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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an isoelectric point? |
pH where protein has NO NET CHARGE |
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What does Ion Exchange Chromatography exploit in proteins? |
Net +/- charge is used to isolate a protein |
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In Ion Exchange Chromatography, what elutes last? |
Target protein elutes (when?) in Ion Exchange Chromatography |
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Kosmotropes function? |
Increased water-water interactions, decreatesed protein solubility |
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Chaotropes function? |
Increase protein solubility |
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What does Size-Exclusion Chromatography exploit in proteins? |
Mass (size) and conformation (shape) are exploited in this chromatography. |
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In Size Exclusion Chromatography, what elutes first? |
Larger molecules elute first in this chromatography. |
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In Affinity Chromatography, what is exploited in proteins? |
Affinity to a ligand is exploited in this chromatography. |
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How does the target protein elute off in Affinity Chromatography? |
Once a competitor is introduced (Imidazole for His marked, GSH for GST marked), the protein can elute off in this chromatography. |
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SDS interacts with proteins how? |
This readily denatures water-soluble proteins because of its amphiphilic structure |
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Electrophoresis separates proteins how? |
This separates charged proteins by means of an E field / Potential Difference |
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SDS Page is effective because it does this to proteins. |
This denatures proteins and coats them with a negative charge that is proportional to residue count (similar q/m ratio across all proteins) |
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In SDS PAGE, which proteins migrate the longest distance? |
Smaller proteins move relative in the gel during SDS page how? |
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SDS PAGE differentiates proteins based on what? |
This form of electrophoresis separates proteins based on molar mass/ kD. |
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Absorbance is equal to this in the Beer Lambert Law. |
Epsilon (protein extinction coefficient)*concentration*cuvette length is equal to what in the Beer Lambert Law? |
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What does Northern Blotting utilize? |
RNA is utilized in this blotting (gene expression). |
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What does Southern Blotting utilize? |
DNA is utilized in this blotting. |
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What does Western Blotting utilize? |
Proteins are utilized in this blotting (gene translation) |
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Endopeptidase Trypsin does this. |
This Endopeptidase cuts polypeptides after positively charged residues. |
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Endopeptidase Chymotrypsin does this. |
This Endopeptidase cuts polypeptides after bulky hydrophobic residues. |
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Endopeptidase Elastase does this. |
This Endopeptidase cuts polypeptides after small neutral residues. |
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The C(alpha)-C(=O)-NH-C(alpha) is (cis/trans) and called what? |
The trans peptide bond is made up of what? |
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α helix has hydrogen bonding between the C=O(i) and NH(i+j) (j=?) |
This conformation has hydrogen bonding between the C=O(i) and NH(i+4) |
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parallel β sheets have hydrogen bonding every i atoms, and they run in this direction, so they have this stability. |
This conformation has hydrogen bonding diagonally every 12 atoms, so they are the less stable form. |
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anti-parallel β sheets have hydrogen bonding every i atoms, and they run in this direction, so they have this stability. |
This conformation has hydrogen bonding vertically every 10 and 14 alternating atoms, so they are the more stable form. |
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This conformation adopts a pleated appearance. |
β sheets adopt this appearance due to optimize hydrogen bonding. |
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X ray crystallography and NMR determine this level of protein structure. |
Tertiary protein structure is determined by these two methods. |
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A Phosphatase does this. |
This enzyme REMOVES a phosphate to the substrate. |
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A Phosphorylase does this. |
This enzyme ADDS a phosphate to the substrate. |
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A Kinase does this. |
This enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a high energy compound to the substrate. |
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Hill Coefficient > 1 |
This variable will show positive cooperativity in enzymes. |
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Hill Coefficient < 1 |
This variable will show negative cooperativity in enzymes. |
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Hill Coefficient = 1 |
This variable will show no cooperativity in enzymes. |
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lower pH increase p(CO2) What Hb conformation does this favor? |
These pH and p(CO2) conditions favor deoxyHb conformation (decreases Hb affinity for O2) |
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higher pH lower p(CO2) What Hb conformation does this favor? |
These pH and p(CO2) conditions favor oxyHb conformation (increases Hb affinity for O2) |
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These amino acids specialize in substrate stabilization. |
Lysine, Lys, K Arginine, Arg, R |
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These amino acids specialize in nucleophilic catalysis. |
Serine, Ser, S Cysteine, Cys, C Tyrosine, Tyr, Y |
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These amino acids specialize in acid-base catalysis. |
Histidine, His, H Aspartate, Asp, D Glutamate, Glu, E |
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Define Homophily |
The tendency to bond better with people who have similar characteristics to you. |
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What is the difference between primary* structure bonds and tertiary** structure bonds? |
In proteins, which structural level involves covalent* bonds and non-covalent** bonds? |
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α and β distinguish which kinds of stereoisomers? |
epimers at an anomeric carbon atom |
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In DNA, what is a palindrome? |
A restriction site 4 to 6 base pairs long that are symmetrical. |
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How does competitive inhibition affect Km and Vmax? |
This type of inhibition increases Km and does not affect Vmax. |
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How does uncompetitive inhibition affect Km and Vmax? |
This type of inhibition decreases both Km and Vmax. |
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How does mixed inhibition affect Km and Vmax? (Special case: Noncompetitive) |
This type of inhibition decreases Vmax, and Km can increase or decrease (Special case: Km remains the same). |
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Osteoblasts secrete which hormone? |
Osteocalcin is secreted from these cells. |
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Fat (WAT) secretes which hormone? |
Leptin is secreted from these cells. |
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G cells (in stomach) secrete this. |
Gastrin is secreted from these cells. |
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Duodenum and jejunum (small intestine) secrete this. |
Cholecystokinin (CCK) Secretin are secreted from this. |
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of ACTH. |
