Mcat Behavioral Chpt 4-6

Front 1

Semantic Network

Back 1

Memories linked together conceptually which allows for us to recall. Like an encyclopedia with links to other related topics.

Front 2

Spreading Activation

Back 2

Related to semantic network. When one memory node activated another. Red makes you think of other colors. Explains the priming effect.

Front 3

Serial Position Effect

Back 3

When shown a list, people remember beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect). As time goes, we remember beginning but forgot ending because ending was retained via short term memory.

Front 4

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Back 4

Memory loss caused by deficient vitamin b1 or thiamine. Common in alcoholics. No brain damage usually. Not progressive so can be healed. Antero/retrograde amnesia.

Front 5

Dual coding theory

Back 5

Both verbal and visual images stored and processed together.

Front 6

Confabulation

Back 6

Making up stories to fill in lost memories.

Front 7

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Back 7

Pre korsakoff presenting with balance, nystagmus, confusion, memory loss.

Front 8

Agnosia

Back 8

Loss of object, people, or sound recognition. Only one of three usually.

Front 9

Memory decay

Back 9

Normal memory loss. Ebbinghaus found it falls sharply then levels out.

Front 10

Proactive Interference

Back 10

Old memories interfere with new learning.

Front 11

Retroactive interferference

Back 11

New learning interferes with old memories

Front 12

Prospective Memory

Back 12

Remembering to perform a future task. Old people remember event based not time based as well.

Front 13

Misinformation effect

Back 13

Presenting misinfo about a memory can alter people’s memory of something.

Front 14

Source-monitoring error

Back 14

Error between semantic and episodic memory. Remembering story details but not actual source.

Front 15

Information Processing Model

Back 15

Brain like a computer. Encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Front 16

Assimilation (not cultural)

Back 16

Fitting new info into existing schemata

Front 17

Accommodation

Back 17

Existing schemata are modified to fit new info.

Front 18

Schema (schemata plural)

Back 18

Concept category (things, ideas etc) under which new things are organized in Piaget’s model.

Front 19

How is new info processed in Piaget’s model?

Back 19

Adaptation

Front 20

First stage of Piaget’s model: explain all relevant deets

Back 20

Sensorimotor stage: 0-2 years. Child learns to manipulate environment to meet his needs through repetitive primary circular reactions (actions toward oneself such as sucking thumb), and secondary (actions away from oneself such as throwing a toy). Ends when object permanence begins.

Front 21

Object permanence

Back 21

Understanding that objects exist even when out of view. Ends sensorimotor stage.

Front 22

Representational thought

Back 22

Mental representations of external objects. Related to object permanence

Front 23

2nd Piaget stage

Back 23

Preoperational stage: 2-7yrs. Presents with symbolic thinking, centration, and egocentrism

Front 24

Egocentrism

Back 24

Inability to understand how others think or feel

Front 25

Centration

Back 25

Focus only on one aspect of a phenomenon and can’t understand conservation. (Don’t understand that a large slice of pizza is same size as two small slices)

Front 26

Symbolic thinking

Back 26

Ability to pretend or have an imagination

Front 27

3rd Piaget stage

Back 27

Concrete operational stage: 7-11. Kids understand conservation, perspectives of others, and concrete logical thought. No abstract thought

Front 28

Fourth Piaget stage

Back 28

Formal operation stage: 11+. Associated with adolescence. Kids can solve problems with abstract thinking

Front 29

Mental set

Back 29

Approaching a problem in the same way.

Front 30

Functional Fixedness

Back 30

Inability to consider using object in a non traditional manner

Front 31

Heuristic

Back 31

Rule of thumb simplified principles to solve problems/ make decisions

Front 32

Availability heuristic

Back 32

Making a decision of how likely something is by how easily similar instances can be imagined.

