Mcat Behavioral Sciences

Front 1

What is learning in the context of psychology? What 2 components make up the basis for learning?

Back 1

The way in which new behaviors are acquired. Stimulus and responses.

Front 2

What is habituation?

Back 2

Repeated exposure to a stimulus that causes a decrease in response

Front 3

What is dishabituation? How does it occur?

Back 3

Recovery of a response to stimulus after habituation has occurred. Occurs due to presentation of new second different stimulus that interrupts habituation of the first one

Front 4

What are the two types of learning? Describe each briefly

Back 4

Associative learning (association between two stimuli or between behavior and response) and Observational learning (watching others to gain information or a new behavior)

Front 5

What is classical conditioning?

Back 5

A form of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli(dogs salivate when they hear bell ring)

Front 6

What is unconditioned stimulus? In Pavlov's case, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

Back 6

Any stimulus that induces a reflexive response. Meat is unconditioned stimulus.

Front 7

What is unconditional response? What is it in Pavlov's example?

Back 7

Inntate or reflexive response to unconditional stimulus. Salivation of the dogs in response to the meat.

Front 8

What is a neutral stimuli? What is it in Pavlov's case? When are neutral stimuli referred to as signaling stimuli?

Back 8

A stimulus that doesn't produce a reflexive response. Ringing the bell is the neutral stimulus. When they have the potential to be used as conditioning stimulus.

Front 9

What is a conditioned stimulus? What is it in Pavlov's case?

Back 9

A neutral stimulus that through association of it with an unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that can cause a conditioned response. It is the ringing of the bell that leads to the dogs salivating.

Front 10

What is a conditioned response? What is it in Pavlov's context?

Back 10

A response to a conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response is the dog salivating to the ringing of the bell.

Front 11

What is extinction in the context of classical conditioning? Is it permanent?

Back 11

If conditioned stimulus is presented enough times without unconditioned stimulus, organism can become habituated and have a decreased response. Not always, sometimes a weak conditioned response can be exhibited (spontaneous recovery)

Front 12

What is classical conditioning? What is it also called?

Back 12

A form of associative learning that turns a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus that that causes a reflexive response (conditioned response). Also called acquisition

Front 13

What is spontaneous recovery? Describe extinction

Back 13

The recovery of a weak conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus after extinction (extinction= organism becomes habituated and doesn't respond to conditioned stimulus because no unconditional stimulus presented after)

Front 14

What is generalization in the context of classical conditioning?

Back 14

The idea that a stimulus close enough to conditioned stimulus can produce conditioned response

Front 15

What is discrimination in the context of classical conditioning? How does it relate to generalization?

Back 15

Ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli. It is opposite of generalization.

Front 16

What is operant conditioning? How does it relate to classical conditioning?

Back 16

Links voluntary behaviors with a consequence to alter the frequency of those behavior (reinforcement is increasing frequency, punishment is decreasing frequency). Classical conditioning on the other hand makes a neutral stimulus into a conditioned one via the use of reflexive unconditional stimulus

Front 17

Who is operant conditioning associated with?

Back 17

B.F Skinner

Front 18

What is behaviorism? Who is the father of behaviorism?

Back 18

Behaviorism is the theory that all behaviors are conditioned. B.F. Skinner is the father.

Front 19

What is reinforcement? What is positive and negative reinforcement?

Back 19

Reinforcement is a form of operant conditioning where the frequency of performing a behavior is increased. Positive- adding a positive consequence (like money), Negative- removing a negative consequence (removing a headache)

Front 20

What are two subdivisions of negative reinforcers? Describe each briefly?

Back 20

Escape learning and avoidance learning. Escape learning is when role of behavior is to reduce something that already exists. Avoidance learning is when role of behavior is to prevent or avoid something bad from happening.

Front 21

What is a primary reinforcer in the context of operant conditioning? What is a similar part in classical conditioning? Example?

Back 21

It is an object that induces an involuntary response. It is similar to the unconditioned stimulus or meat in classical conditioning. An example is when the dolphin sees meat and responds naturally.

Front 22

What is a conditioned/secondary reinforcer? What is it's counterpart in classical conditioning? What is an example of it?

Back 22

Conditioned/secondary reinforcer is something that is paired with the primary reinforcer via classical conditioning to elicit the involuntary response. In classical conditioning, it is similar to the conditioned stimulus of the bell ringing. An example is the handheld clicker that trainers use and pair it with the fish to induce a behavior from dolphin.

Front 23

What is discriminative stimulus?

Back 23

A stimulus that indicates that reward is potentially available in an operant conditioning. For example, if a human is giving out fish to the dolphin, his/her mere presence would be the discriminatory stimulus

Front 24

What is punishment? What are the two types and briefly describe each?

Back 24

A form of operant conditioning that reduces the frequency of a behavior. Positive-adds unpleasant consequence to reduce behavior, Negative-removes pleasant consequence to reduce behavior.

Front 25

What are the four main types of reinforcement schedules?

Back 25

1.Fixed Ratio Schedule 2.Variable ratio schedule 3. Fixed Interval Schedule 4.Variable Interval Schedule

Front 26

What does a fixed ratio schedule do? Example? What is continuous reinforcement?

Back 26

Reinforce a behavior with reward after a specific number of performances of that behavior. Example- Rewarding a rat with cheese every 3rd time it pushes a button. A fixed ratio schedule where the behavior is rewarded after each one performance of the action.

Front 27

What is a variable ratio schedule? Examples?

Back 27

A schedule in which a behavior is rewarded to be reinforced with varying number of performances but number of performances is relatively constant. Example: rat is offered treat when he pushes button three times once, nine times the second time, and six times the last

Front 28

What are fixed interval schedules? Examples

Back 28

A schedule in which the reward that is given has a time constraint and this isn't based on the number of performances but rather halted by time which the subject has to wait to get. Example- first lever press by rat results in reward but rat must wait 60 seconds to press it again for a reward

Front 29

What are variable interval schedules?

Back 29

Schedules where the first behavior is reinforced after the behavior is performed after a varying time interval.

Front 30

What reinforcement schedule is the fastest for learning a new behavior? Which one is the most resistant to extinction?

Back 30

The answer for both is variable ratio interval

Front 31

What is shaping in the context of operant conditioning?

Back 31

Shaping is the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors slowly step by step. Useful in training complex behaviors but takes time

Front 32

What is latent learning?

Back 32

Learning that occurs without a reward but spontaneously demonstrated when reward is introduced.

Front 33

What is problem solving?

Back 33

Analyzing situations and taking decisive actions to solve a problem rather than merely doing trial and error

Front 34

What is preparedness?

Back 34

Predisposition to learning behaviors that coincide with natural behaviors.

Front 35

What is instinctive drift?

Back 35

Difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors(or a "drift back to the instincts")

Front 36

What is observational learning? Is it appropriate to call it imitation?

Back 36

Learning a new behavior by observation of others. Not always, sometimes it is imitation and other times it is avoiding the behavior through observation of potential negative consequences

Front 37

What are mirror neurons?

Back 37

Neurons located in frontal and parietal lobes of cortex and fire when individual performs an action and when individual observes someone else doing it.

Front 38

What is modeling in the context of observational learning?

Back 38

A factor in determining an individual's behavior throughout lifetime by watching others and seeing what behaviors are accepted and not.

Front 39

What is encoding?

Back 39

The process of initially learning new information

Front 40

What is automatic processing?

Back 40

Passively absorbed information that doesn't require work to actively think about

Front 41

What is controlled (effortful) processing?

Back 41

Active memorization

Front 42

What are the three main types of information encoding? Which in is strongest and weakest?

Back 42

1.visual encoding 2.acoustic encoding (the way it sounds) 3.semantic encoding(putting information into a meaningful context). Semantic is strongest, visual is weakest

Front 43

What is self reference effect?

Back 43

The tendency to recall information the best when it is placed into the context of our own lives

Front 44

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Back 44

Repetition of information to keep it within working memory or to store it in short term and eventually long term. Kinda like spaced practice

Front 45

What are mnemonics?

Back 45

Acronyms or rhyming phrases that help memorize information

Front 46

What are the two types of mnemonic techniques?

Back 46

1.Method of loci- associating the term with a particular location that the object will be at for better recall later

2. Peg word system - associate numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers

Front 47

What is chunking/clustering?

Back 47

Grouping individual elements and grouping them together based on related meaning

Front 48

What is storage? And what are the four subsets of storage?

Back 48

Storage is the placing the information into memory after encoding and maintaining the information over time. The four subsets are sensory memory, short term memory, working memory ,long term memory.

Front 49

What is sensory memory? What two types of memory subsets does it consist of? How long does it last?

Back 49

Memory that is based on taking information from the environment by our sensory systems. It consists of iconic(visual) and echoic(auditory) memory.Sensory memory fades very quickly but surprisingly allows for recall with great precision in the short term

Front 50

What is a whole report?What is a half report?

Back 50

A whole report is a procedure where all of the letters of a 3x3 array of letters is asked to be recalled. A partial report is a similar procedure where only a row of letters is asked to be recalled. Partial report gets much better results than whole report.

Front 51

What is short term memory? What does hippocampus do in terms of short term memory? How can short term memory being increased in capacity and in duration(2 ways)?

Back 51

Memory that is short term and is limited in capacity to approximately 7 items plus or minus 2(7+ - 2 rule). Hippocampus consolidates short term memory into long term memory. In capacity by clustering/chunking and in duration by maintenance rehearsal.

Front 52

What is working memory? Examples?

Back 52

It enables the ability to keep pieces of information in our consciousness and manipulate that information. For instance, we can keep a math problem in our consciousness and do that problem in our head thus manipulating that information.

Front 53

What is long term memory? What is a primary way that we make long term memories? What brain structures are involved?

Back 53

Memory that is able to be recalled for a long period of time, sometimes for the rest of your life. Elaborative rehearsal is a way to make long term memories by connecting new information to knowledge that is already in long term memory. Primarily controlled by hippocampus but over time, memories moved to cerebral cortex.

Front 54

What are the two types of long term memory? Describe each briefly. One type of long term memory has two subsets, describe these also. What is flashbulb memory?

Back 54

Implicit (nondeclarative or procedural) - skills and conditioned responses. Explicit(declarative) - memories that require conscious recall. Explicit memory has two subsets, semantic memory(recall of facts) and episodic memory (recall of experiences). Flashbulb memory is combo of semantic and episodic memories that allow for recall of stimuli around an emotional experience (do you remember where you were when?)

Front 55

What is retrieval?

Back 55

The process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained. It is generally recall plus recognition plus relearning

Front 56

What is recall?

Back 56

Retrieval and statement of previously learned information

Front 57

What is recognition?

Back 57

Merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned

Front 58

What is relearning? What is spacing effect?

Back 58

The process of restudying a concept again leading to better retention. Spacing effect is the greater retention of information due to spacing out relearning over an extended period of time

Front 59

What is semantic network? What is spreading activation? How does spreading activation relate to priming?

Back 59

The idea that concepts are linked together based on similar meaning. Unconscious activation of linked concepts. Priming is a retrieval cue that uses spreading activation, in which recall is aided by presentation of word or phrase that is similar to desired semantic memory.

Front 60

What are context effects? Example

Back 60

The concept that memory is aided by being in a physical location where encoding of information took place. Example- taking an exam in the same place the information for it was taught

Front 61

What is state-dependent memory/state dependent effect? Examples?

Back 61

The idea that recalling information is easier when the person is in the same mental/emotional state that they were in when they encoded the information. Example- recall of facts better when subject is intoxicated if subject was intoxicated when learning the material

Front 62

What is serial position effect?

Back 62

The idea that there is higher recall of the first few items(primacy effect) and last few items on a list(recency effect). Recency effect fades after some time so it is a result of short term memory.

Front 63

What four concepts can lead to the loss of memorized information?

Back 63

1.Brain disorders 2.Decay 3. Interference 4.Aging

Front 64

What is Alzheimer's disease and what is the hypothesized cause? What is dementia? Does memory loss proceed in retrograde or anterograde fashion? What is sundowning?

Back 64

A degenerative brain disorder thought to be caused by loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to hippocampus. Dementia is simply the loss of cognitive function. Memory loss proceeds in retrograde fashion with loss of recent memories before distant memories. Sundowning is increase in dysfucntion in late afternoon and evening

Front 65

What are the two microscopic components of Alzheimer's disease?

Back 65

1.beta amyloid plaques caused by change in protein folding to beta pleated sheets that are insoluble and 2. Neurofibrillary tangles which are insoluble twisted fibers made of tau that is a component of microtubule

Front 66

What is Korsakoff's syndrome? What is confabulation?

Back 66

Caused by thiamine deficiency in brain marked by both retrograde(loss of previously formed memories) and anterograde (inability to form new memories) amnesia. Confabulation is creating vivid but fake memories as an attempt to fill in gaps of missing memories.

Front 67

What is agnosia?

Back 67

Loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds and usually only one of the three. Caused generally by physical damage to the brain by stroke or multiple sclerosis for example

Front 68

What is decay? What is forgetting curve?

Back 68

Fading of memory naturally over time. Recall falls off sharply after one or two days

Front 69

What are the 3 types of brain disorders that could lead to forgetting?

Back 69

Alzheimers disease (loss of acetylcholine in neurons connected to hippocampus and beta amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary accumulation, Korsakoff syndrome(thiamine deficiency), and agnosia (inability to recognize objects, people, or sounds due to physical damage)

Front 70

What is interference/interference effect? What are the two types of it and describe it?

Back 70

A retrieval error caused by similar encoded information. Proactive interference-old information interfering with new learning, Retroactive interference- new information interferes with recall of old information

Front 71

What is prospective memory? What are two types of prospective memory? Which one remains more intact?

