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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What constitutes an anabolic process?
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Energy-requiring, biosynthesis of complex molecules
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What constitutes a catabolic process?
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Release energy, biodegradative
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Describe the energy processes of autotrophs.
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Convert light to bond energy via photosynthesis.
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Is photosynthesis an anabolic or catabolic process? Provide the chemical equation.
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CO2 + water + E --> Glucose (C6H2O6) + O2
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Describe the energy processes of heterotrophs.
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Obtain energy catabolically (mainly through glucose metabolism)
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What is the chemical equation for glucose metabolism?
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Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + E
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How much energy is in 1 mole of ATP?
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~7 Kcal
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Provide the chemical equations for both types of ATP hydrolysis.
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1) ATP-->ADP + Pi + E
ATP-->AMP + PPi + E |
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How much energy is required for the formation of ATP from ADP? What provides this energy?
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~7 Kcal; from glucose degradation
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Describe how electrons can be used as a means to store and transport energy. Include energy carriers.
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Energy can be stores as high potential electrons which are transferred as hydride ions or hydrogen atoms in glucose oxidation.
H atoms are removed and accepted by carrier coenzymes (NAD+, NADP+, FAD) wihch transfer high potential electrons to ETC of of inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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List the oxidizing and reducing agents of glucose metabolism.
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Oxidizing: NAD+, FAD, NADP+
Reducing: NADH, FADH2, NADPH |
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Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? What is the net ATP production? Outline the basic steps.
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Cytoplasm; 2 ATP
Glucose + 2 ATP-->PGAL<-->Dihydroxyacetone-Pi PGAL + 2 ADP +NAD+-->Pyruvate + 2 ATP + NADH The pyruvate step occurs twice, as one pyruvate is only 1/2 of one glucose. |
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Based on oxygen conditions, what is the next step after glycolysis?
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If anaerobic: fermentation
If aerobic: cell respiration |
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What is the purpose of fermentation? How much ATP is produced?
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Must regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to continue without oxygen; 2 ATP per glucose.
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Outline the basic steps of alcohol fermentation. What organisms carry out alcohol fermentation?
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Pyruvate-->CO2 + Acetaldehyde (decarboxylation) + NADH-->EtOH + NAD+
Yeast, some bacteria |
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Outline the basic steps of lactic acid fermentation. What organisms carry out lactic acid fermentation?
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Pyruvate + NADH-->Lactic Acid + NAD+
Fungi, bacteria, human muscle cells when moderately strained |
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What are the physiological effects of lactic acid production?
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Decreased blood pH, leads to muscle fatigue, reverse occurs after paying O2 debt
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Outline the basic steps of cellular respiration. Where does cellular respiration occur? How much ATP is produced?
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36-38 ATP per glucose, mitochondria, aerobic process, O2 is final electron acceptor.
Pyruvate Decarboxylation: Pyruvate (cyto)-->Pyruvate (mito) + CoA+ NAD+-->NADH + CO2 + AcetylCoA Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs, TCA): OAA + acetyl CoA-->CoA + Citrate + 3NAD+ + FAD +GDP-->-->2CO2 + 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP 2 pyruvates per glucose, so occurs twice! ETC: Inner mito membrane ATP produced when e- transferred from NADH & FADH2 to O2 by cytochromes (e- carriers); each carrier reduced as it received e-'s FMN = 1st molecule of ETC CytA3 = last carrier, passes to O2 |
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How would the absence of oxygen affect ETC?
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ETC would become backlogged with electrons and NAD+ would not be regenerated. Glycolysis would be unable to continue without fermentation.
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What are the 3 protein complexes that electron carriers are located in? How do they contribute to the production of ATP?
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NADH dehydrogenase
b-C1 complex cytochrome oxidase Energy released during transfers between complexes, as NADH passes electrons, H+ atoms released into intermembrane space, accumulate, form PROTON MOTIVE FORCE, driving protons through ATP synthetases, releasing energy which is coupled to ADP phosphorylation (OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION!) |
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When glucose is low, what are the preferred substrates for energy? Describe how each is processed for energy purposes.
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Carbs > Fats > Proteins
Carbs-->Hydrolysis-->Glucose Fats-->Hydrolysis-->Glycerol + Fatty Acids Glycerol-->PGAL FAs-->Beta-oxidation-->acetyl CoA Protein-->Hydrolysis-->AA AA-->Deamination-->a-keto acids-->pyruvate + acetyl CoA |