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of TSH and prolactin. |
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Somatostatin is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus and inhibits the secretion growth hormone. |
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion FSH and LH. |
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Ghrelin is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion GH. |
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Renin is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the kidneys and cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I. |
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Calcitriol is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the kidneys and increases body calcium and phosphate. |
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Angiotensinogen is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the liver and converts to angiotensin II -> causes vasoconstriction, stimulates secretion of aldosterone and ADH |
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Insulin is secreted by what cells and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the β cells in the pancreas and promotes glycogenesis, requiring cellular uptake of glucose. |
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Glucagon is secreted by what cells and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the α cells in the pancreas and promotes glycogenolysis, and the release of glucose into the bloodstream. |
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Parathyroid hormone is secreted by what and does what (3)? |
This hormone is secreted from the parathyroid gland and increases Ca2+, decreases blood phosphate stimulates Vitamin D activation in kidneys |
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Melatonin is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the pineal gland and controls circadian rhythm. |
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Vassopressin (ADH) is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the posterior pituitary and makes collecting duct permeable to water reabsorption. |
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Oxytocin is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the posterior pituitary and stimulates contractions during birth and milk ejection from mammary glands. |
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Calcitonin is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the thyroid and decreases blood Ca2+ (inhibits bone reabsorption) |
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Aldosterone is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the adrenal cortex and stimulates Na+ reabsorption K+ secretion in kidneys |
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Androgens are secreted by what and do what? |
This hormone is secreted from the adrenal cortex and causes puberty related sex drive and bone growth. |
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Glucocorticoids are secreted by what and do what? (cortisol) |
This hormone is secreted from the adrenal cortex and maintain the stress response, cause increased blood glucose protein and fat catabolism (example?) |
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by what and do what? |
This hormone is secreted from the adrenal medulla and they stimulate muscle glycogenolysis, reinforce sympathetic nervous system |
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Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary and it promotes growth of mammary glands, milk production |
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Growth Hormone (GH) is secreted by what? |
This hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary |
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary and it reduces appetite and surpresses immune function |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary and it stimulates glucocorticoid secretion (from adrenal cortex) |
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary and it stimulates thyroid hormone production. |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary and it stimulates sperm production in testis follicular growth in ovary |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) is secreted by what and does what? |
This hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary and it stimulates ovulation, development of the corpus luteum |
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Parietal cells secrete this. |
HCl enters the stomach from these cells. |
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(Gastric) Chief cells secrete this. |
Pepsinogen and chymosin are secreted from these cells. |
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Pepsinogen is only activated by what and into what? |
Acidic conditions (HCl) activate this into pepsin! |
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What secretes testosterone? |
Leydig cells secrete this. |
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Where is sperm produced? |
What happens in the seminiferous tubules? |
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Sertoli cells do this. |
Which cells help nourish sperm and create the fluid that fills the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. They also secrete inhibin (inhibits FSH). |
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What defines a chordate? |
This has a post anal tail, notochord, gill arches, and a dorsal tubular nervous system during embryogenesis. |
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Thyroid arises from which germ layer? |
Endoderm |
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What does albumin do in the blood? |
Maintain osmotic pressure by binding to proteins. |
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What is the sarcolemma? |
The cell membrane of a myofiber (muscle cell). |
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What are myofibrils? |
Actin and myosin polymers |
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Thin filaments are? |
Actin is thin or thick filament? |
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Thick filaments are? |
Myosin is thin or thick filament? |
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(Thick/thin) filaments are attached to the Z line. |
Thin (actin) |
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I bands |
Only thin filament |
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A band |
Entire thick filament, even where it overlaps with thin. |
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H zone |
Only thick filament |
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What disappears when contraction occurs in a sarcomere? |
H zone |
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What is brought closer in a sarcomere during contraction? |
Z lines |
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Sensory axons associated with muscle spindles? |
1a afferent |
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What are muscle spindles |
Proprioceptors that monitor skeletal muscle length |
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afferent neurons |
towards CNS |
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efferent neurons |
away from CNS |
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interneurons |
intrinsic neurons that do not leave the CNS |
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what is reciprocity |
muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs |
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what is the stretch reflex? |
stretch of extensor muscle -> activation of extensor motor neuron -> extensor contracts, relieves stretch -> inhibits flexor motor neurons (antagonist muscle cannot contract) |
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in context of the nervous system- divergence |
one pre synaptic cell : many post synaptic cells |
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in context of the nervous system- convergence |
many pre synaptic cell : one post synaptic cells |
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flexion reflex |
reflex to pain/noxious stimulant |
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mechanism of flexion reflex |
afferent neuron -> interneurons -> -> CNS -> flexor -> inhibit extensor |
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gamma (ɣ) motor neurons |