Back 71

Remembering to perform a task at a future time. 1.Event based- remembering to do something because of an event(like remembering to buy milk walking past a grocery store) 2.Time based- remembering to do something at a certain time(remembering to take medicine at 7 pm). Event based prospective memory is more in tact

Front 72

What is misinformation effect?

Back 72

The idea that a person's recall of an event changes with post-event information.

Front 73

What is source monitoring error?

Back 73

An error from the confusion between semantic and episodic memory where the details of the event and remembered but the context(or source) is not

Front 74

What is neuroplasticity? Is brain plasticity greater in children or in adults?

Back 74

The concept that neural connections quickly form in response to a stimuli.Greater in children.

Front 75

What is synaptic pruning?

Back 75

The idea that weak neural connections are broken whereas strong ones are supported, increasing the brain's efficiency to process information.

Front 76

What is a memory trace? What happens when stimulus isn't repeated? What happens if stimulus is repeated?

Back 76

A little component of memory caused by the neural activity from stimulation of activity by neurotransmitters. Loss of short term memory. Stimulated neurons are more effective at releasing their neurotransmitters and receptor density increases creating long term connection (long term potentiation)

Front 77

What is the "life cycle" of a memory?

Back 77

Starts as sensory memory and moved as short term memory into hippocampus. This memory can be manipulated as working memory in hippocampus and even stored for long term memory. Eventually after a long period of time, the memories are moved to cerebral cortex.

Front 78

What is cognition?

Back 78

The processing and response to the information we are presented with

Front 79

What is Paivio's dual coding theory? Examples?

Back 79

The idea that verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information. The word dad and the picture of dad can recall the same information allowing for redundancy to increase the chance of retrieval.

Front 80

What is information processing model? What are the four components?

Back 80

This the model by which our brains encode, store, and retrieve information. 1.Thinking 2.Stimuli 3.Decision making 4. Problem solving

Front 81

What is cognitive development? What are the overall two components of development over time?

Back 81

The development of one's ability to think and solve problems across the lifespan. 1. Early on, mastering the physical environment 2. Later on, abstract thinking

Front 82

What is a schema?

Back 82

Outline of a pattern of thought or behavior.

Front 83

What is adaptation in the context of schema? What are the two subsets of adaptation and brief descriptions of each?

Back 83

Adaptation is how new information is processed. 1. Assimilation- putting new information into existing schema or patterns of thought 2. Accomodation - existing schemata are modified to encompass new information

Front 84

What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? Describe each briefly

Back 84

1.Sensorimotor- manipulation of environment for physical needs

2.Preoperational stage- characterized by symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration. 3. Concrete operational stage- children can understand conservation and consider perspectives of others 4. Formal operational stage- think logically about abstract ideas

Front 85

What are circular reactions? What is primary circular reaction vs secondary circular reaction? What stage of cognitive development is it a part of?

Back 85

Repetitive behaviors. Primary-repetition of body movement because child finds it soothing(sucking a thumb), Secondary- repetition of a behavior because of a response from environment(throwing stuff from high chair). Sensorimotor stage

Front 86

What is the milestone that ends sensorimotor stage?

Back 86

Object permanence- objects exist even when out of view. Before this, children think peek a boo is fun because face disappears when they can't see it

Front 87

What is representational thought?

Back 87

Child has begun to create mental representations of external objects and events

Front 88

What is symbolic thinking?Which Piaget stage of cognitive development is it a part of ?

Back 88

Ability to have an imagination and play pretend. Part of preoperational stage of development

Front 89

What is egocentrism?

Back 89

Inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

Front 90

What is conservation? What is centration? What stage of cognitive development is it a part of?

Back 90

Ability to realize that a certain quantity will remain the same despite being presented differently(two pizzas of smaller size equals same quantity of one large pizza) Tendency to only focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon and inability to understand the idea of conservation. Preoperational stage

Front 91

What did psychologist Lev Vygotsky say about what drives cognitive development in children?

Back 91

Child's internalization of his/her culture drives cognitive development

Front 92

What are the two types of intelligence?, Describe each briefly. What happens to each as we age?

Back 92

1.Fluid intelligence (problems solving skills) 2.Crystallized intelligence (use of learned skills and knowledge). Both decline with age

Front 93

What are activities of daily living?

Back 93

Basic activities like living, walking, dressing that indicate the ability of older people to function.

Front 94

What is dementia and how does it progress? What is most common cause of dementia?

Back 94

Loss of cognitive function, starts with impaired memory but progresses to impaired judgment and confusion. Alzheimer's disease

Front 95

What are some factors that could affect cognition?

Back 95

Organic brain disorders, genetic and chromosomal conditions, metabolic derangements, long term drug use, alcohol

Front 96

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

Back 96

Use of alcohol by mother during pregnancy which causes delays in cognitive development and craniofacial features

Front 97

What is delirium?

Back 97

Disturbed state of the mind that is marked by incoherent thoughts and speech and confused thinking

Front 98

What is a mental set in the context of problem solving?

Back 98

Tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

Front 99

What is functional fixedness?

Back 99

Inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional way

Front 100

What is trial and error in problem solving?

Back 100

Various solutions are tried until one is found to work

Front 101

What is an algorithm?

Back 101

Formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem

Front 102

What is deductive reasoning?

Back 102

Top down reasoning where conclusions are drawn from information given

Front 103

What is inductive reasoning?

Back 103

Bottom up processing involves creating theories via generalizations by drawing conclusions from specific instances

Front 104

What are heuristics? What is availability heuristic? What is representative heuristic?

Back 104

Rules of thumb or principles used to make decisions. Availability- used to decide how likely something is based on available examples in our minds, Representative- used to decide something based on stereotypes

Front 105

What is base rate fallacy? Example?

Back 105

Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information. Thinking that a coin will land heads more likely when it landed it on tails the time before even though actual numerical information says that the probability is still 50 percent

Front 106

What is disconfirmation principle?

Back 106

The evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution does not work

Front 107

What is confirmation bias?

Back 107

Tendency to focus on information that fits an individual's beliefs and rejecting information that goes against it

Front 108

What is overconfidence?

Back 108

Tendency to incorrectly interpret one's decisions as perfect

Front 109

What is belief perseverance?

Back 109

The inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

Front 110

What is intuition?

Back 110

Ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence

Front 111

What is recognition-primed decision model?

Back 111

The ability to sort through a wide variety of information to match a pattern

Front 112

What is emotion?

Back 112

Subjective experience of a person in a certain situation that could potentially affect decision making

Front 113

What is Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Back 113

The idea that there are seven different types of intelligence and that linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences are valued most

Front 114

What is IQ in terms of what does it stand for and it's most basic meaning?

Back 114

Intelligence quotient, it is a measure of intelligence

Front 115

What is the formula for IQ?

Back 115

IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100

Front 116

What is alertness? Is cortisol higher or lower? What is the function of reticular formation in alertness? What happens if there is brain injury to fibers between reticular formation and prefrontal cortex?

Back 116

State of consciousness in which we are awake and are able to think. Higher. Communicates with prefrontal cortex to keep it awake and alert. Coma

Front 117

What is EEG?

Back 117

Electroencephalography, records electrical patterns within different portions of brain.

Front 118

What are the four characteristic EEG wave patterns in waking and sleeping? What type of sleep do stage 1-4 correspond to correspond to?

Back 118

1.Beta-high frequency when brain is alert or person is concentrating, 2.Alpha waves- slower and more synchronized than beta waves and when we are awake but relaxing with eyes closed 3.Theta waves- marks dozing off and entering Stage 1 where slower frequency and more irregular waveform. Deeper sleep marks Stage 2 with sleep spindles and K complex. 4.Delta waves - Stage 3 and 4 sleep;slow wave sleep with low frequency high voltage waves. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

Front 119

What is paradoxical sleep?

Back 119

Sleep that involves rapid eye movement (REM) where heart rate, breathing, and EEG mimic wakefulness but individual is still asleep with muscles paralyzed.

Front 120

In what type of sleep does dreaming occur?

Back 120

REM sleep

Front 121

What type of sleep is associated with procedural memory consolidation? With declarative memory consolidation?

Back 121

Procedural-REM, Declarative-Stage 3 and 4 of NREM sleep involving delta waves

Front 122

What is sleep cycle? When does slow wave sleep dominate(SWS)? When does REM dominate? Does sleep cycle length change and how so if yes?

Back 122

Single complete progression through sleep stages. SWS dominates early in night . REM dominates later in the night. Changes from 50 minutes in children to 90 minutes in adults.

Front 123

What are circadian rhythms?

Back 123

Biological clock.

Front 124

What is the effect of melatonin? Where is it produced? How is it released?

Back 124

It causes sleepiness. Pineal gland. Retina innervates hypothalamus which controls pineal gland so when light is low, pineal gland is activated to release melatonin

Front 125

What is cortisol and where is it produced and what is it's function? How is it released?

Back 125

A glucocorticoid that is produced and secreted by adrenal cortex that increases in the morning contributing to wakefulness. Light-->retina-->hypothalamus-->corticotropic releasing hormone-->anterior pituitary--> adrenocorticotropic hormone-->cortisol release from adrenal cortex-->Wake tf up

Front 126

What is activation-synthesis theory? What is problem solving dream theory? What is cognitive process dream theory?

Back 126

Dreams are caused by widespread random activation of neural circuitry. Dreams are a way to solve problems during sleep. Dreams have content that rapidly shift and change

Front 127

What are neurocognitive models of dreaming?

Back 127

Models that aim to combine biological and psychological persepcrives on dreaming by associating the subjective experience of dreaming with physiological changes

Front 128

What is the difference between dyssomnia and parasomnia?

Back 128

Dyssomnia- disorders that make it hard to fall asleep or stay asleep, Parasomnia- abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

Front 129

What is insomnia?

Back 129

A form of dyssomnia that is the difficulty of falling or staying asleep?

Front 130

What is narcolepsy? What are symptoms?

Back 130

Loss of voluntary control over onset of sleep. Cataplexy- loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep, Sleep paralysis-cant move despite being awake, Hypnagogic hallucinations (going to bed) and hypnopopmic hallucinations(popping up out of bed)

Front 131

What is sleep apnea? What are the two types?

Back 131

Inability to breathe during sleep. Obstructive-physical blockage in pharynx/trachea prevents air flow, Central-brain fails to send signals to diaphragm to breathe

Front 132

What are night terrors? In what phase of sleep cycle does it occur?

Back 132

A form of parasomnia most common in children involving thrashing and screaming and sympathetic overdrive (high HR and respiratory rate). Occurs in slow wave sleep(SWS) and difficult to wake child and child won't remember

Front 133

What is sleep walking/somnambulism? When does it occur?

Back 133

Occurs during SWS, sleep walkers could eat, talk, drive, or have sex during this state

Front 134

What is sleep deprivation? What happens when sleep deprived people are permitted to sleep normal?

Back 134

Lack of sleep or sleep quality resulting in mood disturbances, irritability, etc. REM rebound - earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep compared to normal

Front 135

What is hypnosis? What is hypnotic induction?

Back 135

State where individual is in control of normal functions but easily succumbs to suggestions of others. First part of hypnosis where hypnotist aims to relax the subject and make him/her concentrate

Front 136

What is meditation? What does it do to HR and BP? How does it look on EEG?

Back 136

A sense of quieting the mind to produce a sense of relaxation and relief from anxiety and worrying. Decreases both. Resembles stage 1 sleep with slow and low frequency theta and alpha waves

Front 137

What do depressants do to nervous system activity?

Back 137

They reduce it resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

Front 138

How does alcohol affect the GABA receptor? What does it do to dopamine levels of?

Back 138

It increases activity of GABA receptor (a chloride channel) that causes membrane hyperpolarization leading to brain inhibition. Increases dopamine levels.

Front 139

What is alcohol myopia?

Back 139

A short-sighted view of the world due to alcohol that could lead to inability to recognize consequences of actions

Front 140

Is alcoholism higher in individuals of lower or higher socioeconomic status(SES)?

Back 140

Higher alcoholism in lower SES

Front 141

What is Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome? What is it caused by?

Back 141

A brain disorder characterized by several memory impairment with changes in mental status and loss of motor skills. Lack of thiamine(vitamin B1)

Front 142

What are barbiturates? How are they different from benzodiazepines? How do they affect GABA activity?

Back 142

Medications that reduce anxiety (anxiolytic) and help with sleep. Almost the same as benzodiazepines but more likely to overdose with barbiturates. They increase GABA activity causing a sense of relaxation.

Front 143

How do stimulants affect nervous system activity?

Back 143

They increase arousal in nervous system by increasing frequency of action potentials

Front 144

What are amphetamines? How do they work? What do they do to arousal, appetite, sleep, heart rate and blood pressure?

Back 144

Drugs that increase arousal(stimulants) by increasing dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin at synapse and decreasing their reuptake. Increase arousal, decrease appetite, decrease in need for sleep, increase HR and BP

Front 145

How does cocaine work? What two properties does it have to make it an effective drug in surgery?

Back 145

Decreases reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine at the synapse leading to increased arousal. Anesthetic and vasoconstrictive properties

Front 146

What is crack?

Back 146

Form of cocaine that can be smoked

Front 147

What is ecstasy in terms of the drug? What are some of it's effects?

Back 147

It acts as a hallucinogen combined with amphetamine. Similar effects to amphetamines such as increases in HR and BP physiologically and euphoria psychologically

Front 148

What is opium, opiates, and opiods? How do they work on the nervous system.

Back 148

Opium is a poppy plant derivative and can be used to derive other drugs. Opiates(morphine and codeine) are naturally occurring forms. Opioids(oxycodone, heroin) are semisynthetic forms. Bind to opioid receptors in CNS and PNS --> decreased reaction to pain and sense of euphoria

Front 149

What can happen due to opiate/opioid overdose?

