Mcat Biol 1-4

Front 1

what is the first law of thermodynamics

Back 1

conservation of energy

Front 2

what is the second law of thermodynamics

Back 2

entropy

Front 3

change in G =

Back 3

Change in H - TChangeS

Front 4

ChangeH =

Back 4

ChangeE - PChangeV

Front 5

if you know a ChangeG are you talking about exergonic or exothermic

Back 5

exergonic

Front 6

if you know ChangeH are you talking about exergonic or exothermic

Back 6

thermic

Front 7

the value of the changeG depends on ...

Back 7

concentrations of reactants and products which can vary in the human body

Front 8

ChangeGo =

Back 8

-RTlnKeq

Front 9

ChangeG in terms of Go =

Back 9

ChangeGo + RTlnK

Front 10

what is the difference between K and Keq

Back 10

Keq is at equilibrium. K uses actual concentrations

Front 11

Is the intrinsic properties of the reactants and products ChangeGo RTlnK or ChangeG

Back 11

ChangeGo

Front 12

is the concentration of reactants and products ChangeG ChangeGo or RTlnK

Back 12

RTlnK

Front 13

how does the changeG for a reaction burning sugar in a furnace compare to changeG when sugar is broken down in the body

Back 13

they are the SAME! ChangeG is ChangeG the pathway does not matter

Front 14

do catalysts affect changeG

Back 14

NO only the rate. pathway does not matter.

Front 15

does the enzyme have a kinetic, thermodynamic role or both in the cell

Back 15

ONLY kinetic

Front 16

what does kinetic deal with

Back 16

determining rate

Front 17

what does thermodynamic deal with

Back 17

determining favorability

Front 18

definition. the ability to distinguish between stereoisomers

Back 18

stereospecificity

Front 19

what do proteases do

Back 19

protein cleaving enzymes

Front 20

what are four ways to regulate metabolic pathways

Back 20

covalent modification
proteolytic cleavage like zymogens
association with other polypeps like constitutive activity
allosteric regulation

Front 21

what shape would a graph of cooperative binding have and why

Back 21

sigmoidal because affinity is enhanced as more substrate binds

Front 22

is cooperative binding in the active site or allosteric site

Back 22

active site

Front 23

what converts glucose to G6P

Back 23

HK

Front 24

what convert F6P to F1,6BP

Back 24

phosphofructokinase

Front 25

what is the committed step of glycolysis

Back 25

F1,6BP to G3P

Front 26

what converts PEP to pyruvate

Back 26

pyruvate kinase

Front 27

what is the PDC

Back 27

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and it makes pyruvate into acetyl coA and NADH

Front 28

definition. various organic and inorganic substances necessary to the function of an enzyme but hwich never actually interact with the enzyme

Back 28

co factor

Front 29

what does OAA stand for and where woudl you find it

Back 29

oxaloacetate. found in teh entry of acetyl coA to the Krebs cycle

Front 30

what are the four carriers in oxidative phosphorylation

Back 30

NADH dehydrognease
cytochrome C reductase
cytochrome C oxidase

Front 31

how many ATP and NADH made in glycolysis

Back 31

4
2

Front 32

how many NADH made in PDC

Back 32

2

Front 33

how many NADH FADH2 and GTP made in krebs

Back 33

6
2
2

Front 34

how many ATP per NADH FADH2 GTP

Back 34

2.5
1.5
1

Front 35

how many ATP total in euk? prok?

