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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paracrine signaling
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signaling between neighboring cells
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Peptide/protein local regulators
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Cytokines and growht factros
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Local regulator
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Nitric Oxide
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Modified fatty acids - local regulators
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Prostaglandins - from male prostate gland/female placenta/immune system (help induce fever/inflmmation/pain)/regulate aggregation of platelets/respiratory system (Prostaglandin E signals muscle cells to relax, dilate the blood vessels, promote oxygenation of blood; Prostaglandin F signals muscle cells to contract, constricts the vessels and reduces blood flow through the lungs)
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Hypothalamus
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Regulate anterior pituitary hormones
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Chem class of Hypothalamus?
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Peptide
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Pituitary gland - Posterior pituitary (releases neurohormones made in hypothalamus) - the two hormones of this gland?
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Oxytocin, ADH
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Function of Oxytocin?
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Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells
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Chem class of Oxytocin?
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Peptide
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Oxytocin regulated by?
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Nervous system
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ADH function?
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Promotes retention of water by kidneys
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Chem class of ADH?
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Peptide
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ADH regulation?
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Water/salt balance
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Anterior pituitary hormones?
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Growth Hormone/Prolactin/FSH/LH/Thyroid-Stimulating hormone/Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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Function of GH?
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Stimulates growth (especially bones) and metabolic functions; stimulates rate at which amino acids enter cells and causes increased protien synthesis; promotes skeletal and muscular growth; also promotes fat metabolism as opposed to glucose metabolism.
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GH chem class?
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Protein
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GH regulation?
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Hypothalamic Hormones
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PRL funciton?
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Stimulates milk production and secretion
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PRL chem class?
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Protein
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Prolactin Regulation?
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Hypothalamic Hormones
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FSH funciton?
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Stimulates production of ova and sperm
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FSH Chem class
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Glycoprotein
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FSH fregulation?
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Hypothalamic Hormones
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LH Function?
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Stimulates ovaries and testes
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LH chem class?
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Glycoprotein
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LH regulation?
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Hypothalamic hormones
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TSH function?
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Stimulates thyroid gland
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TSH chem class
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Glycoprotein
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TSH Regultaion?
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Thyroxine in blood; hypothalamic hormones
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ACTH function?
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Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
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ACTH chem class?
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Peptide
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ACTH regulation?
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Glucocoritcoids; hypothalamic hormones
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Thyroid gland hormones?
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Triiodoyhtonin (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) and Calcitonin
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Function of T3 and T4?
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Stimulate and maintain metabolic processes
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Regulation of T4 and T3?
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TSH
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Chem class of T3 and T4?
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Amine
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Calcitonin function?
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lowers blood calcium level; brings aboutdeposit of calcium in the bones' does this by temporarily reducing the activity and number of osteoclasts.
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Calcitonin chem class?
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Peptide
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Calcitonin regulation?
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Calcium in blood
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Parathyroid glands hormone?
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Parathyroid hormone
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PTH chem class?
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Peptide
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Parathyroid position?
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On thyroid gland
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PTH function?
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Raises blood calcium level; promfrom the bones; promotes reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, where it activates vitamin D. Vitamin D in turn stimulates absoprotion of calcium from the intestine. As soon as blood calcium is normal, the parathyroid glands no longer secrete PTH. osteoclasts and release calciuotes activity
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PTH regulation?
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Calcium in blood
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Pancreas hormones?
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Insulin and Glucagon
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Glucagon chem class?
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PRotein
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Insulin chem class?
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Protein
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Glucagon function?
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Raises blood glucose level
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Insulin funcion?
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Lowers blood glucose level
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Inuslin regulation?
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Blood glucose
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Glucagon regulation?
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Blood glucose
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Adrenal Glands parts?
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Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
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Adrenal medulla hormones?
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Epinephrine, norepinephrine
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Chem class of epinephrine, norepinphrine?
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Amine
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Function of norepinephrine and epinephrine?
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Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolism; constrict certain blood vessels
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Regulation of Epinephrine, norepinephrine?
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Nervous system
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Adrenal cortex hormones?
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Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids
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Chem class of Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids
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Steroid
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Function of Glucocorticoids
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Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolism; constrict certain blood vessels; promotes protein and fat metabolism instead of glucose breakdown. Reduction of inflammation; immune cells are surpressed
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Mineralocorticoids function?
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Promote reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium ions in kidneys; also promotes reabsorption of water by kidney. Generally they regulate salt and water balance, leading to increases in BP and blood volume.
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Glucorticoids regulatio?
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ACTH
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Mineralocorticoids regulation?
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Potassium in blood
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Gonads parts?
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Testes/Ovaries
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Testes hormone?
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Androgens
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Androgens chem class?
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Steroid
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Androgens function?
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Support sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
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Androgens regulation?
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FSH and LH
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Ovaries hormones?
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Estrogens and progesterone
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Function of estrogen
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Stimulate uterine lining growth; promote development and maintenance of female secondary
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Function of progesterone
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Promotes uterine line growht
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chem class of Estrogens/progesterone
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Steroid
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Regulation of both estrogens and progesterone
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FSH and LH
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Pineal gland hormone?
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Melatoin
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Chem class of melatonin
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Amine
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Regulation of Melatonin
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Light/dark cycles
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Function of melatonin
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Involved in biological rhythms
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Other name of posterior pituitary?
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Neurohypophysis
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Other name of anterior pituitary?
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Adenohypophysis
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Tropic hormones
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Hormones that control other endocrine organs
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Where is there a portal system in endocrine system?
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Between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
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Clusters of endocrine cells in pancreas called?