Back 149

Respiratory suppression where brain stops sending signals to breathe

Front 150

What happens to heroin once injected?

Back 150

Turns into morphine

Front 151

How do you treat an opioid addiction?

Back 151

Use of a methadone (long acting opioid with lower risk of overdose)

Front 152

What are hallucinogens? What is a main neurotransmitter that is involved? What are physiological effects? What is an example?

Back 152

Drugs that can induce hallucinations and distortions of reality and fantasy. Serotonin is a major N.T. involved in a complex interactions with others. Increased HR and BP, dilation pupils, increased body temp. LSD

Front 153

What is active chemical in marijuana? How does it function relative to GABA and dopamine? What does it do physiologically?

Back 153

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Decreases GABA activity and increases dopamine activity. Increased heart rate, lower blood pressure, increased appetite

Front 154

What pathway is drug addiction highly related to? What three components does this pathway include?

Back 154

Mesolimbic reward pathway(one of 4 dopaminergic pathways in brain). Nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and the connection between the two, medial forebrain bundle

Front 155

What is attention?

Back 155

Concentrating on one aspect of sensory environment (sensorium)

Front 156

What is selective attention?

Back 156

Focusing on one part of sensorium and ignoring other stimuli acting like a filter between sensory stimuli and processing system

Front 157

What is cocktail party phenomenon? Examples?

Back 157

A different interpretation of selective attention where important stimuli catch our attention among all the rest. Hearing your name being mentioned at a party with other stimuli

Front 158

What is divided attention? How does this relate to automatic vs controlled processing?

Back 158

The ability to perform multiple tasks at same time. New or complex tasks require undivided complete attention which involves controlled processing. Older or familiar tasks require less active attention and allows brain to focus on other things with divided attention

Front 159

What are the five components of language? Describe each briefly

Back 159

1.Phonology- sound of language 2.Morphology-structure of words 3.Semantics-association of meaning with word

4.Syntax- how words are put together to form sentences

5.Pragmatics- dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

Front 160

What are phonemes? What are morphemes?

Back 160

Part of phonology and refer to sounds. Part of morphology and are building blocks of words.

Front 161

What is prosody? What role does it play in language?

Back 161

Rhythm, cadence, and inflection in our voices. It affects pragmatics or the dependence of our language on context and pre-existing knowledge

Front 162

What is babbling? Do deaf children babble?

Back 162

An important precursor to language. Yes, but babbling stops relatively soon after it begins unlike for hearing children

Front 163

What is timeline of language acquisition? What happens at 9-12 months? What happens at 12-18 months? What happens at 18-20 months? What happens at 2-3 years? What happens at 5 years?

Back 163

Babbling. About one word per month. Explosion of language and combining words. Longer sentences. Language rules largely mastered.

Front 164

What are errors of growth? Example?

Back 164

Grammatical errors that are applications of morphemes generally in situations they don't apply. Children say runned instead of ran

Front 165

What is nativist (biological) theory? What is transformational grammar? What is a theoretical pathway in brain that allows for innate ability to engage with transformational grammar?

Back 165

Existence of some innate capacity for language. Syntactic transformations or syntax changes that retain meaning. Language acquisition device (LAD)

Front 166

What is critical period? How does it compare to sensitive period? Which period do nativists believe in?

Back 166

Period between 2 years and puberty is critical for language acquisition. Sensitive period is when environmental input has maximal effect on development of ability. Critical period.

Front 167

What is learning (behaviorist) theory? How did Skinner explain language acquisition?

Back 167

Language acquisition by operant conditioning. Via reinforcement, parents and caregivers repeat and reinforce sounds that sound most like language spoken by parents

Front 168

What is social interactionist theory?

Back 168

Language acquisition is driven by child's desire to communicate and behave in social manner like interacting with other children or caregivers. Allows for role of brain development in language acquisition

Front 169

What is Whorfian hypothesis/linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Back 169

Our perception of world is based on the content of language aka language affects the way we think about world

Front 170

What are the two areas of the brain responsible for speech production and language comprehension? Where in the brain are they located? How are Broca's area and Wernicke's area connected?

Back 170

Broca's area(speech production) and Wernicke's area(language comprehension). Dominant hemisphere which is generally left. Connected via arcuate fasciculus

Front 171

What is aphasia? What is Broca's aphasia? What is Wernicke's aphasia? What is conduction aphasia?

Back 171

Language production or comprehension deficit. Language comprehension is retained but production is reduced or absent leading to frustration of having every word on tip of tongue. Ability to speak and speak fluently but comprehension of speech is lost leading to nonsensical words. Occurs due to arcuate fasciculus being affected where patient unable to repeat something due to loss of connection between two regions

Front 172

What is extrinsic motivation? Example?

Back 172

Gain of rewards or lack of punishment for doing something. Goal of getting high grades in a class

Front 173

What is intrinsic motivation? Example?

Back 173

Interest or pure enjoyment is the driver in doing something. Goal of understanding content for personal satisfaction rather than getting high grades.

Front 174

What are instincts?

Back 174

Inbuilt patterns of response to stimuli

Front 175

What is instinct theory of motivation?

Back 175

The idea that people do things because of evolutionarily programmed behaviors

Front 176

What is arousal?

Back 176

State of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Front 177

What is arousal theory?

Back 177

The idea that people do things to maintain optimal level of arousal (not too high and not too low)

Front 178

What is Yerkes-Dodson law? Do simple tasks require more or less arousal than complex tasks?

Back 178

Performance is best at intermediate arousal level. More arousal

Front 179

What is difference between motivation and drive? What are examples of primary drive?

Back 179

Motivation-driving force behind an action, Drive-States of tension that activate behaviors focused on goals. Need for food, water, warmth drive us to maintain homeostasis.

Front 180

What are secondary drives? Example?

Back 180

Drives not related to biological processes like eating or drinking. Drive to go to med school equals secondary drive

Front 181

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Back 181

Pyramid of organization that essentially says that motivation to meet the lowest level of need is highest priority. Organized from low basic needs(food, water,sex on bottom) to more complex higher(morality, creativity)

Front 182

What is self determination theory?

Back 182

Emphasizes role of 1.autonomy(self-control) 2. competence(complete and exceed at difficult tasks), 3.relatedness(need to fit in)

Front 183

What is incentive theory?

Back 183

Behavior motivated by desire to get rewards and avoid punishment

Front 184

What is expectancy-value theory?

Back 184

Amount of motivation to reach a goal is based on expectation of likelihood in reaching goal and how valuable getting success in the process is

Front 185

What is opponent process theory? Example? What is tolerance and how is it affected by opponent process theory?

Back 185

The idea that when a drug is taken repeatedly, body will counteract effects of drug by changing physiology. Repeated use of alcohol (depressant) results in increasing arousal.Tolerance= decrease in perceived drug effect over time and is explained by physiology changing to oppose effects

Front 186

What factors affect sexual motivation?

Back 186

Hormones, smell, interpretation of pleasure

Front 187

What is drive reduction theory?

Back 187

Motivation/drive based in eliminating uncomfortable states

Front 188

What are 3 elements of emotion and describe briefly?

Back 188

1.Physiological response - stimulated by autonomic nervous system. 2.Behavioral response - facial expressions and body language 3. Cognitive response - subjective interpretation of experienced feeling

Front 189

What are the seven universal emotions?

Back 189

1.Happiness 2.Sadness 3.Fear 4.Anger 5.Surprise 6.Contempt 7.Disgust

Front 190

What is James-Lange theory of emotion? What is first response and what is second?

Back 190

Stimulus-->Physiological arousal-->Cognitive component of emotion. First-nervous system arousal, Second-conscious emotion

Front 191

What is Cannon Bard Theory? What isn't explained by this theory? What is first response and what is second?

Back 191

Stimulus-->cognitive and physiological response simultaneously. The vagus nerve that functions as a feedback system. First-nervous system arousal and conscious emotion, Second-Action

Front 192

What is Schachter-Singer Theory/cognitive arousal theory/two-factor theory? What is first response and second response?

Back 192

Emotion is experienced because of 1.arousal physiologically and 2.labeling of arousal based on environment(cognitive appraisal) occurs at same time. First-nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal, Second-Conscious emotion

Front 193

What is function of limbic system?

Back 193

Motivation and emotion

Front 194

What is function of amygdala?

Back 194

Produces emotion, associated with fear, interpretation of facial expressions

Front 195

What is function of thalamus? What is the one sense that doesn't pass through thalamus?

Back 195

Sensory processing station that routes information to cortex and other appropriate areas. Sends optical information to LGN and musical information to MGN. Smell is only sense

Front 196

What is function of hippocampus?

Back 196

Creation of long term memories.

Front 197

What structure controls explicit (conscious) memory and what structure controls implicit(unconscious/emotional) memory?

Back 197

Explicit-hippocampus, Implicit-amygdala

Front 198

What is difference between explicit and implicit memory in terms of emotion?

Back 198

Explicit memory- story about what happened and the memory of experiencing emotion; Implicit memory-sensations of unease and anxiety when put into similar environment

Front 199

Which hemisphere is more active in discerning facial expressions?

Back 199

Right

Front 200

What are 3 functions of prefontal cortex?

Back 200

1.Decision making, 2.Expressing personality, 3.Planning

Front 201

What is function of dorsal prefrontal cortex?

Back 201

Attention and cognition

Front 202

What is function of ventral prefrontal cortex?

Back 202

Emotion

Front 203

What is function of ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

Back 203

Decision making and controlling responses from amygdala

Front 204

How is skin temperature related to emotion(like fear or anger)?

Back 204

Skin temperature is higher in anger and lower in fear relative to normal skin temperature

Front 205

What happens to heart rate and blood pressure during fear and anger?

Back 205

Both increase

Front 206

What is cognitive appraisal?

Back 206

Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

Front 207

What is difference between primary(stage 1) and secondary appraisal(stage 2)?

Back 207

Primary- initial evaluation of situation, Secondary - evaluating whether individual can cope with stress based on harm/damage caused by event, threat/potential for future damage, and challenge/potential to overcome

Front 208

What is reappraisal?

Back 208

Ongoing evaluation of a situation

Front 209

What is a stressor?

Back 209

Something that induces a stress response

Front 210

What is difference between distress and eustress?

Back 210

Distress-experiencing unpleasant stressors, Eustess-experiencing pleasant stressors

Front 211

What system measures stress level?in what units? Why?

Back 211

Social readjustment rating scale. Units of life change units. Because stress is caused when a person has to adjust his/her life

Front 212

What are five psychological stressors?

Back 212

1.Pressure(expectations) 2.Control(control over situation) 3.Predictability(ability to predict challenges) 4. Frustration (inability to reach a goal) 5.Conflict (forces a choice to be made)

Front 213

What is approach-approach conflict? What is avoidance-avoidance conflict? What is approach-avoidance conflict?

Back 213

Need to choose between two good options. Need to choose between two bad options. Need to choose only one option but outcome could have positive and negative aspects

Front 214

What is general adaptation syndrome?

Back 214

Sequence of physiological responses to stress

Front 215

What are the 3 components of general adaptation syndrome? Describe each briefly

Back 215

1.Alarm(initial reaction to stressor and activation of sympathetic nervous system-->cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine). 2.Resistance (continuous hormone release allows SNS to fight stress) 3.Exhaustion( Body cannot maintain SNS activity)

Front 216

What is difference between problem-focused strategies and emotionally focused strategies in coping with stress?

Back 216

Problem-focused - creating a plan to confront stressor, Emotionally focused- changing feelings about stressor

Front 217

What are some stress management techniques?

Back 217

Exercise, meditation, muscle relaxation

Front 218

What is self concept?

Back 218

What you think of yourself

Front 219

What is self schema? Example?

Back 219

A classification of oneself into a category that comes with a set of traits. Athlete self schema carries qualities of youth, physical fitness, etc

Front 220

What is difference between self concept and identity?

Back 220

Self concept- an all encompassing view of oneself. Identity-subsets of self concept related to the groups to which we belong (i.e. how we take on different identities in front of different people)

Front 221

What is gender identity? What is androgyny? What is undifferentiated?

Back 221

Person's own interpretation of himself/herself on scales of masculinity and femininity. Both being very masculine and very feminine. Not being masculine or feminine

Front 222

By what age is gender identity well established?

Back 222

3

Front 223

What is ethnic identity?

Back 223

Identity of of one ethnic group or culture.

Front 224

What is nationality and how is it different from ethnicity?

Back 224

Ethnicity-identity in which we are born into, Nationality- identity based on political borders and country pride

Front 225

Identities are organized according to what? Example?

Back 225

Hierarchy of salience- different situations dictate which identity is most important. If guys are placed into a group with other guys, they will less likely consider gender as an important identity because everyone is male.

Front 226

What is self discrepancy theory? Describe components

Back 226

Idea that each of us have 3 selves. 1.Actual self(how we see ourselves) 2.Ideal self (the person we want to be) 3.Ought self(our representation of what other thinks we should be)

Front 227

Is self esteem higher or lower when three selves are closer to each other?

Back 227

Higher

Front 228

What is self-efficacy?

Back 228

Belief in our ability to succeed

Front 229

What is learned helplessness?

Back 229

Acting as if one is helpless to avoid the pain of something which marks depression

Front 230

What is locus of control?

Back 230

Our judgment about how much control we have over situations. People with external locus of control externalize problems and those with internal locus of control internalize problems

Front 231

According to Freud, when was libido present?

Back 231

Since birth, not from puberty

Front 232

What is fixation?

Back 232

Overindulgence or over frustration that causes anxiety

Front 233

What is neurosis?