Front 33

Representativeness heuristic

Back 33

Considering whether something belongs to a category based on whether they fit the prototypical representation of that category

Front 34

Base rate fallacy

Back 34

Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring numerical info

Front 35

Confirmation bias

Back 35

Focusing on info that fits ones bias while rejecting ones that don’t fit

Front 36

Belief perserverance

Back 36

Similar to confirmation bias. Inability to reject info even though clear evidence exists to contradict it

Front 37

Intuition

Back 37

Acting on perceptions not supported by available evidence

Front 38

How intuition allows us to make a decision

Back 38

Recognition primed decision model. Brain sorts through a lot of info to come to conclusion

Front 39

Gardner’s seven intelligences

Back 39

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

Front 40

What did spearman develop?

Back 40

The general intelligence (g factor)

Front 41

Stanford-Binet IQ test

Back 41

IQ=mental/chronological age x100

Front 42

High alert/ high frequency brain wave

Back 42

Beta wave

Front 43

Brainwave associated with being relaxed but awake.

Back 43

Alpha waves. Slower and more synchronized than beta waves

Front 44

Brainwave associated with first entering sleep

Back 44

Theta waves. Slower, irregular, higher voltage

Front 45

What controls pineal gland hormone release?

Back 45

Light exposure

Front 46

What hormone contributes to wakefulness? Where is it secreted from? What is the mechanism of release?

Back 46

Cortisol. Adrenal cortex. Increasing light releases corticotropin releasing factor from hypothalamus(CRF) which stims release of adrenocorticotropic releasing factor (ACTH) from pituitary which stims cortisol release

Front 47

Activation synthesis theory

Back 47

Dreams are caused by widespread random activation of brain circuitry

Front 48

Theory of how your brain tried to solve problems while sleeping

Back 48

Problem-solving dream theory

Front 49

Cognitive process dream theory

Back 49

Dreams are a sleeping counterpart of our stream of consciousness

Front 50

Seeks to unify psych and bio perspectives of dreams

Back 50

Neurocognitive models of dreaming

Front 51

Problems falling asleep staying asleep or avoiding sleep

Back 51

Dyssomnias

Front 52

Problems with movement during sleep

Back 52

Parasomnia

Front 53

When do most sleep disorders occur?

Back 53

NREM sleep

Front 54

After sleep deprivation. A person may experience more dreams caused by this phenomenon

Back 54

REM rebound

Front 55

Stage 3-4 brainwave

Back 55

Delta wave. Very slow

Front 56

What are the four classes of drugs?

Back 56

Depressant, stimulant, opiate, and hallucinogen. Marijuana can cause more than one effect

Front 57

Name the depressant drugs and their basic function

Back 57

Alcohol, benzos, barbiturates. Agonist of GABA. Alcohol increases dopamine too

Front 58

Name the stimulants and their basic functions

Back 58

Amphetamine and cocaine: both decrease serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine.

Ecstasy: Similar to amphetamine bit with some hallucinogenic effects

Front 59

What are the physiologic effects of hallucinogens?

Back 59

Sympathetic

Front 60

What pathway is drug addiction related to? What parts of the brain does it include?

Back 60

Mesolithic reward pathway. Nucleus accumbens(NAc) ventral regimental area (VTA) connected by the medial forebrain bundle (MFB).

Front 61

Focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli

Back 61

Selective attention

Front 62

Cocktail party phenomenon

Back 62

Hear your name in the middle of a party even when attention not focused on it

Front 63

Divided attention

Back 63

Ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time

Front 64

What type of processing is used during divided attention but not undivided?

Back 64

Automatic processing

Front 65

What is the language acquisition timeline?

Back 65

9-12 months: babbling

12-18: acquired about 1 word per month

18-20: “explosion of language” and combining words

2-3yrs: longer sentences 5+words

5yrs: language largely mastered

Front 66

Stage 1 sleep traits

Back 66

Theta waves

Front 67

Nativist (biological) theory

Back 67

Chomsky’s LAD. People have innate language capacity.

Front 68

What period do nativists believe occur in language acquisition? What is it?

Back 68

Critical period. Time to learn language between two yrs and adolescence

Front 69

Learning (behaviorist theory) language: who developed?

