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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Macrosociology |
- focus' on large groups and social structure |
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Microsociology |
- focuses on small groups and the individual |
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social structre |
- system of people within society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships |
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funcitonalism |
- study of the structure and function of each part of society |
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function |
- beneficial consequences of people's actions - help keep society in balance |
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dysfunctions |
- harmful consequences of people's actions as they undermine a social system's equilibrium |
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manifest function |
- intended to help some part of a system |
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latent functions |
- unintended positive consequences on other parts of society - unstated or unrecognized |
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illness as a social phenomenon |
- the sick individual is deviant from society |
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power |
- form or influence over other people |
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Conflict theory |
- based on Karl Marx - how power differentials are created and how they contribute to the maintenance of social order |
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symbolic interactionism |
- study of the way individuals interact through understanding of words, gestures, or other symbols |
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symbols |
- things to which we attach meaning |
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Social constructionism |
- how individuals put together their social reality |
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rational choice theory |
- focuses on decision making in an individual and attempts to reduce this process to a careful consideration of benefits and harms to the individual |
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exchange theory |
- extension of rational choice theory - focuses on interactions within groups - individual will carry out certain behaviors for the approval of others and will avoid behaviors that are disapproved |
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Feminist Theory |
- attempts to explain social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender - focus: subordination of women through social structures and institutional discrimination |
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Gender roles |
- behaviors expected of a given gender |
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objectified |
- being viewed as a sexual object rather than as a person |
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glass ceiling |
- an unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession |
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social institutions |
- well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture |
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Types of family abuse |
domestic violence: spousal abuse Elder abuse: neglect of an older relative Child abuse: neglect of a child (neglect) |
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mandated reporter |
- legally required to report suspected cases of elder or child abuse |
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hidden curriculum of education |
- transmitting social norms, attitudes, and beliefs to students |
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teacher expectancy |
- idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students |
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religiostiy |
- how religious one considers them self to be |
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church |
- large, universal religious group that can be divided into multiple coexisting denominations |
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cult |
- transforms from religious sects taking on extreme philosophies |
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secularizes |
- shift from a world denominated by religion towards rationality and scientific thinking |
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democracy |
- allows every citizen a political voice - usually through electing representatives |
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monarchies |
- include a royal ruler - power can be limited by constitutions or parliamentary systems |
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dictatorship |
- single person holds power |
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theocracy |
- power is held be religious leaders |
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capitalist economies |
- focus: free market trade and laissez-faire policies - encourage division of labor |
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division of labor |
- specific components of a larger task are separated and designed to skilled/trained individuals |
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Socialist economies |
- treats large industries as collective, shared businesses, and compensations is based on the work contribution from each individuals |
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sick role |
- he/she was not responsible for the illness - exempt from social roles |
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medicalized |
- entities that are now defined and treated as medical conditions |
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4 key tenets of medical ethics |
- Beneficence: physician has responsibility to act in the patients best interest -Nonmaleficence: physician avoids treatments that will present more harm than benefit -Respect for patient autonomy: to respect patients decisions and choices about their health care -Justice: physician treats similar patients with similar care |
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Social institutions (6) |
- education - family - religion - government - economy - medicine |
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education as a social institution |
- transmits knowledge and skills across generations - Values: academic honesty and good grades |
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family as a social institution |
- regulates reproduction - to socialize and protect children - Values: sexual fidelity, providing for children, keeping a clean home, respect for parents |
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religion as a social institution |
- concerns about life and death - meaning of suffering and loss - desire to connect with a creator - Values: god and holy texts should be honored |
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government as a social institution |
- to maintain social order - to enforce laws -Values: transparency, accountability, professionalism |
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Economyas a social institution |
- to organize money, goods, and services Values: making money, paying bills on time, producing effiently |
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Medicine as a social institution |
- to heal the sick and injured, care for the dying -Values: hippocratic oath, staying in good health, following care providers' recommendations |
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culture |
- encompassing the entire lifestyle for a given group - what makes human societies unique from one another |
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artifacts |
- material item that they make, possess, and value |
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material culture |
- sociologists explore the meaning of objects of a given society |
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symbolic culture |
- "non-material culture" - focuses on the ideas that represent a group of people |
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culture lag |
- culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations - social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag |
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language consists of... |
- spoken, written, or signed symbols |
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values |
- what a person deems important in life - dictates one's ethical principals and standards of behavior |
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belief |
- something that an individual accepts to be the truth |
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cultural barriers |
- when a cultural difference impedes interactions with others |
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norms |
- societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior |
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ritual |
- formalized ceremony that involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behavior - have prescribed order of events or routine |
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demographics |
- statistics of populations - mathematical applications of sociology |
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Common demographic categories |
- Age, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, immigration status |
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ageism |
- discrimination on the basis of a person |
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gender inequality |
- intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other |
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gender segregation |
- separation of individuals based on perceived gender |
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Race |
- social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people |
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racialization |
- establishment of a group as a particular race |
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race formation theory |
- racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors |
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Ethnicity |
- social construct - sorts people by cultural factors |
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symbolic ethnicity |
- specific connection to ones ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important |
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Sexual orientation |
- direction of one's sexual interest Heterosexual: attraction to opposite sex Bisexual: attraction to both sexes Homosexual: attraction to same sex |
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kinsey scale |
- describes sexuality on a zero to six scale 0 = heterosexuality 6 = homosexuality |
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Mental health disparities within the LGBT community |
high risk of... - bullying - victimization - violence - suicide |
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demographic shifts |
- changes in the make up of a population over time |
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population pyramids |
- provide histogram of population size of various age cohorts |
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fertility rate |
- children per woman per lifetime |
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birth rate |
- children per 1000 people per year |
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mortality rate |
- deaths per 1000 people per year |
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migration rate |
- immigration rate minus emigration rate |
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crude rate |
- total rate for a population |
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immigration |
- movement into a new geographic space |
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emmigration |
- movement away from a geographic space |
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pull factors |
- positive attributes of the new location that attract the immigrant |
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push factors |
- negative attributes of the old location of the old location that encourage the immigrant to leave |
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demographic transition |
- type of demographic shift - changes in birth and death rates in a country as it develops from preindustrial to an industrial economic system |
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4 stages of demographic transition |
1) preindustrial society: birth and death rates are high 2) improvements in health care, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop 3) improvements in contraception and womens rights decrease birth rates 4) industrialized society: birth and death rates are low |
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Malthusian theory |
- exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply |
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social movements |
- organized to promote or resist social change |
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relative deprivation |
- motivates social movement - decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the past |
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proactive social movements |
- promote social change |
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reactive social movements |
- resist social change |
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Globalization |
- process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets |
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Urbanization |
- refers to dense areas of population creating a pull for migration |
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Ghettos |
- areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated - due to social or economic inequities |
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slum |
- extremely densely populated area of a city with low-quality - often informal housing and poor sanitation |