Back 233

A functional mental disorder based on personality pattern created to combat anxiety from fixation

Front 234

What are the five stages of Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

Back 234

1.Oral(fixation --> excessive dependence) 2.Anal(fixation--> excessive orderliness/messiness)

3.Phallic(resolution of Oedipus or Electra complex)

4.Latency(libido is sublimated)

5.Genital(healthy heterosexual relationships)

Front 235

What is castration fear? What happens to it according to Freud?

Back 235

During Phallic stage, where male child envies his father for having mother and wants to kill him but is afraid of castration. It is dealt with by child identifying with father

Front 236

What is penis envy?

Back 236

Females don't have castration fear

Front 237

How many stages does Erikson's stages of psychosocial development have?

Back 237

8

Front 238

What is Erikson's first stage?

Back 238

Trust vs Mistrust (Can I trust the world?)

Front 239

What is Erikson's second stage?

Back 239

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt(How much control do I have on the world?)

Front 240

What is Erikson's 3rd stage?

Back 240

Initiative vs Guilt(Is it okay for me to act and do things?)

Front 241

What is Erikson's fourth stage?

Back 241

Industry vs Inferiority (Can I use my abilities in a way to affect in the world in the way I want to?)

Front 242

What is Erikson's fifth stage?

Back 242

Identity vs role confusion (Who am I and what can I be?)

Front 243

What is Erikson's sixth stage?

Back 243

Intimacy vs Isolation (Can I love and have intimate relationships with others?)

Front 244

What is Erikson's seventh stage?

Back 244

Generativity vs stagnation (Can I make my life count?)

Front 245

What is Erikson's last stage?

Back 245

Integrity vs despair(Is it okay to have been me and was my life worth it?)

Front 246

What are Kohlberg's 3 stages of moral development?

Back 246

1.Preconventional morality (in children; stage 1-obedience and stage 2- self interest) 2. Conventional morality(in normal adults; stage 3- conformity and stage 4- law and order) 3. Postconventional morality (only advanced moral skilled adults; stage 5-social contract and stage 6- universal human ethics)

Front 247

What is Vygotsky known for? What does it mean?

Back 247

Zone of proximal development (Skills and abilities that haven't fully developed but in developmental process and need help from more knowledgeable other)

Front 248

What is theory of mind?

Back 248

Ability to sense how another mind works

Front 249

What is looking glass self?

Back 249

Self awareness of how others perceive us

Front 250

What is reference group?

Back 250

The idea that self concept depends on who you compare yourself to

Front 251

What is psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories of personality?

Back 251

Unconscious internal states that motivate overt actions of individuals

Front 252

What is id?

Back 252

Primal basic urges to survive and reproduce

Front 253

The id functions according to pleasure principle- what is pleasure principle?

Back 253

Acheive immediate gratification to relieve any pent up tension

Front 254

What is wish fulfillment? Example?

Back 254

Mental imagery fulfills need for satisfaction. Daydreaming/fantasizing

Front 255

The ego operates according to what principle? What process?

Back 255

Reality principle- takes into account objective reality as it guides/inhibits activity of id and postpones pleasure until satisfaction can be achieved. Secondary

Front 256

What is superego? What is superego divided into?

Back 256

Personality's perfectionist. Conscience- collection of improper actions which are punished and ego-ideal-proper actions which are rewarded

Front 257

According to Freud, id,ego, and superego fall into 3 main categories. What are they?

Back 257

1.Conscious(aware) 2.Unconscious(repressed) 3.Preconscious(aren't currently aware)

Front 258

What is an instinct to Freud?

Back 258

Innate psychological representation of biological need

Front 259

Freud discussed two main types of instincts, what are they?

Back 259

Life instincts/Eros(quest for survival), Death instincts/Thanatos(desire for death)

Front 260

What are defense mechanisms? What are 2 main characteristics?

Back 260

Mechansims that relieve clashes between id and superego. 1.Deny reality 2.Operate unconsciously

Front 261

What is repression? What is difference between reprsession and suppression? Examples between repression and suppression?

Back 261

Ego forcing undesired thoughts and urges to unconscious. Repression is unconscious forgetting, suppression is deliberate forgetting. Repression-ptsd patient forgets a war that he was a part of, Suppression-cancer patient suppresses sadness to enjoy a family dinner

Front 262

What is regression? Example?

Back 262

Reversion to earlier developmental state in response to stress. Talking like a baby when delivering bad news

Front 263

What is reaction formation? Example?

Back 263

Suppression of urges by converting them to opposite feelings. I can't meet Deepika so I hate her

Front 264

What is projection? Example?

Back 264

Attributing undesired feelings to others. If kid says that his friend hates him even tho he actually hates his friend and has no evidence of friend hating him

Front 265

What is Rorschach inkblot test?

Back 265

Test to determine unconscious feelings on to shape

Front 266

What is thematic apperception test?

Back 266

Pictures presented to client and client is supposed to make up a story which reveals their unconscious thoughts and feelings

Front 267

What is rationalization? Example?

Back 267

Justification to behaviors. Justifying that eating eggs at night is healthy @dad

Front 268

What is displacement? Example?

Back 268

Transference of response to another object or person. Getting yelled at by your mom and going to your room and punching a pillow

Front 269

What is sublimation? Example?

Back 269

Transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors. You like a girl so you help her with her homework

Front 270

Carl Jung divided the unconscious into two parts, what are they?

Back 270

1.Personal unconscious-similar to Freud's unconscious and 2.Collective unconscious-shared among all humans and is residue of common experiences

Front 271

What is the definition of Jung's archetypes? What are the four important Jungian archetypes?

Back 271

Emotional element of images of common experiences. 1.Persona-mask we wear in public, 2.Anima- feminine part of man, 3. Animus- masculine part of woman, 4.Shadow- unpleasant and socially unacceptable thoughts in our consciousness

Front 272

What is Jung's definition of self?

Back 272

The intersection between collective unconscious, personal unconscious, and conscious mind(ego)

Front 273

What were Jung's 3 dichotomies of personality?

Back 273

1.Extraversion (E, orientation toward external world) vs Introversion (I, orientation towards inner personal world)

2.Sensing(S, obtaining objective information about world) vs intuiting (N, working with information abstractly)

3.Thinking vs Feeling

Front 274

What is Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)?

Back 274

Classic personality test that involves Jung's 3 dichotomies and 1 more(judging-orderliness vs perceiving-spontaneity)

Front 275

What is Alfred Adler known for? What drives personality for Adler?

Back 275

Inferiority complex- individual's sense of imperfection physically and socially. Striving for superiority (order-benefiting society, disorder-selfishness)

Front 276

What is creative self?

Back 276

Force that drives individual to shape his uniqueness and establishes personality.

Front 277

What is style of life?

Back 277

Person's unique way of achieving superiority

Front 278

What is fictional finalism? What psychologist is it associated with?

Back 278

Motivation by expectations of future is greater than by past experiences. Adler.

Front 279

What is overall difference between Freud, Jung, Adler in terms of motivation?

Back 279

Freud- behavior motivated by innate instincts, Jung- behavior motivated by inborn archetypes, Adler-behavior motivated by striving for superiority

Front 280

What is Horney's primary concept?

Back 280

Basic anxiety- anxiety caused by vulnerability and helplessness by inadequate parenting, Basic hostility- anger caused by neglect/rejection

Front 281

What are Horney's neurotic needs?

Back 281

Strategies used to make life and interactions bearable that are unhealthy if taken to extremes

Front 282

What are object relations theory?

Back 282

Behavior is motivated by need for contact with others

Front 283

What do humanistic or phenomenological theorists focus on?

Back 283

Value of individuals and a more person centered approach than on how people are sick or troubled

Front 284

What is Gestalt therapy?

Back 284

Practitioners tend to take a holistic view of self, seeing each individual as complete person rather than reducing him/her to individual behaviors/drives

Front 285

What is force field theory?

Back 285

Focusing on current state of mind(field) which is sum of influences (forces) on individual at a time

Front 286

What is the focus of humanistic psychology?

Back 286

Reaching self-realization

Front 287

Who was responsible for the concept of self-actualization?

Back 287

Maslow, who had the hierarchy of needs

Front 288

What are peak experiences according to Maslow? Who is more likely to have them?

Back 288

Profound and deeply moving experiences that have important effects on people. Self-actualized people

Front 289

What is personal construct psychology? What psychologist came up with i

Back 289

Individual is like a scientist and tests accuracy of constructs about the world. George Kelly

Front 290

What is client centered, person catered, nondirective therapy? Which psychologist is responsible for this and for real and ideal self?

Back 290

People have freedom to control their own behavior and therapist can help client do things to determine their destiny. Carl Rogers

Front 291

What is unconditional positive regard? Which psychologist made this?

Back 291

Total acceptance of client and expression of empathy. Carl Rogers

Front 292

What are type theorists? Example of type theory?

Back 292

Attempt to create classification of personality types. Type A(competitive and compulsive behavior) and Type B(laid back and relaxesd)

Front 293

What are trait theorists?

Back 293

Those who describe personality as sum of behaviors

Front 294

Ancient Greeks made personality types based on...?

Back 294

Humors/body fluids and imbalance lead to personality disorders

Front 295

What are somatotypes? Which psychologist?

Back 295

Basing personality based on body type. William Sheldon

Front 296

What do trait theorists do? Which psychologist?

Back 296

Use grouping of behaviors to describe individuals. Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Front 297

What model do Eysencks use to describe individuals? What did this model expand to.

Back 297

PEN model, P-Psychoticism(non-conformity), E-Extraversion(tolerance for social interaction or stimulation), N-Neuroticism(emotional arousal in stress situations). OCEAN model, O-Openness, C-Conscientious, E-Extraversion, A-Agreeablenees, N-Neuroticism

Front 298

Which psychologist listed cardinal, central, and secondary traits? What are those?

Back 298

Gordon Allport. Cardinal-trait person organizes their life around, Central-major characteristics that are easier to infer, Secondary-characteristics that appear in specific social situations

Front 299

What is major part of Allport theory?

Back 299

Functional autonomy-continuation of behavior after satisfaction of drive that caused behavior

Front 300

What did psychologist David McClelland do? Do these types of people described by McClelland take or avoid high risks? Take or avoid low risks?

Back 300

Developed need for achievement (N-Ach) trait that people who are concerned with achievements and pride their accomplishments have. Avoid both

Front 301

What is behaviorist perspective? Which psychologist responsible? What therapy would be applicable?

Back 301

Personality is reinforced behaviors over time. Skinner. Operant conditioning technique to change behaviors

Front 302

What are token economies?

Back 302

Example of therapy from behaviorist perspective that reward positive behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged by other reinforcers

Front 303

What is social cognitive perspective? Which psychologist?

Back 303

Focuses on how environment influences behavior(like Skinner's behaviorist perspective) and also focuses on how we influence environment. Albert Bandura

Front 304

What is reciprocal determinism? What is it a central concept in?

Back 304

Thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in given situation. Social cognitive perspective

Front 305

What is biological perspective? What is it's opposite?

Back 305

Personality explained due to genetic expression in brain. Social cognitive perspective.

Front 306

What is dispositional approach vs situational approach?

Back 306

Dispositional- Behavior determined by personality, Situational-behavior determined by environment/context

Front 307

What is biomedical approach vs biopsychosocial approach?

Back 307

Biomedical- interventions to reduce symptoms of psychological disorders, Biopsychosocial- biological (genetic disorder), psychological (disorder of thoughts, emotions, behaviors), and social (disorder from environment and surroundings)

Front 308

What is the goal of biomedical model? What is goal of biopsychosocial model?

Back 308

Provide direct therapy. Provide both direct and indirect therapy

Front 309

What is DSM-5?

Back 309

A manual that is a compilation of many psychological disorders based in symptom description and used to diagnose patients

Front 310

How many diagnostic classes does DSM-5 have?

Back 310

20

Front 311

What is a psychotic disorder? What is most prototypical example?

Back 311

A condition in which an individual suffers from delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior. Schizophrenia

Front 312

What is schizophrenia?

Back 312

A demonstration of signs of mental disturbance for at least 6 months and one month of active symptoms of disorganized behavior and thought and delusions/hallucinations

Front 313

What are positive symptoms? Examples in schizophrenia?

Back 313

Behavior, thought, or feelings added to normal behavior. Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and behavior.

Front 314

What are negative symptoms?

Back 314

Absence of normal behavior

Front 315

What two dimensions are positive symptoms split into?

Back 315

1. Psychotic dimension- delusions and hallucinations 2. Disorganized dimension-disorganized thought and behavior

Front 316

What are delusions?

Back 316

False beliefs discordant with reality AND not shared by others in individual's culture

Front 317

What are delusions of reference?(Think Poornima and red doll in house)

Back 317

Common elements in environment are directed toward individual

Front 318

What are delusions of persecution?(Poornima and people trynna get Ujju)

Back 318

Belief that person is being targeted and persecuted deliberately

Front 319

What are delusions of grandeur?

Back 319

Individual is grand and remarkable in some type of way

Front 320

What is thought broadcasting?

Back 320

The belief that one's thoughts are broadcasted to everyone

Front 321

What is thought insertion?

Back 321

The idea that thoughts are being placed into head

Front 322

What are hallucinations? What is most common type?

Back 322

Perceptions not because of external stimuli but believe that it is real. Auditory is most common, then visual and touch, and then smell and taste

Front 323

What is disorganized thought?

Back 323

Characterized by loosening of associations that causes speech to have no structure and incomprehensible

Front 324

What is a word salad?

Back 324

The idea that words are thrown together incomprehensibly, seen in patients who have disorganized thought

Front 325

What are neoglisms?