Back 69

Skinner developed. Language learned through operant conditioning

Front 70

Social interactionist language theory

Back 70

Plays between bio and social process. Certain circuits of brain reinforced while others atrophy through social interaction

Front 71

Brain area associated with language production. Explain symptoms of pathology to it.

Back 71

Broca’s area. Broca aphasia presents with trouble producing language (tip of the tongue) but no comprehension problems.

Front 72

Part of brain involved in language comprehension. Explain symptoms of problems

Back 72

Wernickes area. Presents with receptive aphasia. Patients produce nonsensical words and inappropriate sounds

Front 73

Conductive aphasia

Back 73

Affected arcuate fasciculus (connects Broca and wernicke area). Unable to repeat something that was said. Very rare

Front 74

Stage 2 sleep traits

Back 74

Deeper than 1. Has theta waves with sleep spindles (short choppy) and k complexes (like an eeg pvc)

Front 75

Stage 3-4 sleep traits

Back 75

Theta waves. Deep sleep. Called slow wave sleep (SWS). Difficult to wake. Memory consolidation. Cognitive recovery. Increased growth hormone release

Front 76

Rem sleep

Back 76

Aroused almost to levels of wakeness but body paralyzed. Dreams occur. Associated with procedural memory consolidation while sws is declarative memory consolidation. SWS dominated early sleep and rem dominates late sleep

Front 77

Does a child or adult spend more time in SWS?

Back 77

Child

Front 78

How long does one sleep cycle last?

Back 78

50 for children. 90min for adults

Front 79

24 hour cycle of our body effected by light

Back 79

Circadian rhythm

Front 80

Hormone that encourages sleepiness. What secretes it?

Back 80

Melatonin. Pineal gland.

Front 81

Motivation

Back 81

The purpose or driving force behind our actions

Front 82

Primary drive

Back 82

Motivation to sustain bodily processes/ maintain homeostasis. Hunger thirst etc

Front 83

Negative feedback loop

Back 83

Homeostatic mechanism to control stuff like body temp. Higher temp stimulates sweat to decrease body temp

Front 84

Secondary drive

Back 84

Drive that fulfills non biological role as opposed to primary. Fulfills an emotional or learned desire like love or achievement.

Front 85

Maslow hierarchy of needs.

What is it?

What are the needs from bottom to top?

Back 85

Certain needs yield greater motivation than others. We meet all the necessary parts of a need before moving up the next one.

1: Physiological

2: safety

3: love/ belonging

4: esteem (confidence respect of self or by others)

5: self actualization (morality creativity acceptance of facts, problem solving)

Front 86

Self determination theory (SDT)

Back 86

We need three things

Autonomy

To be competent

Relatedness (be accepted by others)

Front 87

Incentive theory

Back 87

Motivated not by need or arousal but by avoiding punishments and seeking reward

Front 88

Expectancy value theory

Back 88

Motivation needed to reach a goal results from two things. Expectation of success in reaching the goal, and degree of value in reaching the goal

Front 89

Opponent process theory

Back 89

Body attempts to counter drug use by changing physiology. Such as alcoholics increasing activity in the face of depressant use. Creates drug tolerance

Front 90

What are the three elements of emotion? Explain

Back 90

Physiological response: changes in hr skin temp and bp

Behavioral response: facial expression or gestures

Cognitive response: subjective interpretation of the feeling

Front 91

James-Lange theory

Back 91

Emotional theory that says that first a physiological response occurs followed by a cognitive response

Front 92

External motivation

Back 92

Motivation from outside sources such as tangible rewards or good grades. May avoid punishment too

Front 93

Canon-bard theory

Back 93

Emotional theory where physiological response and cognitive response happen at same time. Person with severed nerves could do this

Front 94

Schachter-Sanger theory of emotion

Back 94

Emotional theory of physiological arousal, then cognitive appraisal, then cognitive response

Front 95

What are all the components of the limbic system

Back 95

Amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, parts of cerebral cortex

Front 96

Name the brain structure related to explicit memory and the structure for implicit memory

Back 96

Explicit: hippocampus in medial temporal lobe

Implicit: amygdala

Front 97

What brain structure interprets emotions of others facial expressions?

