Mcat Biol 5-8

Front 1

definition. a gene that affects different seemingly unrelated phenotypes in an organism

Back 1

pleiotropism

Front 2

definition. complex traits that are influenced by many different genes

Back 2

polygenic

Front 3

what is penetrance

Back 3

percentage of people with a certain genotype that express the phenotype

Front 4

what is epistasis

Back 4

expression of a gene is affected by expression of another gene
ex. curly hair won't be expressed if baldness is

Front 5

which gamete determines the gender of the embryo

Back 5

male

Front 6

when are cells first considered haploid

Back 6

telophase I

Front 7

what is the exception to the law of independent assortment

Back 7

linkage

Front 8

the frequency of recombination between two genes on a chromosome is proportional to ______

Back 8

the physical distance between genes

Front 9

recominbation frequency =

Back 9

number o frecombinants/total number of offspring

Front 10

what is the hardy weinberg law

Back 10

frequences of alleles in the gene pool of a population will not change over time

Front 11

what are the assumptions of the hardy weinberg principle

Back 11

no mutation
no migration
no natural selection
random mating
population is sufficiently large to prevent random drift in allele frequencies

Front 12

what is the hardy weinberg equation

Back 12

p^2 + 2pq + p^2 =1

Front 13

what is p

Back 13

the GG genotype

Front 14

what is 2pq

Back 14

frequency of Gg

Front 15

what is q

Back 15

frequency of the gg genotype

Front 16

what does no natural selection imply

Back 16

unlimited resources
no predation
no disease

Front 17

definition. how successful it is in passing on its alleles to future generations

Back 17

fitness

Front 18

does natural selection act on phenotypes genotypes or both

Back 18

phenotypes only

Front 19

if a mutation occurs in a muscle cell of an individual who then has many kids, does this mutation increase genetic variation in the population

Back 19

no it must be a mutation in a germ cell for it to be passed on

Front 20

does natural selection introduce genetic diversity

Back 20

no it only acts on existing diversity

Front 21

waht is the difference between a population and a species

Back 21

species CAN reproduce
populations do

Front 22

what is the difference between homologous structure and analogous structueres

Back 22

homologous are shared by two different species

analogous are same function in two different species but NOT due to common ancestry

Front 23

what is the order of taxonomy

Back 23

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great sex

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Front 24

what are the three domains

Back 24

bacteria
archae
eukarya

Front 25

do all cells have resting potential? action potentials?

Back 25

all have resting
only neurons and muscles have action

Front 26

describe the voltage gated ion channels during depolizartion

Back 26

na
K

Front 27

are k channels slow or fast

Back 27

slow

Front 28

are schwann cells in the PNS or CNS

Back 28

PNS oligodendroccytes are in the CNS

Front 29

can the neuron be induced to transmit an action potential during the relative refractory period

Back 29

yes but it has to depolarize more than usual because of hyperpolarization

Front 30

i fa fruit fly mutant is found to have voltage gated potassium channels that shut more quickly after repolarization hwo would this affect the refractory period in the fly

Back 30

the absolute depends on voltage gated sodium channels and would not be affected

the refractory period would be decreased

Front 31

what are the branches of the pns

Back 31

somatic autonomic

Front 32

what are the branches of the autonomic nervous system

Back 32

sympathetic parasymp

Front 33

is constriction of the broncial smooth muscle para symp or symp

Back 33

parasymp
this is easier to remember is you know that you would need to open the airway if you were going to run away

Front 34

is parasymp or symp associated with near vision accomodation constriction

Back 34

parasymp

Front 35

what is responsible for blood pressure respiratory rate and vomiting

Back 35

medulla

Front 36

what part of the brain plays a role in the balance and antigravity posture

Back 36

pons

Front 37

what is the relay system for wakefulness

Back 37

reticular activating system in the midbrain

Front 38

where are the thalamus and hypothal located

Back 38

forebrain with the diecephalona nd telencephalon

Front 39

what part of the brain is responsible for homeostatic funcitons such as temp regulation and primitive emotion

Back 39

hypothal

Front 40

what does the vagus nerve do

Back 40

decrease heart rate and increase GI activity as part of parasymp of the autonomic nervous system

Front 41

what do all somatic motor neurons innervate

Back 41

skeletal muscle

Front 42

what are the effectyors for the somatic system

Back 42

skeletal muscle only

Front 43

is the ganglia of the symp close ot the cord or the target

Back 43

cord

Front 44

does the symp location of preganglionic soma in the thoraic and lumbar or craniosacral