Back 325

New words that are invented

Front 326

What is disorganized behavior?

Back 326

Inability to carry out activities of daily living

Front 327

What is catatonia?

Back 327

Motor behaviors that are marked in schizophrenics. Some involve a rigid posture and lack of motion, others are random movements

Front 328

What is echolalia?

Back 328

A catatonic behavior involving repeating another's words.

Front 329

What is echopraxia?

Back 329

Repeating another's actions

Front 330

What is disturbance of affect?

Back 330

Disturbances in emotion being shown or experienced

Front 331

What is blunting?

Back 331

Reduction in intensity of experiencing and display of emotion

Front 332

What is flat affect?

Back 332

No signs of emotional expression

Front 333

What is inappropriate affect?

Back 333

Showing inappropriate emotion

Front 334

What is avolition?

Back 334

Decreased engagement in purposeful/goal-directed actions

Front 335

What is prodromal phase?

Back 335

A phase before onset of disorder and active phase of symptoms

Front 336

How does schizophrenia connect to downward drift hypothesis?

Back 336

Schizophrenia-->decline in socioeconomic status-->worsening of symptoms

Front 337

What is major depressive disorder?

Back 337

Mood disorder characterized by at least 1 depressive episode

Front 338

What is anhedonia?

Back 338

Loss of interest in formerly enjoyable activities

Front 339

At least one symptom in major depressive event had to be what?

Back 339

Either depress mood or anhedonia

Front 340

What is dysthymia?

Back 340

Depressed mood not severe enough to meet criteria of major depressive episode

Front 341

What are symptoms of major depressive episode?

Back 341

SIG E CAPS

S-sleep disturbance

I-interest decrease

G-guilt increase

E-Energy decreased

C-Concentration decrease

A-Appetite disturbance

P-Psychomotor symptoms

S-Suicidal thoughts

Front 342

What is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)? How is it caused potentially? How is it treated?

Back 342

Major depressive disorder in winter months. By abnormal melatonin metabolism. With bright light therapy

Front 343

What are bipolar disorders?

Back 343

Mood disorder characterized by depression and mania

Front 344

What are manic episodes? How do they compare to depression in terms of onset time and duration?

Back 344

Abnormal and elevated mood. Faster onset and smaller duration than depressive episodes

Front 345

What is bipolar 1 disorder? What is bipolar 2 disorder?

Back 345

Manic episodes w/wo major depressive episodes. Hypomania (less mania) with at least one depressive episode

Front 346

What impairs functioning more, mania or hypomania?

Back 346

Mania

Front 347

What are symptoms of manic episode?

Back 347

DIG FAST

D-Distractible

I-Insomnia

G-Grandiosity

F-flight of ideas/racing thought

A-agitation

S- speech(pressured)

T-Thoughtfulness(risky behavior)

Front 348

What is cyclothymic disorder?

Back 348

Combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia not severe enough to be counted as major depressive disorder

Front 349

What is monoamine/catecholamine theory of depression?

Back 349

Too much NE and serotonin-->mania, too little-->depression

Front 350

What is most common treatment for depression?

Back 350

SSRI- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that blocks reuptake of serotonin and leaves it in synapse longer.

Front 351

What is most common psychiatric disorder in women of all ages?

Back 351

Anxiety disorders

Front 352

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

Back 352

Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things

Front 353

What is a specific phobia?

Back 353

Anxiety produced by certain object or situation

Front 354

How does T3 and T4 affect anxiety? What do doctors have to do when trying to diagnose anxiety disorder?

Back 354

Hyperthyroidism or excessive T3 and T4 because increasing metabolic rate creates anxiety symptoms. Rule out hyperthyroidism

Front 355

What is social anxiety disorder? Example?

Back 355

Anxiety because of social situations. Stage fright

Front 356

What is agoraphobia?

Back 356

Anxiety disorder because of fear being in places where it is hard to escape

Front 357

What is panic disorder?

Back 357

Repeated panic attacks (excess activation of sympathetic nervous system)

Front 358

What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder(OCD)?

Back 358

Characterized by obsessions(persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses)-->tension and compulsions (repetitive tasks)-->relieves tension

Front 359

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

Back 359

Unrealistic negative evaluation of personal appearance/body part

Front 360

What is PTSD?

Back 360

Stress disorder after experiencing/witnessing traumatic event with symptoms lasting for one month+

Front 361

What are intrusion symptoms?

Back 361

Symptoms caused by recurrent reliving of traumatic event

Front 362

What are avoidance symptoms?

Back 362

Deliberate attempts to avoid memories and stuff associated with traumatic event

Front 363

What are negative cognitive symptoms?

Back 363

Inability to recall key features about event and negative view of world

Front 364

What are arousal symptoms?

Back 364

Increased alertness dude to stress disorder

Front 365

What is acute stress disorder?

Back 365

Same thing as PTSD but symptoms last for less than month

Front 366

What is a dissociative disorder?

Back 366

Individual avoids stress by "dissociating" from identity.

Front 367

What is dissociative amnesia?

Back 367

Inability to recall past experiences linked to trauma

Front 368

What is dissociative fugue?

Back 368

Loss of sense of personal identity and impulsively wander away from home

Front 369

What is dissociative identity disorder?

Back 369

Multiple personality disorder when components of identity fail to integrate

Front 370

What is depersonalization disoder? What is derealization disorder?

Back 370

Individuals feel detached from mind and body. Individuals feel detached from surroundings

Front 371

What is somatic symptom disorder?

Back 371

Extreme and unreasonable focus on physical symptoms such as pain and fatigue which causes emotional distress

Front 372

What is illness anxiety disorder?

Back 372

Always having thoughts about having or developing serious medical conditions

Front 373

What is conversion disorder? Example?

Back 373

Unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions due generally to high stress event. Mother watching son die, goes blind

Front 374

What is la belle indifference?

Back 374

Person is unconcerned by symptom

Front 375

What is personality disorder?

Back 375

Pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive causing distress or impaired functioning

Front 376

What is ego-syntonic? What is ego-dystonic?

Back 376

A characteristic of people with personality disorder that think that their behavior is correct. Perceiving behavior or action as bad or not in line with self concept

Front 377

How many clusters are the ten personality disorders grouped into? What are three clusters called?

Back 377

3.Cluster A, Cluster B, and Cluster C

Front 378

What disorders are in cluster A? Describe each briefly

Back 378

Paranoid- distrust of others, Schizotypal- odd and eccentric thinking such as superstitiousness, Schizoid- detachment from social interaction

Front 379

What are disorders in cluster B?

Back 379

1.Antisocial- Disregard for and violation of others (Ratchasan) 2.Borderline- intense and instability interpersonal behavior, use cutting,burning and suicide 3.Histrionic- Attention seeking and over the top 4.Narcissistic- Fragile self esteem and how others view them and need for constant admiration

Front 380

What are disorders in cluster C?

Back 380

1.Avoidant- Extreme shyness and fear of rejection 2.Dependent- continuous need for reassurance from someone else 3.Obsessive -compulsive personality disorder- perfectionistic and inflexible and likes rules and order

Front 381

What is difference between OCD and OPCD?

Back 381

OCD- obsessions create tension and compulsion(repetitive behavior) releases tension, OPCD-keepings things organized, orderly and perfect

Front 382

What are the overall attributes of disorders in cluster A?

Back 382

Odd and eccentric and weird

Front 383

What are the overall attributes of disorders in cluster B?

Back 383

Dramatic and emotional

Front 384

What are the overall attributes of disorders in cluster C?

Back 384

Anxious and fearful

Front 385

Schizophrenia is associated with excess of what neurotransmitter?

Back 385

Dopamine

Front 386

What is used to treat schizophrenia? How does it work fundamentally?

Back 386

Antipsychotics/neuroleptics. They work by blocking dopamine receptors because excess dopamine-->schizophrenia

Front 387

What happens to amount of neurotransmitters in depressive disorders?

Back 387

Decreased NE, serotonin, and dopamine production, high cortisol

Front 388

What happens to neurotransmitters in bipolar disorder?

Back 388

Increased norepinephrine and serotonin

Front 389

What is Alzheimer's disease? What 3 genes have shown to be mutated in Alzheimers?

Back 389

Type of dementia characterized by gradual memory loss that inhibits fucntion. 1.Presenilin, 2.Apolipoprotein E, and 3.Beta Amyloid Precursor Protein

Front 390

Is a person with Down Syndrome more or less likely to have Alzheimer's? Why?

Back 390

More likely. Because one mutation in Alzheimers is on chromosome 21(Beta amyloid precursor protein) that is part of Down Syndrome

Front 391

What is Beta Amyloid protein?Why is it important in Alzheimers?

Back 391

Misfolded protein in beta pleated sheet form that can cause plaques in brain

Front 392

What does choline aceyltransferase(ChAT) do? How is it related to Alzheimer's?

Back 392

Enzyme that produces acetylcholine. Reduction in ChAT in Alzheimers so less neurotransmitter release

Front 393

What 6 things is Parkinson's disease characterized by?

Back 393

1.Bradykinesia- slow movements

2.Resting tremor- shaking when muscles aren't being used

3.Pill-rolling tremor- movement of fingers as if rolling a pill in them

4.Masklike facies- expressionless facial features and open mouth

5.Cogwheel rigidity - muscle tension that stops movement

6.Shuffling gait - stooped posture(hunched over)

Front 394

What is biological cause of Parkinson's in terms of neurotransmitter? What structures are involved in Parkinsons?

Back 394

Decreased dopamine production in substantia nigra. Substantia nigra- produce dopamine, Basal ganglia-initiates and terminates movements and smoothens motion using dopamine.

Front 395

How is Parkinson's treated(2 ways)?

Back 395

L-DOPA = precursor that is converted to dopamine in brain. Also stem cell therapy to regenerate dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

Front 396

What is social action?

Back 396

Kinda like behaving in public. Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

Front 397

What is social interaction?

Back 397

Behavior of 2+ people who take each other into account

Front 398

What is social facilitation?

Back 398

Performance of simple task increases when being watched

Front 399

What is Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation?

Back 399

Being in presence of others enhances performance of simple tasks and hinders performance of complex tasks

Front 400

What is deindividuation?

Back 400

Loss of self awareness and taking on group identity

Front 401

What causes antinormative behavior? What is it?

Back 401

Could be caused by deindividuation. Antinormative behavior is behavior against the norm(like group riots where individual loses sense of individuality)

Front 402

Does deindividuation increase or decrease anonymity?

Back 402

Increase

Front 403

What is bystander effect?

Back 403

Individuals don't interventions to help victims when others are present(Think in Yevadu where the journalist is getting killed and no one helps)

Front 404

What are four factors that explain bystander effect?

Back 404

1.in groups, people are less likely to notice 2. If other people not helping, then it must not be a threat

3. low sense of responsibility from bystander

4. group dynamic(if they are friends of victim vs random strangers)

Front 405

What is social loafing?

Back 405

Individuals put less effort in group setting than individually

Front 406

What is peer pressure?

Back 406

Social influence placed on individual by another individual or group of people

Front 407

What two themes are associated with peer pressure? Describe each briefly

Back 407

1. Identity shift effect- individual adopts standards of group to eliminate internal conflict associated with conforming to the group rather than having an individual opinion. 2. Cognitive dissonance-two opposing thoughts or opinions

Front 408

What experiment demonstrated conformity to group even if against individual desire?

Back 408

Asch conformity experiment

Front 409

What is group polarization?

Back 409

Groups make more extreme decisions than each of the individuals ideas and inclinations

Front 410

What is risky shift vs choice shift vs group polarization?

Back 410

Risky and choice shifts describe behavior at group level where groups tend to make riskier decisions than individual (risky) which is outdated and where groups can make either more risky or more cautious decisions (choice). Group polarization is behavior at individual level

Front 411

What is groupthink? Which scientist studied this?

Back 411

Desire for harmony and conformity in group results in poor decision making. Irving Janis

Front 412

What is groupthink? Which scientist studied this?

Back 412

Desire for harmony and conformity in group results in poor decision making. Irving Janis

Front 413

What are 8 parts of groupthink according to Janis?

Back 413

1. Illusion of invulnerability (encouraging of risk taking)

2. Collective rationalization (ignoring warnings against ideas of group)

3. Illusion of morality (group decisions are morally correct)

4. Excessive stereotyping (making stereotypes against outside opinions)

5. Pressure for conformity (pressure on anyone who disagrees with group)

6. Self censorship (holding back opposing views)

7. Illusion of unanimity (false sense of thinking that everyone agrees in group)

8. Mindguards (appointing people in the group to protect against opposing views)

Front 414

What is a fad?

Back 414

A popular and desire behavior that is a trend and is transient

Front 415

What is mass hysteria? Example?

Back 415

Shared intense concern about threats to society. Salem witch trials

Front 416

Beliefs, behaviors, actions and characteristics of a group are collectively known as what?

Back 416

Culture

Front 417

What is culture shock?

Back 417

Traveling outside of one's own society and observing dramatic cultural differences

Front 418

What is cultural assimilation?

Back 418

Individual's or group's behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

Front 419

What are the four factors used to assess assimilation?

Back 419

Socioeconomic status, geographic distribution, language attainment, intermarriage between two cultures

Front 420

What are ethnic enclaves?

Back 420

Locations/places with high concentration of one culture that slows down assimilation

Front 421

What is multiculturalism? How is it different from assimilation?

Back 421

Multiculturalism-celebration of coexisting cultures (cultural mosaic), Assimilation- merging of cultures into one

Front 422

What are subcultures?

Back 422

Groups within a culture that have characteristics that make them different from primary culture

Front 423

What is counterculture?

Back 423

Subculture that moves toward identity that is in opposition of major culture

Front 424

What is cultural transmission/cultural learning?