Back 97

Temporal lobe, and some occipital lobe

Front 98

Prefrontal cortex functions

Back 98

Planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, decision making

Front 99

Dorsal prefrontal cortex functions

Back 99

Attention and cognition

Front 100

Ventral prefrontal cortex

Back 100

Connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

Front 101

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Back 101

Substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional response from amygdala

Front 102

Cognitive appraisal

Back 102

Or stress appraisal. Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

Front 103

Intrinsic motivation

Back 103

Motivation from within. Personal interest in a topic for studying.

Front 104

What is phase 1 of cognitive appraisal? Explain

Back 104

Primary appraisal

Initial evaluation of environment/threat. Sorts the stress as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Front 105

What is the second phase of cognitive appraisal? Explain

Back 105

Secondary appraisal

If primary appraisal reveals a threat then evaluated whether one can cope based on three things: harm (damage caused by event), threat (potential for future damage), and challenge (potential to overcome event)

One who perceived they can overcome has less stress

Front 106

Is stress and coping personal? Explain why or why not

Back 106

Yes. Stress is based on different skills and coping mechanisms

Front 107

What is the term related to cognitive appraisal that occurs over and over

Back 107

Reappraisal

Front 108

Stressor

Back 108

External condition event or bio element which leads to stress response

Front 109

What do stressors cause? Explain each

Back 109

Distress: caused by unpleasant stress

Eustress: stress caused by good events (marriage is stressful)

Front 110

How is stress level measured? What is the system used?

Back 110

Life change unit

Social readjustment reading scale

Front 111

Stress can be reduced by?

Back 111

Control of ones environment.

Front 112

Unpredictable jobs can increase a persons______

Back 112

Stress

Front 113

What are the types of conflict stress?

Back 113

Approach-approach: choosing between two desirable options

Avoidance-avoidance: choosing between two negative options

Approach-avoidance: choosing one option that has good and bad elements

Front 114

Innate fixed pattern of behavior in response to stimuli. May be fixed through life or disappear for a time

Back 114

Instinct

Front 115

What does stress trigger physiologically?

Back 115

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 116

General adaptation syndrome

Back 116

Sequence of physiological responses in three stages

1. alarm stage: initial reaction stims acth release which causes adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol which maintains steady supply of blood sugar to handle event

2. Resistance stage: continuous hormone release allows organism to fight

3. Exhaustion stage: body no longer able to maintain elevated response. More susceptible to diseases, illness, and even death in extreme cases or organ shutdown

Front 117

Name some things chronic stress can cause

Back 117

Memory, concentration problems. Mood problems, negative behavior and increase risk of substance abuse. Anxiety and depression

Front 118

What are the two stress coping techniques?

Back 118

Problem focused strategies: working to overcome problem (reaching out to others, confronting issue, making a plan)

Emotional focused: changing ones feelings about a stressor (taking responsibility, self control, wishful thinking, focusing on positive on positive outcomes etc)

Drugs are an example of bad stress management

Front 119

What are stress management techniques?

Back 119

Working out, spirituality, meditation

Front 120

Instinct theory

Back 120

We operate based on evolutionary programmed instincts

Front 121

Arousal theory (and define arousal)

Back 121

Arousal: state of being awake and reactive to stimuli.

Theory: people perform functions to maintain arousal. We increase arousal when it falls below a certain level, and decrease when it goes above an optimum level

Front 122

Yerkes-Dodson law

Back 122

Proposes a U shaped function on performance v arousal graph. Positive slope means increased interest, neg means more anxiety. Middle is optimum performance

Front 123

Which task would require higher arousal. Simple or complex?

Back 123

Simple

Front 124

Would cognitive function be more optimum at lower or higher arousal? What about physical activity?

Back 124

Cognitive better at lower arousal. Higher for physical activity

Front 125

Drive reduction theory (and define drive)

Back 125

Drive: internal state of tension that activate goal based behaviors. Independent of external factors such as hunger thirst.

Theory: our motivations are based on reducing or eliminating uncomfortable states.