neurons that innervate intrafusal muscle fibers (part of muscle spindle) |
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alpha (α) motor neurons |
neurons that innervate extrafusal muscle fibers (part of muscle spindle) |
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M line
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bisects the H zone where thick filaments are bound to
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intermediate filaments
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architectural integrity of muscle fiber
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titin
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align actin and myosin
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sympathetic neurons on bronchi
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cause bronchi relaxation
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nebulin
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structural protein that runs along the thin filament (actin)
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cross bridges are also called
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myosin heads
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what changes when contraction occurs
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H zone and I band and sarcomere/myofibril length
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G actin
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monomers
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F actin
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polymer
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voltage gated sodium channel behavior
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allow Na into cell
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thyroid hormone behavior
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amino acid derivative and must bind to a surface receptor
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liver endocrine or exocrine?
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both endocrine and exocrine
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what is a notochord?
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cartilaginous skeletal rod in chordates, may go away or turn into vertebrae
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thyroid arises from which embryonic layer?
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endoderm
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basal lamina in muscle is
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surrounding matrix around muscle fibers
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where does muscle have the potential for the highest contractile force?
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at rest
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natural killer cells are innate or adaptive
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innate
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dendritic cells are innate or adaptive
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adaptive
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B cells are innate or adaptive
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adaptive
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T cells are innate or adaptive
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adaptive
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cytotoxic T cells are innate or adaptive
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adaptive
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fibrin and fibrinogen are involved in what
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wound healing
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what hydrolizes the ATP in muscle cells
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myosin ATPase (myosin)
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myosin head is in this position when bound to G actin
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cocked position
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what triggers release of inorganic phosphate in muscle contraction
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myosin attaching to actin
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when Pi is released from myosin..
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power stroke occurs,actin is moved ~10nm
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the binding of ATP triggers in myofibers
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unbinding of myosin from actin
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the energy from ATP in myofibers is used
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this makes the myosin head “cock”
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resting muscle conditions
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myosin head detached from actin, hydrolyzed the ATP
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tropomyosin characteristics
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protein dimer extending the length of 7 G-actin
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troponin characteristics
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one for every tropomyosin (7 G-actin) that is made up of 3 subunits- TN-T: handle attached to TM / TN-I- “club” binds to actin / TN-C - binds to Ca2+
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resting state of troponin
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TM lies over myosin binding site and prevents cross bridges
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Calciums role in muscle contraction
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this binds to troponin, removing tropomyosin from blocking binding sites on actin
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key regulator in muscle contraction
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calcium
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myosin binding cycle repeats as long as this is present
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calcium ions
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Ca2+ concentration in relaxed muscle
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very low
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axon terminal of motor neuron releases this
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acetylcholine
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acetylcholine affects what of the muscle cell
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makes sarcolemma permeable to ions and depolarize
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depolarization of sarcolemma causes t tubules to do this
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this event causes t tubules to release stored Ca2+ into cytoplasm of myofiber
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what maintains low calcium in resting muscle
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase active transport pumps pump Ca2+ into SR from cytoplasm
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terminal cisternae
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englarged sacs part of SR that hold Ca2+ at rest
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depolarization in myofiber affects what protein
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DHPR- conformational change opens RyR channels, lets Ca2+ out of SR
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isometric contraction
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contracting without changing length of muscle (flexing bicep)
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concentric contraction
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contraction leads to shortening of muscle length (bicep decreases angle at elbow, brings forearm closer to body)
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eccentric contractions
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contractile force occurs, muscle lengthens (putting a heavy thing down on the table)
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isotonic contraction
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muscle length changes during contraction
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action potential increase in muscles- tension?