Back 424

The way in which society socializes its members

Front 425

What is cultural diffusion?

Back 425

Spread of norms, customs, and beliefs throughout the culture

Front 426

What is primary socialization?

Back 426

Learning acceptable actions and attitudes via observation of parents and close adults

Front 427

What is secondary socialization?

Back 427

Learning appropriate behavior outside of home like are school, church, gym, etc

Front 428

What is anticipatory socialization? Examples?

Back 428

Preparation for future changes. Couple living together in prep for married life

Front 429

What is resocialization? Example?

Back 429

Discarding old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change(positive and negative). Soldiers trained to discard hesitation and obey orders and commands

Front 430

What are norms?

Back 430

Rules that define boundaries of acceptable behaviors

Front 431

What are mores?

Back 431

Widely observed social norms

Front 432

What is social control?

Back 432

Regulation of behavior if individuals and groups

Front 433

What are sanctions?

Back 433

Punishments for misconduct and rewards for good behavior used to maintain social control

Front 434

What is taboo?

Back 434

Opposite of norm, behavior that is socially unacceptable

Front 435

What are folkways? Example?

Back 435

Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in certain social situations. Dapping everyone up after a pickup game at the rec

Front 436

What are agents of socialization? Examples?

Back 436

People that facilitate socialization (spreading of beliefs and culture). Government, media, family, peers, colleagues, school, work, etc

Front 437

What is deviance? Is it negative?

Back 437

Violation of norms/rules in society. Not necessarily negative, just different than what society expects

Front 438

What is stigma?

Back 438

Disapproval/dislike of person/group because of differences

Front 439

What is labeling theory?

Back 439

Putting labels on people leads to how others think and behave towards them and how they think about themselves. This could cause adoption(biker gang) or rejection of label (like a bullying victim)

Front 440

What is differential association theory?

Back 440

Kind of like power of association. Associating with deviant people influences individual to engage in deviant behavior and associating with norm-abiding people influences individual to engage in rule following

Front 441

What is strain theory? Example?

Back 441

Deviance occurs because of disconnect between social goals and social structure. Social goal = getting rich but social structure cannot ensure this for all and those who deviate are part of theory

Front 442

What is conformity?

Back 442

Matching beliefs to social norms

Front 443

What is major influence?

Back 443

Same thing as conformity (it's stupid they have multiple words)

Front 444

What is internalization?

Back 444

A type of conformity that changes ones behavior to fit with group and privately agreeing with those ideas

Front 445

What is identification?

Back 445

A type of conformity that involves outward acceptance but not internalizing those beliefs

Front 446

What is name of classic experiment looking at internalization?

Back 446

Zimbardos Stanford Prison Experiment (guards and prisoners conformed to their roles)

Front 447

What is compliance?

Back 447

Change in behavior based on direct request

Front 448

What is foot in the door technique?

Back 448

Compliance technique on which small request is made and when compliance is gained, a larger request is made

Front 449

What is door in the face technique?

Back 449

Large request is made first and if refused, smaller request(actual goal) is made

Front 450

What is low ball technique?

Back 450

Gaining initial compliance to a commitment and raise the cost of the commitment (in terms of time, money, etc)

Front 451

What is that's not all technique? Example?

Back 451

Individual is made an offer and told that deal is even better than expected. Infomercials-But if you call right now, you get more **** for free!

Front 452

What is obedience? How is it different from compliance?

Back 452

Changing ones behavior in response to authority figure. Compliance=request from people with no authority, Obedience=changing behavior to obey authority

Front 453

What experiment is associated with obedience?

Back 453

Milgram's experiment where teachers were convinced to administer "shocks" to students due to authority instruction despite discomfort in doing so

Front 454

What is social cognition?

Back 454

Way in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

Front 455

What is attitude?

Back 455

Expression of positive or negative feelings towards something

Front 456

What are three primary components of attitude and describe each briefly?

Back 456

1.Affective(how person feels about something emotionally), 2.Behavioral(how person acts towards something), 3.Cognitive(how person thinks about something)

Front 457

What is functional attitudes theory?

Back 457

Attitudes have 4 functions(knowledge, ego expression, adaptation, ego defense)

Front 458

What is knowledge function of attitude?

Back 458

Knowing attitudes of others helps to predict their behavior

Front 459

What is ego expressive function of attitudes? Example?

Back 459

Communicate and solidify self identity. Me wearing a Booker jersey to identify with Suns

Front 460

What is adaptive attitude?

Back 460

Person will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed

Front 461

What is ego defensive attitude? Example?

Back 461

Attitudes that protect self esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong. Child who struggles in math develops negative attitude towards it

Front 462

What is learning theory?

Back 462

Attitudes are developed through learning

Front 463

What is elaboration likelihood model? Example?

Back 463

Separates individual between those who engage with deep thinking (high elaboration, central route processing) and those who focus on superficial details (low elaboration,peripheral route processing). Voters vote based on political campaign arguments and platform(central) vs those about vote based on appearance or personality(peripheral)

Front 464

What is social cognitive theory?

Back 464

People learn how to behave and shape attitudes via observation of others

Front 465

What are three factors in social cognitive theory?

Back 465

Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence each other

Front 466

Who was important in social cognitive theory? What is example of social cognitive theory?

Back 466

Bandura. Work ethic influenced by how hard their colleagues work(behavior), previous attitudes towards hard work (personal), and systems and infrastructure of company (environment)

Front 467

Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation includes what there things?

Back 467

Behavioral factors, personal factors, and environmental factors

Front 468

What is a status? Example?

Back 468

Positions in society used to classify individuals. Being a premed student or an athlete

Front 469

What is ascribed status? Example?

Back 469

Involuntarily given status. Race, ethnicity, gender

Front 470

What is achieved status? Example?

Back 470

Status that is gained because of one's efforts/choices. Being a doctor

Front 471

What is a master status? What is a problem with it? Example?

Back 471

Status by which someone is most identified by. People tend to pigeonhole individuals by only viewing him through master status. Kobe tries to avoid his master status as a basketball player and become more than an athlete

Front 472

What is a role?

Back 472

Set of beliefs and values that define expectations for those who hold a status

Front 473

What is role performance? Example?

Back 473

A skill that involves carrying out behaviors associated with given role. Kobe's role performance is to be the closer at end of games

Front 474

What is role partner? Example?

Back 474

Person with whom the individual is interacting with. A doctor would act differently to one role partner(a patient for example) than another (a nurse)

Front 475

What is a role set?

Back 475

Set of roles associated with a status

Front 476

What is role conflict? Example?

Back 476

Difficulty satisfying requirements/expectations of many roles. In Air Force 1, Harrison Ford has a hard time balancing out the role of being the President and being a father to decide between fate of country and his own daughter

Front 477

What is role strain? Example?

Back 477

Difficulty in satisfying many requirements of same role. A doctor could have trouble talking to patients extensively and remaining on time for next appointment

Front 478

What is role exit? Example?

Back 478

Dropping of one identity for another. Kobe retired from basketball to become a storyteller

Front 479

What is a group?

Back 479

Two or more people who share similar characteristics and sense of unity

Front 480

What is dyad vs triad?

Back 480

Dyad = social group of two people and Triad = social group of three people

Front 481

What do many sociologists see as most important characteristic that strengthens social group?

Back 481

Social interaction

Front 482

What is peer group? Example?

Back 482

Association of self selected equals around similar ages, interests, and statuses. Friend groups/study groups

Front 483

What is a family group? Example?

Back 483

Not self-selected but determined by birth, adoption, and marriage.You and your siblings and parents

Front 484

What are in-groups? What are out-groups?

Back 484

Groups which individual belongs to. Groups which individual doesn't belong to and opposes

Front 485

What are reference groups? Example?

Back 485

Establish terms by which individuals evaluate themselves. You compare yourself to other shooting guards on the basketball team to see how good you are

Front 486

What are primary groups? What are secondary groups?

Back 486

Interactions are direct with close bonds that last long time (my roomies). Interactions that were superficial with few emotional bonds(random people working together on group project)

Front 487

What is Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft? Examples? Who came up with it?

Back 487

Gemeinschaft is community(feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs). Example =Family. Gesellschaft is society (mutual self interests and work together to a common goal). Example=Company. Tonnies.

Front 488

What is interaction process analysis?

Back 488

Technique for observing group interactions

Front 489

What is system for multiple level observation of groups(SYMLOG)? 3 parts?

Back 489

Revised form of interaction process analysis based on three fundamental dimensions of interaction. Domiance vs submission, friendliness vs unfriendliness, instrumentally controlled vs emotionally expressive

Front 490

What is network?

Back 490

Observable pattern of social relationships

Front 491

What is network redundancy?

Back 491

Overlapping connections with same individual

Front 492

What is immediate network vs distant network?

Back 492

Immediate -dense with strong ties(close friends), Distant-loose with weak ties(acquaintances)

Front 493

What are organizations in sociology? Examples?

Back 493

Entities set up to achieve specific goals with structure and culture. Frats, schools, companies, etc

Front 494

How do formal organizations differ from groups?4 ways

Back 494

1. Continue despite departure of certain member, 2. have expressed goals, 3. enforcement procedures that control activities of members, and 4. division of roles and labor to members

Front 495

What is characteristic institution? What is our characteristic institution in particular?

Back 495

Organization of society. Bureaucracy

Front 496

What is bureaucracy?

Back 496

System of political organization and administration that are less efficient than other organizations

Front 497

What is iron law of oligarchy?

Back 497

Democratic or bureaucratic systems shift to being ruled by elite group

Front 498

What is McDonaldization? Example?

Back 498

A term used to refer today shift in focus to efficiency and predictability. The footer at bottom of TV screen during a playoff game that shows the score makes it efficient to communicate and predictable for audience

Front 499

What is self-presentation/impression management?

Back 499

Influencing how others perceive us

Front 500

What is basic model of emotional expression? Who was responsible for it?

Back 500

Emotional expression has multiple components such as facial expressions, postures, voice changes, etc. Darwin

Front 501

What is appraisal model?

Back 501

Biological predetermined expressions exist once emotion is experienced and there is thought behind it

Front 502

What is social construction model?

Back 502

No biological basis for emotions and emotions are based on experiences and situational context alone. Person has to be familiar with social norms to perform emotional behavior

Front 503

What are display rules? Example?

Back 503

Cultural expectations of emotions. In Indian culture, you absolutely cannot disrespect your parents in any measure

Front 504

How can emotional expressions be controlled?

Back 504

Faking an emotion that isn't felt, masking emotion with another emotion, neutralizing any emotional expression

Front 505

What is cultural syndrome? Difference between individualistic cultural syndrome vs collectivist cultural syndrome?

Back 505

Set of beliefs and values centered around central theme. Individualistic-expressing emotion based on personal glory vs Collectivist-expressing emotion based on group effort rather than individual

Front 506

Does gender play a role in emotional expression?

Back 506

Yes, men show anger more in public and suppress sadness emotion relative to women

Front 507

What is impression management/self-presentation?

Back 507

Our attempts to influence how others perceive us

Front 508

What is authentic self?

Back 508

Describes both positive and negative attributes of person

Front 509

What is ideal self?

Back 509

Describes who we would like to be

Front 510

What is tactical self?

Back 510

Description of how we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others expectations of us(similar to ought self)

Front 511

What is self disclosure? Example?

Back 511

Impression management technique that involves sharing factual information. Disclosing that I am premed student

Front 512

What is managing appearances? Example?

Back 512

Using props and appearance and emotional expression to create positive image. Wearing a stethoscope to creative positive image of doctor

Front 513

What is ingratiation? Example?

Back 513

Using flattery/conformity to win someone over. Complimenting someone before asking for favor

Front 514

What is aligning actions? Example?

Back 514

Making questionable behavior acceptable with excuses. I got a bad grade because I didn't get enough rest

Front 515

What is alter casting? Example?

Back 515

Imposing identity onto another person. As a good basketball player(indicating that you are a good one).....

Front 516

What is Goffman's dramaturgical approach of impression management? What are two components of this concept?

Back 516

Describes how individuals create images of themselves in various situations. Front stage(actor conforms to image he wants others to see) and back stage (actor not being watched by audience and acts in ways not in line with desired public image)

Front 517

What is Mead's theory of self?

Back 517

The duality of me(response to environment) and I (creative expression of individual)

Front 518

What is communication?

Back 518

Ability to convey information

Front 519

What is verbal vs nonverbal communication?

Back 519

Verbal-use of words (written or spoken), Nonverbal-intentional/unintentional communication without words

Front 520

What is animal communication? Examples?

Back 520

Behavior of one animal that affects behavior of another.Body language, facial expressions, visual displays, scents, and vocalization

Front 521

Example of body language in animal communication?

Back 521

Cats recoil and are very still when scared

Front 522

Example of facial expressions in animal communication?

Back 522

Lions roar and show their teeth telling stuff to back off and to let them know that they are in charge

Front 523

Example of visual display for communication?

Back 523

Birds of paradise do dance to attract mates

Front 524

Example of scents in animal communication?

Back 524

Pheromones used to mark territory (leopards) or for self defense (skunks)

Front 525

Example of vocalizations as animal communication?

Back 525

Bird calls used to attract mates or warn of thereat

Front 526

What is interpersonal attraction? What are some things attraction is based on?

Back 526

Phenomenon of individuals liking each other. Similarity, proximity, outward appearance

Front 527

What is golden ratio?

Back 527

Individuals with a certain body proportion that induces attraction

Front 528

What is self disclosure?

Back 528

Sharing one's thoughts and feelings with someone else and being met with nonjudgmental empathy

Front 529

What is reciprocal liking?

Back 529

Liking others more when they believe that others like them

Front 530

What is proximity?