Front 126

Internal list of answers to question “who am I?”

Back 126

Self-concept

Front 127

Internal list of answers to question “who am I?”

Back 127

Self-concept

Front 128

Self-schema

Back 128

Self given label with a set of qualities. An athlete may have qualities of youth, fitness. Qualities may change

Front 129

Identity

Back 129

Individual components of self concept relate to groups we are in

Front 130

What is the difference between self-concept and identity?

Back 130

We have on all encompassing self-concept and multiple identities that define who we are and our behavior in a certain context

Front 131

Gender identity

Back 131

Where one falls on the masculine feminine scale. Androgyny has high scores in both and undifferentiated low in both

Front 132

Ones own ethnic group

Back 132

Ethnic identity

Front 133

Determines which identity we use in a situation

Back 133

Hierarchy of salience

Front 134

What are the three self types according to self-discrepancy theory?

Back 134

Actual self: how we see ourselves as we are

Ideal self: how we want to be

Ought self: how others think we should be

The three being close means higher self esteem

Front 135

Self efficacy vs self esteem

Back 135

Self esteem how we feel about ourselves. Self efficacy belief in our own ability to succeed

Front 136

Learned helplessness

Back 136

When self efficacy drops to the point where one won’t escape something even if they have the means

Front 137

Locus of control. What are the types?

Back 137

How we characterize influences in our lives.

External: we believe events caused by outside influences or luck

Internal: we control our own fate

Front 138

Fixation

Back 138

Occurs when child is overindulged or frustrated during development. Child develops a response to fixation anxiety which manifests as a neurosis, a functional adult mental disorder

Front 139

1st stage Freuds developmemt

Back 139

Oral stage: 0-1. Libidinal energy focuses on mouth. Fixation leads to excessive dependency

Front 140

1st stage Freuds developmemt

Back 140

Oral stage: 0-1. Libidinal energy focuses on mouth. Fixation leads to excessive dependency

Front 141

2nd stage of freuds psychosexual development

Back 141

Anal 1-3. Libido centered on anus (potty training) fixation results in excess orderliness (being anal) or sloppiness

Front 142

1st stage Freuds developmemt

Back 142

Oral stage: 0-1. Libidinal energy focuses on mouth. Fixation leads to excessive dependency

Front 143

2nd stage of freuds psychosexual development

Back 143

Anal 1-3. Libido centered on anus (potty training) fixation results in excess orderliness (being anal) or sloppiness

Front 144

3rd Freud psychosexual development stage

Back 144

Phallic (Oedipal) stage 3-5 yrs. Boys Oedipal conflict. Want me so be like dad, fear of castration. Electra conflict for girls. Girls have penis envy not castration fear. Eroticism subliminates and child enters latency which lasts till puberty

Front 145

1st stage Freuds developmemt

Back 145

Oral stage: 0-1. Libidinal energy focuses on mouth. Fixation leads to excessive dependency

Front 146

2nd stage of freuds psychosexual development

Back 146

Anal 1-3. Libido centered on anus (potty training) fixation results in excess orderliness (being anal) or sloppiness

Front 147

3rd Freud psychosexual development stage

Back 147

Phallic (Oedipal) stage 3-5 yrs. Boys Oedipal conflict. Want me so be like dad, fear of castration. Electra conflict for girls. Girls have penis envy not castration fear. Eroticism subliminates and child enters latency which lasts till puberty

Front 148

Fourth Freud stage

Back 148

Latency 5-puberty child subliminates desires

Front 149

1st stage Freuds developmemt

Back 149

Oral stage: 0-1. Libidinal energy focuses on mouth. Fixation leads to excessive dependency

Front 150

2nd stage of freuds psychosexual development

Back 150

Anal 1-3. Libido centered on anus (potty training) fixation results in excess orderliness (being anal) or sloppiness

Front 151

3rd Freud psychosexual development stage

Back 151

Phallic (Oedipal) stage 3-5 yrs. Boys Oedipal conflict. Want me so be like dad, fear of castration. Electra conflict for girls. Girls have penis envy not castration fear. Eroticism subliminates and child enters latency which lasts till puberty