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tension increases from what increasing?
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what is tetanus
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fused contraction from high frequency action potentials
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tension level in 1/2 resting length muscle
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low tension in muscle
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tension level in x1.5 resting length muscle
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low tension in muscle
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tension level in resting length muscle |
high tension in muscle
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most overlap of filaments occurs when
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muscle at rest
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motor unit
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a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
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motor neuron:myofiber
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1:many
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characteristics of smooth muscle
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single nucleus and not striated with no t tubules troponin nor nebulin
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multiunit smooth muscle
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each muscle cell is innervated - feather eye hair large arteries
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single unit smooth muscle
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little innervation with cells having gap junctions to transmit APs in GI tract and small blood vessels
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tonic smooth muscles
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muscle cells that maintain contractile force “tone” in sphincters and airways
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phasic smooth muscles
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produce rythmic activity like in stomach and intestine
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blood vessels are innervated by these nerves
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sympathetic postganglionic axons
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norepinephrine
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sympathetic transmitter
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acetylcholine |
parasympathetic neurotransmitter |
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parasympathetic effect on bladder
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contraction and urination
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cardiac muscle is characterized by these
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intercalated discs branched uninucleate fibers w striations autonomic w t tubules troponin and tropomyosin and slow contraction
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ventilation
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bulk flow of air to the exposed gas exchange membrane
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oxygen crosses the membrane by this method
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diffusion
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the partial pressure of O2 inside must be ___ than the environment
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lower
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Neurons have increased mitochondrial activity where? |
Axons |
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Basophilic dyes affect what |
Negatively charged cell parts like rRNA backbone |
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where is ammonia turned into urea
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liver
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glucose-alanine cycle
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transport of NH3 from muscle to liver
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gutamine synthase/glutaminase system
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transport of NH3 from everywhere BUT muscles to kidney and liver
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pyruvate is needed to turn this into alanine in the muscle
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ammonia is turned into alanine using what
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glutamate is used to turn ammonia into this
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glutamine is a non toxic way to carry this
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what is an apoenzyme
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enzyme without its cofactor
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what is an holoenzyme
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enzyme with its cofactor
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descending loop of Henle permeable to this
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water permeates which part of the loop of Henle
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ascending loop of Henle permeable to this
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ions permeates which part of the loop of Henle
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osteoblastic activity
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new bone formation and lower blood Ca which increases PTH
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PTH
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increases Ca
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calcitriol
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increases blood Ca
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γ-Globulins are
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antibodies example
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Km relationship to high substrate affinity
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low Km to substrate affinity
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IR carbonyl group
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1700 cm-1
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how is membrane potential calculated
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V(inside)-V(outside)
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clathrin
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vesicle protein coat from golgi->plasma membrane or endosomes
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COPI
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vesicle protein coat for retrograde transport from golgi to rough ER to recycle proteins
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COPII
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ER->golgi vesicle protein coat
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desmosomes use this kind of filament
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intermediate filaments
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membrane proteins are created by
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rough ER ribosomes
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cytoplasmic proteins are created by
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cytoplasmic ribosomes
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Urey-Miller experiment
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organic molecules arise from inorganic material
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Mehselson-Stahl experiment
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DNA is semiconservative
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conjugation
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requires F-plasmid to create sex pilus and has DNA pass between bacteria
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transduction
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transfer of genetic material via vector (bacteriophage)
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transformation
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bacterial cells uptake genetic material from environment
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prokaryotes divide by
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binary fission
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responsible for maintaining temperature
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hypothalamus
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