Back 530

Liking something because of being physically close

Front 531

What is mere exposure/familiarity effect?

Back 531

Liking something the more you are exposed to it

Front 532

Are most displays or aggression settled by actual bodily harm or by threat and withdrawal?

Back 532

By threat and withdrawal

Front 533

What is the function of aggressive behavior?

Back 533

Defense against threat and gain access to resources (food,water, mates)

Front 534

What brain structure, if activated, increases aggression?

Back 534

Amygdala

Front 535

What is cognitive neoassociation model?

Back 535

More likely to respond to others aggressively when we feel negative emotions (hungry, tired, pain)

Front 536

What is a secure base in attachment?

Back 536

A caregiver who is consistent, available, comforting, and responsive

Front 537

What is secure attachment?

Back 537

Child has a secure base in a consistent caregiver

Front 538

What is avoidant attachment?

Back 538

Caregiver has little or no response to distressed child

Front 539

What is ambivalent attachment/anxious-ambivalent attachment?

Back 539

Caregiver has inconsistent response to child's distress(sometimes responding and sometimes neglecting). Child is anxious about reliability of caregiver and cannot form secure base

Front 540

What is disorganized attachment?

Back 540

Child shows mix of different behaviors including avoidance, seeming dazed, repeating behaviors

Front 541

What is social support? When is it most pronounced?

Back 541

Perception or reality that one is cared for by social network. During a personal/family tragedy

Front 542

What is emotional support? Example?

Back 542

Listening, affirming, and empathizing. Saying I understand to when someone is telling you about their problems

Front 543

What is esteem support? Example?

Back 543

Affirming qualities and skills of a person. Telling an athlete who is injured that he can get through the obstacle because he is strong willed

Front 544

What is material/tangible support? Example?

Back 544

Financial or material contribution. Giving a kid an ice cream cone when he is upset

Front 545

What is informational support? Example?

Back 545

Providing information to help someone. Doctors provide information to help patients understand things

Front 546

What is network support? Example?

Back 546

Support that gives an individual a sense of belonging. Inside jokes in a friend group that an individual understands

Front 547

What are some health benefits of having social support?

Back 547

Low levels of major mental disorders, alcohol and drug use, suicidal ideation, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, etc

Front 548

What is foraging? What brain structure is responsible for promoting hunger?What brain structure is responsible for promoting satiety?

Back 548

Seeking out and eating food. Lateral hypothalamus. Ventromedial hypothalamus.

Front 549

What is mating system? Examples?

Back 549

Organization of group's sexual behavior. Monogamy/polygamy

Front 550

What is difference between polygyny and polyandry?

Back 550

Both are subsets of polygamy

Polygyny-1 male, multiple females, Polyandry-1 female, multiple males

Front 551

What is promiscuity?

Back 551

Member of one sex mating with any member of opposite sex without exclusivity (pretty much being a ho)

Front 552

What is mate choices/intersexual selection?

Back 552

Selection of mate based on attraction

Front 553

What is mate bias?

Back 553

How choosy members of species are while choosing a mate(pretty much having standards)

Front 554

What are direct benefits of choosing a good mate?

Back 554

Protection, emotional support, material stuff

Front 555

What are indirect benefits of choosing a good mate?

Back 555

Promoting better survival in offspring

Front 556

What are phenotypic benefits? Example?

Back 556

Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive. Men with babies are more attractive because they could potentially care for offspring

Front 557

What is sensory bias? Example?

Back 557

Development of trait to match pre-existing preference. Male crabs develop ability to build pillars to match pre-existing preference of female crabs to see a broken horizon for food

Front 558

What is Fisherian/runaway selection? Example?

Back 558

Selection for a trait because of its attractiveness that has no effect on a negative effect on survival. Peacock feathers

Front 559

What are indicator traits?

Back 559

Attraction to traits that indicate good health and well being of organism

Front 560

What is genetic compatibility?

Back 560

Attraction to different genetic makeups than oneself to reduce chance of disease in offspring

Front 561

What is altruism?

Back 561

Helping someone else at a cost to oneself

Front 562

What is empathy-altruism hypothesis?

Back 562

Individual helps someone else because of empathy towards that person regardless of cost to individual

Front 563

What is game theory?

Back 563

A way to explain decision making behavior

Front 564

What is evolutionary stable strategy?

Back 564

A concept in game theory that focuses on preventing alternative strategies through natural selection

Front 565

What is Hawk-Dove game?

Back 565

Classic evolutionarily game used in game theory. If two hawks fight, one wins and one loses. If one hawk and one dove fight, hawk wins. If two doves fight, they share resources. Hawks have advantage when reward>cost of fighting and doves have advantage when cost of fighting>reward

Front 566

What is cooperation?

Back 566

Alternative to pure competition where both donor and recipient benefit

Front 567

What is spite?

Back 567

Both donor and recipient are negatively impacted(opposite of cooperation)

Front 568

What is selfishness?

Back 568

Opposite of altruism, donor benefits and recipient negatively impacted

Front 569

What is inclusive fitness? How is it related to altruism? Example?

Back 569

Measure of organism's success in population based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to support others. Promotes that altruistic behavior can improve fitness and success of species. Bees may engage in altruistic behavior to help relatives with similar genes

Front 570

What is social perception/cognition?

Back 570

Provides tools to make judgments and impressions about other people

Front 571

What are three components of social perception?

Back 571

1.Perceiver-influenced by past experiences, motives, and emotional state

2.Target- the person about which the perception is made

3. Situation - social context

Front 572

What is primacy effect?

Back 572

First impressions are most important

Front 573

What is recency effect?

Back 573

Most recent information is most important in forming opinions

Front 574

What is reliance on central traits?

Back 574

People tend to organize perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to perceiver

Front 575

What is implicit personality theory?

Back 575

The idea that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related

Front 576

What is halo effect? Example?

Back 576

Judgments about specific aspect of individual can be affected by ones overall impression. This girl is attractive so she must be friendly

Front 577

What is just world hypothesis?

Back 577

Good people get good things and bad people get bad things

Front 578

What is self-serving bias/self-serving attributional bias?

Back 578

Individuals believe that all good things that happen are based on our good traits and all bad things that happen are because of external factors

Front 579

What is self-enhancement?

Back 579

Need to maintain self worth by attributing success to internal qualities and external attribution of failures

Front 580

What is attribution theory?

Back 580

Tendency for individuals to infer cause of other people's behaviors

Front 581

What is dispositional (internal) vs situational (external) attributions?

Back 581

Dispositional (internal)- characteristics of individual is cause for behavior, Situational (external)- characteristics of environment determine behavior

Front 582

What is consistency cue?

Back 582

Person has consistent behavior over time

Front 583

What is consensus cue?

Back 583

Used to determine the extent to which a person's behavior differs from others

Front 584

If person deviates from socially expected behavior, are we more likely to form dispositional or situational attribution?

Back 584

Dispositional because it's not normal so it must be attributed to individual and not environment

Front 585

What is distinctiveness cue?

Back 585

Extent to which person engages in similar behavior across series of scenarios

Front 586

If persons behavior varies in different scenarios, would be attribute it to disposition or situation?

Back 586

Situation

Front 587

What is correspondent inference theory?

Back 587

Correlate unexpected actions with someone's personality

Front 588

What is fundamental attribution error?

Back 588

The bias towards making dispositional attributions instead of situational attributions especially in negative context

Front 589

What is attribute substitution? Examples?

Back 589

Individuals substitute a simpler solution or heuristic when they need to make complex judgments. Color and size in optical illusions, math questions, etc

Front 590

What is cultural attribution?

Back 590

The effect that one's culture has on the attributions they make. Individualistic are more likely to attribute behavior to dispositional factors and collectivists to situational factors

Front 591

What are stereotypes?

Back 591

Expectations and impressions about a certain group based on limited and superficial information

Front 592

Are stereotypes affective, behavioral, and cognitive?

Back 592

Cognitive

Front 593

What is stereotype content model?

Back 593

Classifies stereotypes using warmth(groups not in direct competition with in group) and competence (groups with high social status)

Front 594

What is the stereotype when warmth is high and competence is low? Example?

Back 594

Paternalistic (not competitive, low status). Housewives, old people

Front 595

What stereotype when warmth and competence is low? Example?

Back 595

Contemptuous (competitive and low status). Poor people

Front 596

What is stereotype when warmth is low and competence is high? Example?

Back 596

Envious(competitive and high status). Crazy rich asians

Front 597

What is the stereotype when warmth and competence is high? Example?

Back 597

Admiration (not competitive, high status). Close allies

Front 598

How are paternalistic stereotypes viewed?

Back 598

They are looked down upon as inferior

Front 599

How are contemptuous stereotypes looked upon?

Back 599

Looked upon with anger and resentment

Front 600

How are envious stereotypes looked upon?

Back 600

With envy and distrust

Front 601

How are admiration stereotypes looked upon?

Back 601

With admiration and pride

Front 602

What is prejudice? Is it affective, behavioral, or cognitive?

Back 602

Irrational positive or negative attitude toward something before actually having an experience with it. Affective

Front 603

What is self-fulfilling prophecy? Example?

Back 603

Validation of stereotype due to conditions created by stereotype. Stereotype of medical students not being able to suture makes them nervous and bad at suturing

Front 604

What is stereotype threat? Example?

Back 604

Concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group.Women driving or Dr.Jorstads example of women performing lower on math tests when asked to identify gender

Front 605

What is propaganda?

Back 605

Method to create prejudices in others

Front 606

What are the three factors that influence prejudice?

Back 606

Power (ability to achieve goals and control resources), Prestige (level of respect shown), Class (socioeconomic status)

Front 607

How are haves and have nots created? What is relationship between haves and have-nots?

Back 607

Social inequality. Have-nots have negative attitude toward haves based on jealousy and haves have negative attitude toward have-nots as defense mechanism to justify they have more

Front 608

What is ethnocentrism?

Back 608

Making judgments about other cultures based on values of one's own culture

Front 609

What is cultural relativism?

Back 609

Thinking of another culture as different from one's own and the values and rules of that culture isn't worse but just different

Front 610

What is discrimination? Is it affective, behavioral, or cognitive?

Back 610

Acting on prejudicial attitudes to treat individuals of a particular group different from others. Behavioral.

Front 611

What are the three factors that influence discrimination?

Back 611

Power, prestige, class

Hint 611

Sam factors that influence prejudice

Front 612

What is individual discrimination?

Back 612

One person discriminating against particular person or group.

Front 613

What is institutional discrimination?

Back 613

Discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution

Front 614

Which type of discrimination is more obvious and easier to get rid of?

Back 614

Individual discrimination

Front 615

What type of discrimination is less obvious and harder to get rid of?

Back 615

Institutional discrimination

Front 616

What is social structure?

Back 616

System of people within a society organized by characteristic pattern of relationships

Front 617

What is functionalism/functional analysis in sociology?

Back 617

Study of structure and function in each part of society

Front 618

Difference between function and dysfucntion?

Back 618

Function- beneficial consequences of people's actions

Dysfunction- negative consequence of people's actions

Front 619

Functions can be latent or manifest, what do these terms mean?

Back 619

Manifest- when the action is intended to have positive consequences, Latent-when action unintentionally has a positive effect

Front 620

How is illness a social phenomenon?

Back 620

Sick individual unable to be productive member of society and disrupts normal order

Front 621

We discussed power before as an influence of discrimination and prejudice. But it's definition is different in sociology, what is it?

Back 621

Influence over other people

Front 622

What is conflict theory?

Back 622

Focuses on how power differentials are created and how dominance works

Front 623

What is symbolic interactionism?

Back 623

Study of ways individuals interact through symbols

Front 624

What is actor observer asymmetry?

Back 624

We are more likely to use situational attribution for the self. Self-serving bias by actor and fundamental attribution error by observer

Front 625

What is social constructionism?

Back 625

Focuses on how we construct concepts and principles(like the reason paper money has value)

Front 626

What is rational choice theory?

Back 626

Making a choice after considering all the possible rewards and punishments

Front 627

What is exchange theory?

Back 627

Extension of rational choice theory that focuses on group interactions and how the group will think of the choice

Front 628

What is feminist theory?

Back 628

Explains social inequalities between women and men that are discriminatory

Front 629

What are gender roles?

Back 629

Behaviors expected of a given gender such as men working and women taking care of kids

Front 630

Glass ceiling?

Back 630

Women suffer from financial inequality and more difficulty attaining higher leadership positions

Front 631

What are social institutions?

Back 631

Social structures that dictate certain behavioral patterns

Front 632

What is elder abuse?

Back 632

Neglect of an older relative, generally by caregiver

Front 633

What does it mean for a physician to be a mandated reporter?

Back 633

A physician must report by law suspected cases of elder/child abuse

Front 634

What does hidden curriculum in education system refer to?

Back 634

Transmission of social norms, attitudes, and beliefs from teacher to students

Front 635

What is teacher expectancy?

Back 635

The idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students. Could connect it to self fulfilling prophecy

Front 636

What is religiosity?

Back 636

How religious one considers him or herself to be

Front 637

What are religious denominations/sects?

Back 637

Divisions of larger religions

Front 638

How is a cult different from a sect?

Back 638

A cult is a sect with extremist philosophies

Front 639

Difference between secularization and fundamentalism?

Back 639

Secularization- movement to rationality and scientific thinking, Fundamentalism- adherence to strict religious code

Front 640

What is charismatic authority?

Back 640

Leadership with compelling personality

Front 641

In politics, briefly describe democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and theocracy?

Back 641

Democracy-allows every citizen a political voice via representativee, Monarchy-a royal leader rules, Dictatorship-single person holds power and prevents anyone else from getting it , Theocracy-leadership by religious figures

Front 642

Capitalist vs socialist economies?

