Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
you can det if something is single-cell euk vs prok b/c it'll have
|
a nucleus
|
|
|
what do prok have?
|
single circular DNA in nucloid region, cell wall+membrance, ribosomes, cytoplasm, flagella, NO membrane-bound organelles (but can still photosynthesize)
|
|
|
functions of skin:
|
temp reg, pathogen barrier, excrete excess water/salt
|
|
|
why is most mito maternal?
|
b/c sperm's mito disintegrates in egg
|
|
|
good/bad Nuc
|
CN-, halogens, I-, OR-
|
|
|
relation of nuclephilicty to protic/aprotic soln
|
in protic, bigger =better (more H bonds), in aprotic, more basic = better
|
|
|
good/bad base
|
tert-butoxide, otos, OH- usu not good enough?
|
|
|
good/bad LG
|
/F, CN, goes in order of opp of base strength (so F = good base) weak base = good LG b/c happy with neg
|
|
|
factors favoring E1
|
same as those for SN1 - tertiary group, good LG, weak Nu, highly polar solvent
|
|
|
which halogen will never be a good LG?
|
F
|
|
|
methylblah + good base/good nuc -->? Elim or Sub?
|
SN2 (need 2 C to make double bond!)
|
|
|
protic/acidic conditions favor ____ rxn(s)
|
E1 and SN1
|
|
|
sympathetic activity does ____ to pupils
|
dilates (get bigger to see danger)
|
|
|
chiral centers = chiral carbons?
|
NO! can also be N + other elem (lone pair acts as substituent) that cannot interconvert
|
|
|
enantiomeres can also produce a dif when reacting with ____
|
a stereospecific (chiral) receptor that pref 1 enantiomer to the other
|
|
|
Function of parts of kidney: Glomerulus, loops of Heinle, ureter, vasa recta
|
allows filtration by letting small molecs thru to nephron tubule but blocks plasma proteins; reabsorb water, connect kidney to bladder, supply nutrients to kidney
|
|
|
under ___ conditions hydroxyl group can leave as water (leaving carbocation behind)
|
acidic
|
|
|
can catalyst make a rxn more energetically favorable?
|
NO - cannot change the thermodynamics, favorable = spontaneous (ex ∆G)
|
|
|
how can you form an epimer?
|
add another C (like CN-) and create new sterocenter (2 epimers)
|
|
|
enantiomeres must differ at __
|
EVERY stereocenter
|
|
|
hemiacetal vs acetal
|
ester + alcohol vs 2 esters
|
|
|
peptide hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they ____
|
bind to cell membrance surface + use 2ndary messengers to affect change (while steroid hormones bind to nuc and reg transcrip)
|
|
|
hydropathy plot shows
|
hydrophobic (cell membrane spanning) regions of protein (neg --> pos turn in graph = hydrophobic section)
|
|
|
enterokinase does what?
|
stimulates --> trypsin + chymotripsin in small intest from their prototypes secreted by pancreas
|
|
|
B-decay and B+ decay do what?
|
neut--> antineutrino + proton (A+1); proton--> positron + neutron (A-1)
|
|
|
structural vs _____ also called ______
|
constitutional isomers, also known as stereoisomers
|