Back 44

thoracic

Front 45

what determines pitch

Back 45

region of the basilar membrane that vibrate

Front 46

what determines loudness

Back 46

amplitude of vibration

Front 47

is myopia near or farsighted

Back 47

myopia

Front 48

do endocrine glands have ducts

Back 48

no

Front 49

which is which for enzyme activity ro gene expression-- peptides and steriod

Back 49

peptides are enzymatic activity
steroids are gene expression

Front 50

does FLaTPG apply to the anterior or posterior pituitary

Back 50

anterior

Front 51

what hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary

Back 51

ADH oxytocin

Front 52

what does parathyroid hormone do

Back 52

raises serum Ca2+ and afect bone kidney adn small intestine

Front 53

what does the adrenal medulla release

Back 53

epi

Front 54

what does the adrenal cortex make

Back 54

cortisol
aldosterone
sex steroids

Front 55

what does somatostatin do

Back 55

inhibits digestive processes

Front 56

what does ANF do

Back 56

increases urination to decrease blood pressure

Front 57

definition. the flow of blood through a tissue

Back 57

perfusion

Front 58

where does teh coronary sinus drain

Back 58

right atrium

Front 59

is the left ventricle bi or tri cuspid

Back 59

bi or mitral

Front 60

what are the causes of lub and dub

Back 60

lub is the closing of the AV valves
dup is closing of the semilunar valves

Front 61

what is stroke volume? CO?

Back 61

stroke volume is how much blood per systole

CO is total blood out in a minute

Front 62

CO =

Back 62

SV x HR

Front 63

what kinds of voltage gated channels are important in the heart

Back 63

fast sodium
slow calcium

Front 64

what is the pacemaker of the heart

Back 64

SA node

Front 65

what channels are in the SA node that determine contraction rate

Back 65

NA+ slow leak

Front 66

describe all of the channels that control the heart beat

Back 66

na+ slow leak
ca2+
k+

Front 67

what is important in the nervous system that controls the heart

Back 67

autononic regulates rate of contraction at 120 bpm
parasymp inhibits depolarization of SA node bringing hr down to 60 -80

Front 68

what is the normal hemoatocrit for males? females?

Back 68

maels 40 to 45
females 35 to 40

Front 69

what eats aged RBCs

Back 69

phagocytes in the liver and spleen

Front 70

is the tense state when Hb is bound or unbound

Back 70

unbound by oxygen and has low affinity for oxygen

Front 71

the conversion of CO2 into carbonic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme

Back 71

carbonic anhydrase

Front 72

is the complement system inate or acquired?

Back 72

innate. it is a group of about 20 blood proteins that can nonspecfically bind to the surface of foreign cells leading to their destruction

Front 73

the small site that an antibody recognizes within a larger molecule is called an _____

Back 73

epitope

Front 74

what are two types of T cells

Back 74

helper CD 4and killer CD8

Front 75

can a helper T cell become activated after encountering a foreign particle floating in the blood?

Back 75

no the particle must first be displayed by an APC like a macrophage or B cell

Front 76

active transport

Back 76

movement of ions or molecules across cell membrane from lower to higher concentration
consumes energy

Front 77

blood from the renal artery flows into the afferent or efferent? arteriole whch branches into a ball of capillaries known as the glomerulus

Back 77

afferent

Front 78

most reabsroption by the kidneys occurs in the

Back 78

PCT

Front 79

what two hormones influence the kidneys

Back 79

ADH and aldosterone

Front 80

is aldosterone released when bp is low or high

Back 80

low

Front 81

what salts are active transport and which are passive in the kideny

Back 81

Na K and Cl-
K

Front 82

is the descending limb permeable to water or ions

Back 82

water

Front 83

is the ascending limb permeable to water or ions

Back 83

ions

Front 84

glomerular filtration rate depends directly on

Back 84

pressure

Front 85

if there is a decrease in bp juxtaglomerular cells secrete what enzyme

Back 85

renin

Front 86

is angiotensin II a vasco constrictor or dilator

Back 86

constrictor it immediately raises bp

Front 87

what is gthe source of aldosterone

Back 87

adrenal cortex

Front 88

what is the nervous system for the GI tract called

Back 88

enteric nervous system

Front 89

definition. specialized mucus secreting cells

Back 89

goblet cells

Front 90

the liver gallbladder an dpancreas are all _____ organs in tghe GI tract

Back 90

accessory

Front 91

what is in saliva that attacks bacterial cell walls and thus makes the mouth a part of innate immunity

Back 91

lysozyme

Front 92

what is the inactive form of pepsin called

Back 92

zymogen

Front 93

the bile duct and pancreatic duct empty inot the duodenum via the _____ __ ____

Back 93

spincter of oddi

Front 94

what are the three duodenal homrones

Back 94

CCK secrete enterogastrone

Front 95

what vitamin do colonic bacteria supply

Back 95

vit K which is essential for blood clotting

Front 96

do epi cortisol and glucagon raise or lower blood glucose

Back 96

raise

Front 97

where are the islets of langerhans

Back 97

pancreas