Back 642

Capitalist-focus on free market trade and laissez faire policies encouraging division of labor so that workers can specializes in components, Socialist-equal distribution of profit, more collectivist than individual view

Front 643

What is life course approach to health?

Back 643

Maintaining and considering comprehensive view of patient's history beyond immediate presenting symptoms

Front 644

What does the shift away from the sick role mean?

Back 644

It means patients are more responsible for their healthcare than they were previously

Front 645

What are the four key tenets of medical ethics?

Back 645

1.Beneficience-do good to patient, 2.Nonmaleficience- don't do bad to patients, 3.Respect for autonomy-respect your patient's ability to make their own decisions 4.Justice-distribute healthcare resources equally and treat similar patients similarly

Front 646

What is ethnography? What are ethnographic methods?

Back 646

Study of cultures and customs. Experimental methods used to study ethnicity or culture of a group

Front 647

What is material culture? Example?

Back 647

The meaning of physical items(artifacts) in culture. American flag

Front 648

What is symbolic culture/non material culture? Example?

Back 648

Ideas that represent a group of people. The concepts of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Front 649

Which is slower to change, symbolic culture or material culture?

Back 649

Symbolic culture

Front 650

What is culture lag?

Back 650

The concept that because symbolic culture is slower to change than material culture there is a lag

Front 651

What is a critically important component in the transmission of culture?

Back 651

Language

Front 652

Values vs beliefs?

Back 652

Values- what person deems important in life, Belief- something that is accepted to be the truth

Front 653

What is it called when a cultural difference impedes interaction with others?

Back 653

Cultural barrier

Front 654

What is a ritual? Example?

Back 654

A routine that is like a formalized ceremony that is repetitive. Curry's tunnel shot is his pregame ritual

Front 655

Does culture affect evolution? Does evolution affect culture?

Back 655

Yes. Yes.

Front 656

What are demographics?

Back 656

Statistics of populations

Front 657

The fastest growing age cohort in US is older than what age?

Back 657

85

Front 658

What is ageism?

Back 658

Discrimination or prejudice on basis of person's age(both young as inexperienced and old as frail and outdated)

Front 659

What is difference between gender inequality and gender segregation? Example?

Back 659

Inequality- Empowerment of one gender to detriment of other(unequal pay), Segregation-separation of individuals based on perceived gender(separating bathrooms and sports teams)

Front 660

What is racialization?

Back 660

Establishment of group as a particular race

Front 661

What is racial formation theory?

Back 661

Racial identity is fluid and dependent on several factors

Front 662

Difference between race and ethnicity?

Back 662

Race-based on phenotypic differences and Ethnicity-based on cultural differences

Front 663

What is symbolic ethnicity?

Back 663

Connection to ones ethnicity with certain ethnic symbols and identity are important even when ethnic identity doesn't really function in real life. Like us celebrating Diwali or Vinayaka Chavithi

Front 664

What is Kinsey scale(think Angela and what happened to her political husband)?

Back 664

Description of sexuality on a 0(completely heterosexual) to 6(completely homosexual). Kinda like a formal gaydar

Front 665

What does LGBT community encompass overall?

Back 665

Sexual and gender identity minorities

Front 666

What is intersectionality?

Back 666

Multiple demographic factors (racial, ethnic, immigrant status) leads to discrimination or oppression

Front 667

The average age in the US increasing and increase in racial and ethnic diversity increasing are examples of what concept?

Back 667

Demographic shift

Front 668

What are population pyramids?

Back 668

Histogram of population size of various age groups used to predict changes in population sizes over time

Front 669

What is fertility rate?

Back 669

Number of children born to a woman over her lifetime

Front 670

What is mortality rate?

Back 670

Number of deaths in a population per unit time(generally year)

Front 671

What is crude rate?

Back 671

Adjusted rate that accounts for both fertility and mortality rates

Front 672

What are three factors that contribute to population growth?

Back 672

Fertility, mortality, and migration

Front 673

What is difference between immigration and emigration?

Back 673

Immigration- mvmt INTO new space and Emigration-mvmt AWAY from space/area

Front 674

Migration can be motivated by push and pull factors, what are these factors?

Back 674

Pull factors- qualities about area that attract the immigrant, Push factors- qualities about area that are negative and encourage immigrant to leave

Front 675

What is demographic transition?

Back 675

Explains changes in fertility and mortality rates as a transitions to becoming more industrialized

Front 676

What do each of the four stages of demographic transition say?

Back 676

Stage 1- Preindustrial, birth and death rates are both high

Stage 2 - Healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation improve so death rates drop

Stage 3 - Contraceptive improvements and shift to more industrial economies lead to decrease in birth rates

Stage 4 - Industrialized society, birth and death rates low

Front 677

Does total population stop growing when death rate drops? When does it stop growing?

Back 677

No. Stops growing when birth rate drops in Stage 3

Front 678

What is Malthusian theory?

Back 678

Exponential population growth can outpace growth of food supply and lead to social degradation

Front 679

What is function of social movements?

Back 679

To promote(proactive) or resist(reactive) social change

Front 680

What is relative deprivation?

Back 680

Deprivation in resources, representation, and function relative to past or to society

Front 681

What is globalization?

Back 681

Integrating global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign markets allowing for more social and cultural exchanges (both positive and negative)

Front 682

What is urbanization?

Back 682

Dense areas of population creating a pull for migration to those areas(formation of cities)

Front 683

What is a ghetto?

Back 683

An area where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated generally due to socioeconomic inequities

Front 684

What is a slum?

Back 684

Extremely densely populated area of a city with low quality housing and sanitation

Front 685

What is cultural sensitivity?

Back 685

Recognition and respect of differences between cultures

Front 686

What is social stratification?

Back 686

Focus on social inequalities and who gets what and why

Front 687

Socioeconomic status depends on what two things?

Back 687

Merit(achieved status) and outward appearance including skin color, age, etc (ascribed status)

Front 688

Caste system stratify by ________ whereas class systems stratify by _________.

Back 688

Ascribed status, Achieved status

Front 689

Just for review again, what is master status?

Back 689

Status by which one primarily identifies themselves with

Front 690

The US uses a class system as social stratification, what are the three main classes and how do you distinguish subsets of middle class?

Back 690

Upper, middle(upper-middle, middle-middle, lower-middle), and lower. Upper middle(successful business and professionals), lower middle (skilled and semiskilled workers with less luxuries, and middle middle(can't reach upper middle because of educational and economic problems)

Front 691

What is Marxist theory? What is class consciousness?

Back 691

Creating a socialist state with class consciousness by the have-nots (proletariat) working together to overthrow the haves(bourgeoisie). Organization of working class around shared goals and need for collective action

Front 692

What is the major barrier to class consciousness? Can you describe it honey?

Back 692

False consciousness-misperception of one's actual position within society that doesn't allow them to see how bad their conditions were to overthrow the bourgeoisie

Front 693

What is anomie/anomic conditions?

Back 693

Lack of social norms/breakdown of social bonds between individual and society that accelerates social inequality

Front 694

What is strain theory?

Back 694

Focuses on how anomic conditions(lack of social norms) lead to deviance

Front 695

What two sources does social trust come from?

Back 695

1.Social norms of reciprocity (if you do something for me, I'll do something for you) and 2.social networks

Front 696

Capitalist economies led to ______ in social inequality, to ___ in social cohesion and to ___ in social capital?

Back 696

Increase, decrease, decrease

Front 697

What is social capital?

Back 697

Investments people make in society in return for economic/collective rewards

Front 698

What is social integration? What happens to social integration when social capital is large?

Back 698

Peaceful movement into mainstream society. Social integration also is large because greater the investment, the higher the level of social integration(the more you offer to society, the more you are accepted)

Front 699

Social network can create two types of social inequality, what are these?

Back 699

Situational(socioeconomic advantage) and positional (based on how connected one is with network and leadership in that network

Front 700

What is sociological definition of privilege?

Back 700

Inequality in opportunity

Front 701

Difference between social and cultural capital?

Back 701

Social capital-benefits received from investing into group, cultural capital-benefits received from knowledge, abilities, and skills

Front 702

Strong vs weak ties?

Back 702

Strong ties- small numbered but very powerful, Weak times-large numbered but weak and allow access to social capital

Front 703

What is five ethnicities model? What is the issue with this?

Back 703

White, black, Asian, latino, and native American. Oversimplification of racial categories

Front 704

What is social mobility?

Back 704

Ability to move up given proper credentials and experience requirements in society

Front 705

Intragenerational social status change vs intergenerational social status change?

Back 705

Intra-changes within one lifetime, Inter-changes from parents to children

Front 706

What is meritocracy? Some fear that meritocracy is becoming plutocracy, what is this?

Back 706

Merit based system of social mobility with use of intellectual talent and achievement. Plutocracy-rule by upper classes with diminished social mobility

Front 707

Upwards social mobility vs downwards social mobility? What are three things that can cause upwards social mobility but not always?

Back 707

Upwards-positive change in status, moving up, Downwards- negative change in status, moving down. Education, sports, and music

Front 708

What is vertical vs horizontal mobility?

Back 708

Vertical (upwards or downwards) is movement from one social class to another. Horizontal is change in occupation/lifestyle that remains in same social class

Front 709

What is social reproduction?

Back 709

Passing down of social standing from one generation to next

Front 710

What is concept of structural poverty?

Back 710

The idea that there are holes in structure of society that are occupied by poor people(not necessarily the same from year to year) and that it isn't based on actions of the individual

Front 711

Absolute vs relative poverty?

Back 711

Absolute-not enough money or resources for basic life needs(food,water, shelter). Relative-not enough money relative to larger population where they live (poor people in an overall wealthy city for example)

Front 712

What is poverty line? What is the issue with this?

Back 712

Government's calculation of minimum income requirements for families to acquire minimum life necessities. Problem is some places are more expensive to live than others so you can't standardize it

Front 713

What is social exclusion and how does it apply to poverty?

Back 713

Alienation from society, poor people feel isolated from society

Front 714

What is spatial inequality?

Back 714

Focuses on social inequality across geographical areas and their populations

Front 715

Provide an example of how space or geographical area can create social inequality?

Back 715

Poorer neighborhoods tend to have less political influence than richer neighborhoods so undesirable buildings like trash plants and chemical manufacturing companies are located in poorer areas

Front 716

What is residential segregation?

Back 716

Segregation based on where one resides (urban, suburban, or rural environment)

Front 717

What is suburbanization? What is urban decay and how is it related to suburbanization?

Back 717

Migration pattern of middle classes to suburban communities. Functional part of city deteriorates which could be due to suburbanization.

Front 718

What is benefit of moving to suburbs? Can members of lower class able to move?

Back 718

Less crime, cleaner, and better schools. No they can't and remain in urban areas with bad living conditions

Front 719

What is urban renewal? What is it driven by?

Back 719

Opposite of urban decay in which land is reclaimed and renovated. Gentrification-upper and middle class populations buy and renovate deteriorated neighborhoods and displace the poor

Front 720

What is environmental justice and how does it relate to social inequality?

Back 720

Justice to live in clean environmental areas. Poorer people tend to live in bad environmental areas because it is cheaper and thereby have medical problems as a result

Front 721

What is world system theory?

Back 721

Categorizes countries and emphasizes inequalities of division of labor at global level

Front 722

What do core nations focus on? What do peripheral nations focus on? What are semiperipheral nations?

Back 722

Higher skill and higher paying production. Lower skill and lower paying production. Work toward being core nations but have many attributes similar to peripheral nations(in between core and peripheral)

Front 723

What is incidence?

Back 723

New cases of illness/population at risk/time

Front 724

What is prevalence in epidemiology?

Back 724

Total cases(new and chronic)/total population/time

Front 725

What is difference between morbidity and mortality?

Back 725

Morbidity-degree of illness with a given disease, Mortality-deaths caused by disease

Front 726

What is Waitzkin's second sickness?

Back 726

Exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

Front 727

Fact

Back 727

Low income groups especially racial and ethnic minorities have an overall worse health profile in terms of morbidity and mortality rates

Front 728

Overall, which racial/ethnic group has the best health profiles? Which gender has the better health profile? Which racial, ethnic, and gender group has the lowest expectancy?

Back 728

Asian Americans, females, African American male

Front 729

Which gender shows higher mortality rate? Which gender shows higher morbidity rate?

Back 729

Males. Females.

Front 730

Why do men have lower life expectancy (4 sociological reasons and 1 biological)

Back 730

Bigger risk takers, hypermasculinity, dangerous employment, higher rates of alcohol use and biologically are naturally more likely to come down with life threatening diseases

Front 731

T/F Heathcare in US is organized and managed by central government.

Back 731

False

Front 732

What legislation was enacted by Obama in 2010 to increase coverage rate and affordability of insurance for all Americans?

Back 732

Affordable Care Act(ACA)

Front 733

Why wasn't Obamacare fully effective?

Back 733

Because the poorest are still affected by healthcare disparities in both access and quality. Also physicians don't accept public insurance programs, doctors might not open practices in low income neighborhoods, and low income patients might not seek help until too late

Front 734

What is Medicare?

Back 734

An insurance coverage program for patients over 65, those with end stage renal disease, and those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Front 735

What is Medicaid?

Back 735

Insurance coverage for patients who are low income

Front 736

Which states (North like New England or South) have better healthcare qualities?

Back 736

North

Front 737

What is the most common biases that is discriminatory to a patient that a doctor might have?

Back 737

Discrimination against overweight and obese patients-->doctors don't recommend effective weight loss programs because they don't believe the patient has the will to fight it-->obese patients switch doctors more than normal

Front 738

Which gender accesses healthcare more?

Back 738

Females