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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is differential reproducttion different from general?
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Involes intentional breeding
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What is ecological niche?
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relationship of an organism with its environment including other species.
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Does inbreeding violate hardy weinberg's principle?
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yes
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Example of convergent evolution
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dolphins and fish have same charactieristics since both live in water
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example of divergent evolution
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man and ape
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T/F Commensalism if the symbiotic relationship where one of the pair gets hurt example tapeworms in your intestines
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False. Both benefit.
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What is meant by ontology recaptiluates phylogeny?
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evolution is seen as how it develops as embryo
held by early embryologists not modern ones....contemporary do use it though to compare |
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Where is DNA found in eukaryotes?
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nucleus
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What is the central dogma of biology?
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dna-rna-protein
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Can DNA be made from protein?
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NO
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What holds the helixes of the DNA together? (what kind of bond)
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hydrogen bonds
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What makes up the backbone of each helix?
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phosphate group
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What determines what type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) is there?
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Pentose sugar located in the middle of nucleotide
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What is the role of the nitrogenous bases?
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They provide the site of attachment for the hydrogen bonds
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Out the the four DNA bases which have a triple bond?
double bond? |
C and G
A and T (A2T) |
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What is the key component of DNA?
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Nitrogen
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Where does DNA elongation/replication take place?
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The replication fork
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Where are the Okazaki fragments found?
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Lagging strand
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What enzyme if responsible for adding and proofreading new strands?
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DNA Polymerase
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What proteins stabilize unwound DNA?
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DNA Gyrase
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What is primase made of?
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RNA
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DNA repair is regulated by...
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DNA Polymerase
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What detects the bump of the DNA for repair?
What fills the bump? What seals it? |
Nuclease
Polymerase Ligase |
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Are restriction enzymes useful in gene cloning?
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YES
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What role does RNA play in the central dogma of biology?
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Works as a bridge between chromosole of DNA and functional polypeptides (proteins
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Name three differences that exist between DNA and RNA
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1) RNA is single stranded
2) RNA contains Uracil not Thymine 3) RNA has a ribose sugar |
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What makes DNA readable?
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codons
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How many nucleotides are codons made up of?
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3
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What is wobble?
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accounts for why there are only 20 amino acids even though 64 codon combos exist
example of missense muation |
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Name the start codon
Stop codon |
AUG
UAA UGA UAG |
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Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?
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Nucleus
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What is the role of RNA polymerase II
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Unwinds double-stranded DNA
(Helicase unwinds helix) makes mRNA adds nucleotides to mRNA transcript Transcribes DNA template |
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What is hnRNA?
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It is the immature version of mRNA before splicing
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What is needed after transcription to get translation started?
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rRNA, tRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA synetase
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What helps pair mRNA with amino acids to form protein?
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tRNA
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After transcription occurs in the nucleus..where is mRNA?
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Cytoplasm where translation occurs
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What happens during initiation?
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mRNA and tRNA unit with the first amino acid and ribosome
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What happens during elongation
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mRNA recognized by tRNA in A site.
They then form a peptide bond by the help of peptidyl transferase P site tRNA translocated and makes room for A site tRNA |
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How is the polypeptide freed from the ribosome complex?
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Peptidyl transferase binds a water molecule instead of amino acid
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Characteristics of secondary structure of protein
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mediated by hydrogen bonding
aplha or beta pleated |
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characteristics of tertiary structure
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disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds
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Name the three ways in which substitution can affect the protein
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silent, missense, nonsense
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What is silent mutation?
Missense? Nonsense? |
Results in same nucleotide
Different nucleotide (ex. sickle cell anemia) Results in stop codon Remember that these mutations can also be insertion/deletion mutations |
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What process is used during glycolysis and krebs cycle to make ATP?
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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What molecules carry electrons to the electron transport chain?
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NADH FADH2
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How many ATP are does glycolysis produce?
What is the net yield? |
4
2 |
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What is the precursor to Citric Acid Cycle?
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Acetyl CoA produced in the decarboxylation
requires oxygen |
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Net Rxn of TCA?
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Acteyl CoA = GTP, NADH, FADH2, CO2
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How is ATP made in ETC?
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High proton gradient due to transfer of electrons with help of NADH and FADH2. This gradient makes ions moe down its graditent and ADP binds to inorganic phosphate to make ATP.
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How many ATP are produced by NADH in the ETC and why?
FADH2 |
3 ATP are produced because it enters earlier
2...it enters later |
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Yield of each glucose molecule in the TCA cycle?
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6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP 4 CO2
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Yield of each acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle?
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3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP 2 CO2
(half of glucose) |
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Total ATP yield for TCA?
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products from glucose x products from acetyl CoA
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How many total ATPs does (this is all oxidatie phos)
Glycolysis yield? Pyruvate decarboxylation? TCA? |
1) 4
2) 6 3) 22 |
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Total ATP yield of
Subtrate level phosphorylation? Oxidative phosphorylatio? |
1) 4
2) 32 |
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Name 5 things that regulate enzyme acitivity?
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1) Environmental conditions 2) Cofactors 3) Inhibition 4) Cooperativity 5) Allosteric regulation
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What are cofactors?
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Non-proteins that allow enzymes to be active...usually have weak bonds if have strong bonds they are prosthetic groups
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What is an
Apoenzyme? Holoenzyme? |
Doesn't have a cofactor
Has a cofactor |
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How does a molecule bind to an enzyme in Irriversible inhibition?
Reversible |
With covalent bond
noncovalent bond |
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Name two types of reversible inhibition
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Competitive and noncompetitive
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How is _____ inhibition overcome?
