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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Are viruses larger or smaller than bacteria?
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smaller, much, much smaller
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What is a capsid?
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the protein coat that covers a virus
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No virus can contain both ___ and ___
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DNA and RNA
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Are viruses classified as living organisms?
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no
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How do viruses differ from living organisms? (4 main points)
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1. they require host cell's reproductive machinery to reproduce
2. viruses do not matabolize organic nutrients 3. they are not separated fom enviroment with any type of membrane 4. only have DNA or RNA, never both |
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What is a lytic infection?
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the virus commandeers the cell's reproductive machinery and begins reproducing new viruses. There is a brief eclipse period before this occurs
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What is a lysogenic infection?
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the viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome, or reverse transcriptase.
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A virus in a lysogenic cycle is called a ______ _______
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temperate virus
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which period, lytic or lysogenic, can the host show no symptoms of infection?
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lysogenic
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What are the two domains of prokaryotes?
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Bacteria and Archaea
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"extremophiles" belong to what domain?
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Archaea
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Name the energy source and carbon source for autotrophs.
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energy-can obtain from inorganic material
carbon-CO2 |
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Name the energy source and carbon source for heterotrophs.
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energy/carbon-organic liging matter
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There are two aspects of a compound that affect its semipermeability: ____ and _____
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size and polarity
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How is active transport accomplished?
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via ATP
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What is a protoplast?
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The bacterial plasma membrane and everything inside it
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what is one of the functions of a bacterial cell wall?
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to protect the protoplast from bursting
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What does hypertonic mean?
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more molecules inside than outside
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What is hydrostatic pressure?
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the 'building up' pressure
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what is osmotic pressure?
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the balance of pressure inside and out
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Transformation is what?
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the process by which bacteria may incorporate DNA from their external enviroment into their genome.
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What are endospores?
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gram-positive bacteria form these incredibly resistant, dormant bodies that can be triggered y heating or nutrients
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'Fungi' is what type of hierarchial classification?
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Kingdom
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What are the three diisions within Fungi?
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Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota
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What does saprophytic mean?
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eats dead material
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What are the cell walls of Fungi called?
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septa
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What is septa made of?
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chitin
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what are the branched, thread-like structures in Fungi called?
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hyphae
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What stage, haploid or diploid, is dominant for Fungi?
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haploid
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Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by _______
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budding
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A virus following the lytic cycle is called a _______ virus.
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virulent
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Retroviruses
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viruses that contain enveloped RNA. Ex. HIV
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Minus-strand RNA viruses
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Ex. measles, rabies, and flu.
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Carrier population
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Species that carries a virus, but is unaffected by it.
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Which of the following would never be found in the capsid of a virion? single stranded DNA, double stranded RNA, ribosomes, reverse transcriptase
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Ribosomes
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Nucleoid
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the DNA, RNA and protein complex in prokaryotes
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Name three main shapes of bacteria
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Cocci (round), bacilli (rod), spirilla or spirochetes (helical)
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Micelle
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The spherical, plasma membrane of a bacterial cell
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Peripheral or extrinsic proteins
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Located entirely on the surfaces of the membrane.
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Passive diffusion
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Molecules move through leakage channels due to random motion.
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Transport or carrier proteins
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Facilitate diffusion of specific molecules across membrane.
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Facilitated diffusion
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makes the membrane of the cell selectively permeable.
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Peptidoglycan
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found in cell wall of bacteria
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Gram positive vs. Gram negative bacteria
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Gram-positive bacteria turns purple when stained because of the thick peptiglycan walls, while gram-negative turns pink due to its thinner walls.
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Bacterial flagella
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Long hollow cylinders made from globular protein ***Do not confuse with eukaryotic flagella, which is made out of microtubules.
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Since bacteria do not go through sexual reproduction, they undergo these three alternate types of genetic recombination.
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Conjugation, transformation, and transduction. (See pages 67-68 for diagrams).
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Fungi are classified as a distinct kingdom, because...
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they have characteristics that are both plant and animal like.
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