Front 152

Fourth Freud stage

Back 152

Latency 5-puberty. Child subliminated in previous stage and maintains this latency till puberty

Front 153

Fifth Freud stage

Back 153

Genital stage puberty-adulthood. Good development means normal heterosexual relationships bad development means gay, fetish, asexual

Front 154

Erik Erikson 1st developmental stage

Back 154

Trust vs mistrust. 0-1. If resolved child will trust environment. If mistrust wins child will be suspicious

Front 155

Kohlberg moral development phase 3

Back 155

Postconventional morality. Adulthood (if at all). Not all capable of, is higher level moral reasoning. 5 social contract (rules are conventions for greater good, focus on personal rights) 6 universal himan ethics (decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles)

Front 156

Vygotskys development principle

Back 156

Internalization of culture is driving force of cognitive development

Front 157

Zone of proximal development

Back 157

Vygotskys concept that kids develop skills with help of another such as a parent

Front 158

Theory of mind

Back 158

Ability to sense how another’s mind works

Front 159

Looking glass self

Back 159

Reflecting our self from observing others perception of us

Front 160

Reference group

Back 160

Group that we compare ourselves to

Front 161

Personality categories

Back 161

Psychoanalytic, humanistic, type and trait, and behaviorist

Front 162

Id

Back 162

Primal desire to survive and reproduce. Functions according to pleasure principle immediate gratification to relieve pent-up tension. Primary process is response to frustration: obtain satisfaction now

Front 163

Wish fulfillment

Back 163

Id behavior of using daydreaming or fantasy to immediately satisfy an urge

Front 164

Ego

Back 164

Operates with reality principle takes objective reality into account. Guidance referred to as secondary process. Postone pleasure till it is actually obtainable. Ego is the organizer: it receives power from and is never independent of the id

Front 165

Erik Erikson stage 2

Back 165

Autonomy vs shame and doubt. 1-3. Good outcome is ability to exert control, choice and restraint. Bad outcome is doubt and external locus of control

Front 166

Superego

Back 166

Focus on ideal self, also regulated by ego. Subsystems: conscience (improper actions that are punished) and ego-ideal (rewarded actions)

Front 167

Freuds three levels of conscious

Back 167

Conscious (what we have access to) preconscious (what we aren’t aware of, and unconscious (repressed thoughts)

Front 168

Difference between repressed and suppressed

Back 168

Repression is unconscious forgetting suppression conscious forgetting

Front 169

What are the egos defense mechanisms following stress after superego and id clash? What are the two mechanisms they operate under

Back 169

1 repression

2 suppression

3 regression (reversion to earlier developmental state)

4 reaction formation( suppression of urges by converting to opposites. Hating on someone who doesn’t want you back)

5 projection ( attributing undesirable feelings to others)

6 rationalization (justification of behaviors)

7 displacement (transferring urge to another)

8 sublimation (channeling of bad impulse to socially acceptable one)

Front 170

What are two types of projection tests? Elaborate

Back 170

Rorschach ink blot test: client projects unconscious feelings into the shape

Thematic apperception test: client makes up story about picture

Front 171

What did Jung identify the ego as?

Back 171

Conscious mind

Front 172

Personal unconscious

Back 172

Jungs idea of unconscious similar to freud

Front 173

Collective unconscious

Back 173

System shared among humans with emotional images called archetypes

Front 174

Persona

Back 174

Jungian archetype representing the mask we wear to outside world. Personality we present

Front 175

Anima

Back 175

Mans inner woman

Front 176

Erik Erikson stage 3

Back 176

Initiative vs guilt. 3-6. Favorable outcome is a sense of purpose, initiate activity and enjoy accomplishments. Bad outcome fear of punishment high so that child unduly restricts himself or overcompensates by showing off

Front 177

Animus

Back 177

Woman’s inner man

Front 178

Shadow

Back 178

Jungian archetype that causes bad thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Front 179

Jungian self

Back 179

Connects the three minds, strives for unity, represented as a mandala (circle thing)

Front 180

Creative self

Back 180

Force by which an individual establishes his personality and uniqueness

Front 181

Style of life

Back 181

Manifestation of creative self

Front 182

Fictional finalism

Back 182

Focusing on future goals only

Front 183

What are the main differences between the psychoanalysts?