Competitive Noncompetitie (example of allosteric) |
increasing substrate concentration
Increasing enzyme concentation |
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How does high temperature shift the oxygen dissociation curve?
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Shifts it to the left
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How does the presence of DPG shift the oxygen dissociation curve?
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Shifts it to the right
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HOw does myoglobin shift the curve?
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To the left
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What so special about carbon monoxide?
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greater affinity to HgB than O2.
shifts curve to left |
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What are thicker arteries of veins?
More pressure? |
Artieries
Arteries |
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What is the function of capillary beds?
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Allows exhange of ions, solutes, heat , and gases
HIgh O2 in capillaries and Low CO2 in capilarries...O2 diffuses out |
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Role of capillaries during shock?
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Shunt blood away from organs that don't need blood to organs with depletion
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T/F Systemic circulation is a high pressure system
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True
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Name the main components of blood
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Plasma, Cells, and Molecules
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What does the plasma of blood contain?
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Water and clotting factors
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What cells are in the blood?
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Eryhrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC) Thrombocytes (platelets)
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What molecules does the blood have?
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Electrolytes, Na+, C, K+, HCO3
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What is hematocrit?
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% of erthyrocytes in the blood for a given blood volume
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Role of capillary beds in thermal regulation
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Shunting blood AWAY from capillary beds allows core organs to stay warm
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Ductus Arteriosus
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Shunts blood away from lungs
Pulmonary artery to aorta |
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Ductus venosus
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Shunts blood away from liver
Umbilical cord to infefrior vena cavae |
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Foramen Ovale
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RA-LA
Shunts blood away from lungs |
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T/F Nephron is the functional unit of the lung
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False...Nephron is of the kidney...Alveoli is the lung
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T/F The reason why expiration is a passive process is because of the diaphragm
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False...because of the rig cage
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What is tidal volume (TV)
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Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
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What is Inspiratory reserve volume?
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Additional air that can be inhaled after normal breath in. (about 2.5 liters)
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What is Expiratoy reserve volume?
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Additional are that can be exhaled after normal breath out.
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What is residual volume?
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The amount of air left after maximum exhalation.
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Total lung capacity?
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The maximum amount of air that can be in the lungs. (about 6 liters)
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Vital capacity?
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the greatest amount of air that can be forced from the lungs after maximum inhalation
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Inspiratory capacity?
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the total amount of air that can be drawn into the lungs after normal expiration
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Functional residual capacity?
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amount of air left in the lungs after a normal breath out
ERV+RV |
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Anatomical dead space?
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Volume that is contained within the airways.
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What structure divides the digestive and respiratory systems?
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Epiglottis
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What regulates parietal cells?
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Histamine, acetylcholine, gastrin
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T/F Villi are found in both the small and large intestine.
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False. Villi increase the surface area for absorption and thus are found in the small intestine only. (small intestine's primary function in absorption of nutrients)
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T/F the portal blood suppy drains the small intestine.
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True...it takes blood from the small intestine to the liver
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The large intestine reabsorbs what?
E Coli. product Vitamin ____ |
Water
K |
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T/F Pancreas is unique in that it has that the ability to regenerate.
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False...Liver has the ability to regenrate
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List the 5 functions of liver
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1) Recieves blood supply from the small intestine via the portal system
2) produces bile 3) breaks down fats 4) detoxifies 5) stores vitamins and glycogen |
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Name protein enzymes that originate in the pancreas
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Carboxypeptidase, Trypsin, chymotrypsin
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Name Protein Enzymes that originate in the small intestine
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aminopeptidase, dipeptidase
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Name protein enzymes that originate in the stomach
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pepsin
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name carbohydrate enzymes that originate in the small intestine
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lactase, maltase, sucrase
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name carb enzyme that originate in the pancreas
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pancreatic amylase
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name carb enzyme that originate in the stomach
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salivary amylase (origin: salivary glands and stomach)
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Name Lipid enzyme that originate in the pancreas
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lipase
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What are the main roles of the excretory system?
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1) Control BP
2) Control osmolarity of blood 3) Maintain acid-base balance 4) excretion of nitrogenous waste |
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Where does filtration occur in the kidney?
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Glomerulus/Bowman's capsule
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Where does reabsorption occur in the kidney?
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Nephron...mostly in the proximal tubule
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Where does secretion occur in the kidney
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Length of nephron
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Name 2 ways in which kidney controls blood pressure?
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1) Increases BP by absorbing Na+
2) secrete renin when BP is low to increase it |
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How does the kidney maintain acid-base balance?
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By excreting bicarbonate
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What is the different between dendrites and axons?
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Dendrites transport signals toward the cell body (recieve signals from axons)
axons transport signals away from cell body |
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What produces myelin outside of the CNS?
Inside of the CNS |
Schwann Cells
Oligodendrites |
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NOdes of ranvier are gaps between what two things?
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Schwann cells and voltage gated ion channels
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Action potentials are electrical impulses carried by _____
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neurons
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What is the typical resting potential?
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-70mV
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T/F Threshold potential can also be thought of as stattic force
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True
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Describe the all or none response
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Changing the strength of the stimulus only changes the frequency.
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What defines depolarization
IS this a slow of fast process |
Opening of Na+ Channels
fast |
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What defines repolarization
Slow of Fast |
OPening of K+ channels
Slow |
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WHat is an excitatory post synaptic potential
Inhibitory post synaptic potential |
depolarizes cell
hyper polarizes the cell |
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Hindbrain
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Cerebellum-motor movements
Basic functions...breathing medulla oblangata |
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Midbrain
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Vision, smell
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Forebrain
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Allows for conciousness
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Cerebral cortex- creativity, intelligence |
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What neurotransmitter is used by
SNS PNS |
Norephinephrine
Acetylcholine |
