Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is the backbone of DNA strand
|
sugar-phosphate backbone connected via phosphodiester bonds
|
|
|
DNA is a ____ of nucleotides
|
polymer
(polymer is "repeated" units |
|
|
nucleoside is a nucleotide without a _____ group
|
phosphate
|
|
|
what are telomeres, and what is purpose
|
-repeated nucleotides at ends of chromosome
-protect against degradation |
|
|
where can RNA exist that DNA cannot
|
cytosol
-DNA confined to nucleus and mitochondria |
|
|
what does mRNA do?
|
delivers DNA code for amino acids to cytosol
|
|
|
what does tRNA do?
|
transfers amino acids from cytosol to ribosomes for their incorporation into proteins
|
|
|
what does rRNA do?
|
combines with proteins to for ribosomes; ribosomes direct synthesis of proteins
|
|
|
what is the purpose of operon (like lac operon) in regulation of transcription
|
operons activate or repress the production of proteins during transcription
|
|
|
what is the primary transcript
|
the initial mRNA nucleotide sequence that is made after transcription
|
|
|
what are snRNPs
|
"snurps"
-create spliceosome where intron is looped out and excised while exons are grouped together and spliced |
|
|
3 steps of initiation (in translation)
|
1. 5' end of mRNA attaches to small subunit
2. tRNA attaches start anticodon at P-site 3. This triggers large subunit attachment, creating initiation complex |
|
|
when does termination occur
|
stop codon reaches P site
|
|
|
where are 2 places translation can occur
|
Cytosol
Rough ER |
|
|
what are responsible for dragging ribosome from cytosol to rough ER
|
signal peptide on polypeptide is recognized by SRP, which drags it to rough ER
|
|
|
what happens to proteins that are made in ribosomes on rough ER
|
they are injected into ER lumen where they become membrane bound or are secreted from cell
|
|
|
what are the 2 types of point gene mutations
|
-base-pair substitutions (replacement)
-insertion/deletion |
|
|
what is difference btwn frameshift and non-frameshift mutations
|
frameshift = not a multiple of 3
-can result in nonfunctional protein |
|
|
missense vs nonsense mutation
|
missense: no stop codon
nonsense: stop codon created |
|
|
what purpose do transposons serve in chromosome mutations
|
excise themselves then reinsert into chromosome
-causes translocations or inversions |
|
|
where are ribosomes made?
|
nucleolus (from rRNA and protein)
|
|
|
what is purpose of histones
|
DNA that is not in use wrap around histones
|
|
|
what makes up a nucleosome
|
8 histones wrapped in DNA
|
|
|
what are 4 main parts of prophase
|
1. condensation of chromosomes
2. centrioles migrate to opposite sides 3. spindle apparatus forms with spindle microtubules connected to centromeres 4. kinetochores form at centromeres |
|
|
what is the earliest stage cytokinesis can occur
|
Anaphase
|
|
|
what do we need to remember about western blotting
|
identifies proteins with antibodies
|