Back 183

Freud. Behavior shaped by inborn instinct

Jung. Person conducted by inborn archetypes

Adler: people motivated by striving for superiority

Front 184

Karen Horney

Back 184

Psychoanalyst that focused on the ten neurotic needs and managing basic anxiety and basic hostility

Front 185

Object relations theory

Back 185

Interaction with parents persist to adulthood

Front 186

Humanistic perspective (phenomenological). What was its main focus?

Back 186

Healthy people. Gestalt therapy aka holistic, whole person view. Personality is result of conscious feelings for ourselves. Main goal is self realization

Front 187

Erik Erikson stage 4

Back 187

Industry vs inferiority. 6-12. Good outcome feel competent, able to exercise abilities on the world. Bad is sense of inadequacy, low self esteem, inability to act competent

Front 188

Force field theory

Back 188

Lewin’s theory that the field is a current state of mind, and sum of the forces (influences) on a person at a time. Humanist

Front 189

Peak experiences

Back 189

Explained by humanist Maslow as deeply moving life experiences with lasting effects

Front 190

Personal construct psychology

Back 190

Humanist view by George kelly that people are like scientists that test and evaluate behaviors of people in their life

Front 191

Carl rogers

Back 191

Humanist who made client centered/ person centered/ no directive therapy. Based on people solving their own problems and not being controlled by unconscious. He made the selfs

Front 192

Unconditional positive regard

Back 192

Therapist completely accepts the client and is empathetic

Front 193

Type and trait personality

Back 193

Type: personality organized by taxonomy

Trait: personality sum of behaviors

Front 194

Somatotypes

Back 194

Personality typing by Sheldon based on body type

Front 195

MBTI

Back 195

Personality typing that jung laid a framework for

Front 196

Difference between type A and B?

Back 196

A competitive and compulsive B more laidback

Front 197

PEN model

Back 197

Eysnecks trait personality model based on three things. Psychoticism (deviance) extraversion, neuroticism (emotional arousal in stressful situations)

Front 198

Erik Erikson 5th stage

Back 198

Identity vs role confusion. 12-20 (adolescence). Encompasses physiological revolution. Good is fidelity, ability to see oneself as a unique integrated person. Bad is amorphous personality and identity confusion

Front 199

Big five

Back 199

Trait typing on five traits

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

OCEAN!

Front 200

Allports trait theory

Back 200

Cardinal trait (whole life organized around, not all have)

Central traits (major characteristics like honesty)

Secondary (situational traits)

Front 201

Functional autonomy

Back 201

Part of allport trait theory. You keep doing something despite satisfying original cause of behavior

Front 202

Reciprocal determinism

Back 202

Part of social cognitive perspective. All our thoughts, feelings, environment interact. We choose environment that matches our personality

Front 203

Biological personality perspective

Back 203

Personality result of genetic expression

Front 204

Erik Erikson stage 6

Back 204

Intimacy vs isolation. 20-40. Favorable love and commitment. Bad Isolated person engages in superficial relationships

Front 205

Erik Erikson 7th stage

Back 205

Generativity vs stagnation.40-65. Good is being a productive societal member. Bad is stagnant, self indulgent bored not caring for others

Front 206

Erik Erikson 8th stage

Back 206

Integrity vs despair. 65+ positive is wisdom, detachment of life and assurance in its meaning. Bad is bitterness, worthlessness, fear of death

Front 207

Kohlberg moral thinking phase

Back 207

Preconventional morality. Pre-adolescence. Stage 1 obedience (avoiding punishment) 2 self interest (gaining rewards, also called instrumental relativist stage)

Front 208

Kohlberg phase 2

Back 208

Conventional morality. Adolescence to adulthood. 3 conformity (approval of others) 4 law and order (maintaining social order)