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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lymphatic system
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- open system (fluid enters one end & leaves the other)
- collects excess interstitial fluid & returns it to blood - removes proteins & large particles that cannot be taken up by capillaries - monitors blood for infection through lymph nodes - reroutes low soluble fat digestates - CNS is NOT drained by lymphatic system |
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What factors affect interstitial fluid pressure?
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- typically slightly negative
- blood pressure - plasma osmotic pressure - interstitial osmotic pressure - permeability of capillaries - lymph vessels have unidirectional valves - fluid propelled through by (1) smooth muscles in walls that contract when stretched, and (2) vessels squeezed by adjacent skeletal muscles, body movements, arterial pulsations & compression from outside body |
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Where does the lymph system empty?
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- thoracic duct (lymph from most of body)
- right lymphatic duct (lymph from right arm & head) |
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blood
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- connective tissue (contains cells & a matrix)
- regulates exctracellular environment of body by transporting nutrients, waste, hormones & heat |
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What 3 parts does blood separate into in centrifuge?
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(1) plasma - top coat; contains matrix (water, ions, urea, ammonia, organic/inorganic cmpds & proteins like albumin, Ig's, clotting factors)
(2) buffy coat - white blood cells (middle) (3) red blood cells (bottom) |
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albumins
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- transport fatty acids & steroids
- regulate osmotic pressure of blood |
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serum
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plasma in which clotting protein fibrinogen has been removed
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erythrocytes
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- no organelles or nucleus
- do not reproduce or undergo mitosis - disk-shaped - transport oxygen & carbon dioxide - life span of ~120d - arise from stem cell in bone marrow, but lose nucleus while there, and lose rest of organelles w/in 1-2 days of entering blood stream |
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leukocytes
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- white blood cells
- contain organelles, but not hemoglobin - immune system |
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granular leukocytes
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NEUTROPHILS: neutral to acidic & basic dyes
EOSINOPHILS: stain in acid dyes BASOPHILS: stain in basic dyes - remain in blood 4-8 hours, then live in tissue for 4-5 days (nonspecific, don't need to stick around long) |
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agranular leukocytes
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MONOCYTES: become macrophages in tissues; live for months-years
LYMPHOCYTES: may live for years MEGAKARYOCYTES: mostly remain in bone marrow |
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platelets
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- small portions of membrane-bound cytoplasm torn from megakaryocytes
- no nucleus - contain actin & myosin, mitochondria, & can make prostgalndins & some enzymes - membrane avoids adhering to healthy endothelium - become sticky when contacting injured endothelium & swell, releasing chemicals & activating other platelets - platelets stick to each other and form platelet plug - half-life of 8-12d in blood |
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coagulation
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(1) dozen or so coagulation factors form complex "protrobmin activator"
(2) protrobim activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin (plasma protein) into thrombin (3) thrombin (enzyme) catalyzes polymerization of plasma protein fibrinogen to fibrin threads that attach to platelets & form blood clot [seconds to minutes depending on injury] |
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leukocyte composition in blood (%)
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NEUTROPHILS 62%
LYMPHOCYTES 30% MONOCYTES 5.3% EOSINOPHILS 2.3% BASOPHILS 0.4% |
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innate immunity (overview)
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- generalized protection against organisms/toxins
(1) skin ( barrier) (2) stomach acid/digestive enzymes (3) phagocytic cells (4) chemicals in blood |
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inflammation
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- part of innate immunity
- dilation of blood vessels - increased capillary permeability - granulocytes/macrophages migrate to area - tissues release histamine, prostaglandins & lymphokines - impedes spread of infection |
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macrophages
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- part of innate immunity
- first attackers of infectious agents that get through skin or digestive defenses - can engulf up to 100 bacteria |
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neutrophils
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- part of innate immunity
- stored in bone marrow until needed, but some found circulating in blood/tissues - drawn to infected area through chemotaxis - slip through endothelial cells of capillary walls through diapedesis - can engulf 5-20 bacteria |
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monocytes
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circulate in blood until moving into tissues through diapedesis, then mature to macrophages
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pus
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dead leukocytes (neutrophils/macrophages that die upon engulfing bacteria) + tissue fluid + necrotic tissue
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eosinophils
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work mainly against parasites
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basophils
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release many chemicals of inflammatory reaction
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acquired immunity
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- specific immunity acquired after first infection
- humoral/B-cell or cell-mediated/T-cell |
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humoral immunity
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- B lymphocytes differential & mature in bone marrow & liver; each can make a single type of Ab/Ig on membrane
- Ab recognizes Ag and binds to its antigenic determinant presented by macrophage - if B-cell recognizes Ag, a helper T-cell helps it differentiate into plasma cells & memory B cells - effective against bacteria, fungi, parasitic protozoans, viruses & blood toxins |
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hapten
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- antigenic determinant removed from an antigen
- can only stimulate an immune response if individual has been previously exposed to full antigen |
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plasma cells
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make antibodies
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mast cells
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release histamine when an antibody whose base is bound to it binds an anitbody
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primary response
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first time immune system is exposed to an antigen; requires 20 days to reach its full potential
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secondary response
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memory B-cells from the primary response that have proliferated & remain in body can synthesize antibodies in faster & more potent response; ~5 days to reach potential
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cell-mediated immunity
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- T-cell mediated
- effective against infected cells |
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T-lymphocytes
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- mature in thymus, where they are tested against self-antigens
- can differentiate into: * helper (assisted in activating BCs & killer/ suppressor Ts; attacked by HIV * memory (similar to memory BCs) * suppressor (negative feedback in immune sys.) * killer (cytotoxic) (use perforin to kill; do not phagocytize, so can kill many cells) |
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blood types
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- identified by A & B surface Ags
- type A blood has A antigens, and no B antigens, and therefore does not make A antibodies - O has neither A nor B antigens, and makes both antibodies; universal donor - AB is universal recipient - A & B antigen genes are co-dominant, so you can be heterozygous or homozygous with type A or B blood - type O blood = 2 recessive alleles |
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Rh factors
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- surface proteins on RBCs
- only Rh- if your GT codes for nonfunctional products - Rh- mother exposed to fetal blood from Rh+ fetus upon delivery develops immune response against Rh+ blood - in a subsequent pregnancy, a second Rh+ fetus could be attacked by mother's Ab's, which could pass placenta |