Back 35

30
32

Front 36

nucleotides in teh DNA are covalently linked by what kind of bonds

Back 36

phosphodiester bonds

Front 37

is the 5 or 3 always written first

Back 37

five is always written first

Front 38

what is the central dogma of biology

Back 38

DNA to RNA to protein

Front 39

what are the stop codons

Back 39

UAG
UGA
UAA

Front 40

is the genetic code ambiguous

Back 40

no one codon only codes for one aa

Front 41

what is a transition

Back 41

substitution fo pyr for another pyr or purine for another purine

Front 42

what is transversion

Back 42

substituting a pyr for a pur or vice versea

Front 43

polymerization occurs in the __ to __ direction

Back 43

5 to 3

Front 44

would you expect helicase to use the E of ATP hydrolysis to do its job

Back 44

yes. helicase needs to break lots of H bonds which means energy is needed

Front 45

what do DNA pol I and III do

Back 45

III has polymerase activity with 3 to 5 exonuclease activity
I does more editing work like removign the primer and replacing it with DNA along with 5 to 3 exonuclease activity

Front 46

why is Thymine a good target for cancer treatment

Back 46

it is only found in DNA so only DNA replication is affected not RNA

Front 47

what does RNA pol I II and III do

Back 47

transcribe rRNA
trasncribe mRNA
transcribe tRNA

Front 48

do exons or introns get expressed

Back 48

exons
introns are spliced out

Front 49

is the TATA box in prok or euk

Back 49

euk

Front 50

what is needed to activate tRNA

Back 50

tRNA syntehtase enzyme and 2ATPs that are cut for their phosphates creating AMP

Front 51

does fMET or MET belong to euk

Back 51

MET is euk

Front 52

are the nascent polypep chains emerging from a polyribosome i a euk all the same?

Back 52

in euk yes because mRNA is monocistronic

Front 53

an obligate intracellular parasite most likely refers to a _____

Back 53

virus

Front 54

why might a bacteriophage inject its DNA while animal viruses do not

Back 54

phage must puncture the bacti cell wall while animal viruses can be intertnalized whole into animal cells

Front 55

do +RNA viruses encode or carry RNA dependent RNA pol

Back 55

encode

Front 56

do -RNA viruses carry, encode, or both for RNA dep RNA pol

Back 56

both

Front 57

what does reverse transcriptase do

Back 57

makes DNA from RNA

Front 58

do animals have D or L amino acids? bacteria?

Back 58

animal L aa
Bacti D aa

Front 59

what is the difference between endo and exotoxins

Back 59

endo are found in the outer membrane of GN bacti and aren't inherently poisonous. Exotoxins are very toxic secreted by both GP and GN

Front 60

what is an auxotroph

Back 60

can't syntehsize a molecule it needs to live and therefore can't grow on minimal media

Front 61

what are methods of genetic exchange between bacteria

Back 61

conjugation
transduction
transformation

Front 62

does conjugation go from F+ to F- or vice versa

Back 62

yes + to -

Front 63

all fungi possess a rigid cell wall composed of ____

Back 63

chitin

Front 64

what is the difference between a saprophyte and a parasite

Back 64

parasits fee of living organisms and saprophytes feed off dead plants and animals

Front 65

are most fungi olbigate aerobes or anaerobes

Back 65

aerobes

Front 66

why do fungi need hyphae

Back 66

because they absorb nutrients outside of the fungal cell

Front 67

how do fungi repreduce

Back 67

asexual spore formation or budding or fragmentation

Front 68

are fungal adults haploid or diploid

Back 68

haploid

Front 69

is passive transport thermodynamically favorable

Back 69

yes this just means that it is spontaneous

Front 70

what is the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport

Back 70

ATP couples primary
secon dis coupled but not directly to ATP hydrolysis

Front 71

how many Na+ K+ and where to with teh na/k atpase pump

Back 71

three na out
two k in
makes teh inside of the clel negative

Front 72

what are some types of endocytsosi

Back 72

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
and receptor mediated endocytosis

Front 73

what is the key molecule in recepetor mediated endocytosis

Back 73

clathrin

Front 74

what is known oas the universal hunger signal

Back 74

cAMP

Front 75

epithelial cells inthe skin are held together by _________

Back 75

desmosomes

Front 76

are sister chromatids identical? homologous chromosomes?

Back 76

YES
NO
Homologous chromosomes are very similar but are NOT identical

Front 77

discuss briefly what is going on in M phase

Back 77

prophase gathering
metaphase line up
anaphase separate
telophase