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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nonspecific resistance
a. Know examples of nonspecific resistance (innate) |
General well being
• Nutrition, age, sex, climate • Skin • Mucous membranes - traps microbes • pH of vaginal tract, stomach • Lysozyme • Phagocytosis (cell-eating) |
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b. How do they work to prevent disease?
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Take immediate action
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c. What are Natural Killer Cells and how do they differ from Cytotoxic T-cells?
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Defensive lymphocytes
I D & kill abnormal cells • “collateral damage” |
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. Specific resistance (adaptive)
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Immune system
– Target specific cells/proteins |
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Antigens
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i. Anything that causes immune system response
ii. Usually large, complex molecules iii. Venoms, toxins, milk & pollen proteins |
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Immune system
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Cells, chemical factors to fight non-self
Lymphocytes: B-cells & T-cells Receptors recognize antigens Antigens cause activation & multiplication |
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b. Cell-mediated Immunity (T cells)
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• Antigens mark pathogen as “nonself”
– Infected host cells, too • Destruction of microbe &/or infected cells by NKCs • Dendritic cells clean up • Display antigens on surface • Now “antigen presenting cell” (APC) • APC Þ lymph • Search for T-cell w/antigen receptor • cytotoxic T-cells produced – Leave lymph to attack invader • Requires helper T-cells – APC binds to CD4 receptor on helper T-cell (also where HIV binds) |
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7. What are Memory B cells? How do they aid in an immune response? How does this relate to vaccination?
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• Some B-cells become “memory B-cells”
• Remain in lymphoid tissue for years • Immediate antibody production - no delay • Microbes that mutate = problem • Basis for vaccination |
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8. What do antibodies do?
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Infection with HIv ulitimatly knocks out
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d. What is the ultimate effect of HIV on the immune system?
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-Both cell mediated immunity and Antibody mediated immunity
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Recombinant DNA
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(Genetic Engineering)
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Recombinant DNA
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(Genetic Engineering)
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a. What is vertical gene transfer? Horizontal gene transfer?
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-Vertically
Parent to offspring -Horizontally DNA transferred b/t cells of same generation Plasmids or by virus interaction |
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a. What is vertical gene transfer? Horizontal gene transfer?
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-Vertically
Parent to offspring -Horizontally DNA transferred b/t cells of same generation Plasmids or by virus interaction |
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b. What is recombinant DNA? When did molecular genetic engineering begin?
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Basis for genetic engineering
Started in 1970’s Microbes are foundation of genetic manipulation Critical for basic and applied research |
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b. What is recombinant DNA? When did molecular genetic engineering begin?
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Basis for genetic engineering
Started in 1970’s Microbes are foundation of genetic manipulation Critical for basic and applied research |
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c. Restriction enzymes
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1. What do they do in the bacterial cell?
2. What are they used for in the lab? Discovered in bacteria (defense) Gene cloning Started with a few; now have 100’s |
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c. Restriction enzymes
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1. What do they do in the bacterial cell?
2. What are they used for in the lab? Discovered in bacteria (defense) Gene cloning Started with a few; now have 100’s |
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d. What is PCR for?
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Developed by Kary Mullis
Cetus Corp. Paid $20K bonus Won Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1993 |
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d. What is PCR for?
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Developed by Kary Mullis
Cetus Corp. Paid $20K bonus Won Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1993 |
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Recombinant DNA
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(Genetic Engineering)
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a. What is vertical gene transfer? Horizontal gene transfer?
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-Vertically
Parent to offspring -Horizontally DNA transferred b/t cells of same generation Plasmids or by virus interaction |
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b. What is recombinant DNA? When did molecular genetic engineering begin?
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Basis for genetic engineering
Started in 1970’s Microbes are foundation of genetic manipulation Critical for basic and applied research |
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c. Restriction enzymes
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1. What do they do in the bacterial cell?
2. What are they used for in the lab? Discovered in bacteria (defense) Gene cloning Started with a few; now have 100’s |
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d. What is PCR for?
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Developed by Kary Mullis
Cetus Corp. Paid $20K bonus Won Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1993 |
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1. why was it such a big step forward in biological research
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Get specific sequence of DNA
Can makes LOTS of DNA |
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2. how did microbes help push the technology further?
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What happens when you heat proteins up to 95o C?
Had to add fresh enzyme after cycle There had to be a better way… • Medical – Synthetic proteins – Vaccines – Gene therapy • Agricultural – Pest-resistant crops – phytoremediation • Cloning |
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e. What was the first recombinant protein produced for medical use?
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Insulin
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History in biotech
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• Paul Berg: first recombinant DNA
• Herb Boyer & Stanley Cohen: first recombinant DNA from 2 species • Ananda Chakrabarty: first patented living organism (GE) |
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It was a tedious process because What happens when you heat proteins up to 95o C?
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Had to add fresh enzyme after cycle
There had to be a better way… |
