of?
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tympanic membrane
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what are the ossicles?
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malleus, incus, stapes
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what do the ossicles do?
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amplify the stimulus and transm it thr oval window
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oval window leads to?
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fluid filled inner ear
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inner ear consists of?
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cochlea and semicircular canals
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organ of corti is in?
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the cochlea
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organ of corti have what specialized sensory cells?
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hair cells
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when the ossicles vibrate it exerts pressure on?
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fluid in cochlea, stim hair c to transduce press into act potentials
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what do the hair cells do?
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transd the press into action potent
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action potent made by hair c are carried to brain by?
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auditory nerve
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whats the oth name for audit nerve?
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cochlear nerve
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the 3 semicirc canals are _________ to each other
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perpendicular
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the 3 semicirc canals are filled w?
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endolymph
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what is at the base of each semicirc canal?
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chamber w hair c
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brain uses infor from semicirc canals to?
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determ position of the head
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the vestibulocochlear nerve is composed of?
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cochlear and vestibular nerve
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cranial nerve VIII is?
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the vestibulocochlear nerve
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chemical senses are?
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taste and smell
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gustatory and olfactory are?
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taste and smell
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taste buds are located on the
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tonge, soft palate, and epiglottis
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taste buds consists of
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40 epithelial cells and
taste pores with microvilli or taste hairs. |
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what emerges from taste pore?
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microvilli or taste hairs
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gustatory information travels to the
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brainstem thr 3 cran nerves
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what are the four kind of taste sensations?
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sour, salty, sweet, and bitter
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taste buds respond to
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one of the four stimuli
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olfactory receptors have
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olfactory hairs or cilia
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an odor causes the olfactory receptor to
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depolarize
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olfactory nerves are
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made up of axons from olfactory receptors
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olfact nerves go to what part of the brain?
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olfactory bulbs in the base of the brain
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where are olfactory bulbs located?
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in the base of the brain
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