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Islets of Langerhans
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Islets of langerhans have?
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populations of alpha and beta cells.
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What do alpha cells produce?
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Glucagon
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What do beta cells produce?
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Insulin
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Hypothalamus Hormones
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Hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting hormones
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Chemical class of Hormones of Hypothalamus
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Peptide
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Target tissues/organs of Hypothalamus
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Anterior Pituitary
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Chief function of Hypothalamic Hormones
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Regulate anterior pituitary hormones
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How does hypothalamus regulate internal environment?
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Through autonomic system - modulates heartbeat, BP, hunger, appetite, body temperature, water balance; controls glandualar secretiosn of the pituitary gland.
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What produces ADH?
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Neurons in the hypothalamus
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What produces oxytocin?
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Neurons in the hypothalamus
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Where are ADH and oxytocin stored?
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In axon terminals in the posterior pituitary
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What controls Adernal medulla
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Nervous system; hypothalamus sends nerve impulses that go through sympathetic nerve fibers to the adrenal medulla; epinephirine and norepinephrine produced bring about changes in body to help react to emergency situation (SHORT TERM RESPONSE)
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What is controlling adrenal cortex
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ACTH, adrenocorticotropin (anterior pituitary hormone)
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General job of adrenal cortex hormones
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Long-term response to stress
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Important Mineralocortcioid
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Aldosterone
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Aldosterone Function
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Targets kidneys - promotes renal absorption of sodium and renal excretion of potassium
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What does ACTH stimulate in the adrenal cortex
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Portion of adrenal cortex that secretes glucocorticoids, but NOT for mineralocorticoids.
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What is mineralocorticoids secretion controlled by?
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When blood sodium level and therefrore BP, is low, kidneys secrete renin, which converts angiotensiongen (plasma protein) to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is changed to angiotensin II by converting enzyme in lung capillaries. Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Angiotensin II contricts arterioles. Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium - when blood sodium level rises, water is reabsorbed.
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What happens when increase in blood volume
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When the atria of the heart are stretched, atrial NATRIURETIC hormone is released, inhibiting secretion of aldosterone. Effect is to cause excretion of sodium.
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Glucagon targets
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Liver and adipose tissue
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Glucagon function?
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Stimulates the liver to breakd down glycogen to glucsose; fat and protein also used as energy sources, thus sparing glucose; adipose tissue cells break down fat to glycerol and fatty acids - the liver takes them up and uses them as substrates for glucose formation.
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Pancreas targets
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Liver (stores glucose as glycogen); Muscle (stores glycogen and build protein)l Adipose tissue (uses glucose to form fat)
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Hormone produced by adipose tissue; function of it?
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Leptin; signals satiety (had enough to eat)
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Endoderm
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Lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, pancreas, liver
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Ectoderm
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Nervous system (including eyes and ears), epidermal layer of skin, structures derived from skin (Such as hair, feathers, nails or claws, sweat glands, and oil glands)
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Mesoderm
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Mheart, blood vessels, muscle and boods
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Two broad groups of white blood cells
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Granular cells, Lymphocytes
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Granular cells
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Histamin-producing signaling cells, phagocytes (including macrophages)
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Macrophages
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engulf nonself materials and present partly digested nonself materials to the T cells, thereby activating T cells
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Lymphocytes
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Specific defenses against nonself or altered cells (virus-infected, or tumor)
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Types of Lymphocytes
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B cells and T cells
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Granular Cellsq
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Basophills, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
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Lymphocytes
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B , T cells, Natural Killer Cells
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Basophils
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Release histamine; may promote development of T cells
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Eosinophils
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Kill antibody-coated parasites
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Neutrophils
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Phagocytose pathogens
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Mast cells
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Release histamine when damaged
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Monocytes
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Develop into macrophages
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Macrophages
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Engulf and digest microorganisms; activate T cells
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Dendritic cells
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Present antigens to T cells
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B cells
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Differentiate to form antibody-producing cells and memory cells
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T cells
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Kill virus-infected cells; regulate activities of other white blood cells
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Natural Killer Cells
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attack and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells
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Antibodies
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Secreted by B cells; proteins that bind specifically to certain substances identified by the immune system as nonself or altered self
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T cell receptors
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Integral membrane proteins on T cell surfaces. Recognize and bind to nonself substances on the surfaces of other cells
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Majnor Histocompatibility complex
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Important self-identifying labels; involved in coordinating interactions between lymphocytes and macrophages
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Cytokines
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Released by T cells, macrophages, and other cells. Bind and alter behavior of target cells. Cytokines activate or inactivate B cells, macrophages, and T cells. Some cytokines limit tumor growht by killing tumor cells.
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Lysozyme
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Found in tears, nasal mucus and saliva; attack cell walls of many bacteria
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Defensins
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Fproduced by mucous membranes. Insert themselves into the PMs of pathogens. Also produced by phagocytes.
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Infallamtatory response
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Nonspecific defense - limits spread of pathogens to neighboring tissues; concentrates defenses; digests pathogens and dead tissue cells; released chemical mediators attract pahogocytes and lymphocytes to site
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Natural Killer Cells
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Nonspecific defense - Attack and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells
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Interferons
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Nonspecific defense - released by virus-infected cells to protect healthy tissue from viral infection; mobilize specific defenses
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Complement proteins
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Non-Specific Defense: Lyse microorganisms, enhance phagocytosis, and assist in inflammatory and antibody responses
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Complement Proteins (steps of action)
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First attach to microbes (which helps phagocytes recognize and destroy them); then activate inflammation response and attract phagocytes to the site of infection; then they lyse invading cells
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