Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
History and development of antimicrobial drugs-- What is the first documented example of a chemical successfully used an antimicrobial? |
Salvarsan
|
|
|
History and development of antimicrobial drugs-- Who discovered Salvarsan? |
Paul Erlich in 1909
|
|
|
History and development of antimicrobial drugs-- What was Salvarsan used for? |
the treatment of syphilis
|
|
|
History and development of antimicrobial drugs-- What is a chemotherapeutic agent? |
any chemical used in medical practice to treat disease
|
|
|
History and development of antimicrobial drugs-- Who discovered the mold penicillium? |
Alexander Fleming in 1928
|
|
|
History and development of antimicrobial drugs-- What was Fleming working with when he discovered the mold penicillium? |
--staphylococcus --he noticed there were no staph colonies growing near a mold containment --the colonies appeared to be melting --Penicillin G |
|
|
History and development of antimicrobial drugs-- Who successfully purified penicillin (Penicillin G)? |
Ernst Chain and Howard Florey
|
|
|
History and development of antimicrobial drugs-- Mass production of penicillin during... |
WWII
|
|
|
History and development of antimicrobial drugs-- What was penicillin used for in WWII? |
treatment of wounded soldiers and war workers
|
|
|
Development of new drugs-- In the 1960's, scientists alteration of drug structure gave them new properties. What is an example? |
Penicillin G altered to create ampicillin and many more antibiotics
|
|
|
Antimicrobials and Antibiotics-- What are antimicrobials? |
something that kills or inhibits the growth of microbes
|
|
|
Antimicrobials and Antibiotics-- There are many classes of antimicrobials: |
--antibiotics --antivirals --antifungals --antiparasitic --nonpharmaceutical antimicrobials (essential oils and elements) |
|
|
Antimicrobials and Antibiotics-- What is an antibiotic? |
a medicine derived from a biological source (plant, old, other bacteria) that fights bacterial infections
|
|
|
Antimicrobials and Antibiotics-- Topical application is used for... |
low index drugs
|
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- What is selective toxicity? |
causes greater harm to the microbe than to the host
|
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- How des selective toxicity work? |
generally by interfering with biological structures or biochemical processes common to bacteria but not to humans
|
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- What is the therapeutic index? |
--the toxicity of a drug --the higher the index the lower the toxicity to the patients |
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- What is antimicrobial action? |
drugs may kill or inhibit bacterial growth: --inhibit = bacteriostatic --kill = bactericidal |
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- What is spectrum of activity? |
antimicrobials vary with respect to range or organisms controllled
|
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- What does narrow spectrum antimicrobials work on? |
a narrow range of organisms
|
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- Do narrow spectrum antimicrobials typically cause any damage to normal flora? |
little to no normal flora damage
|
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- What will narrow spectrum antimicrobials require? |
culturing and sensitivity testing to determine the pathogen
|
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- What do broad spectrum antimicrobials work on? |
a broad range of organisms
|
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- What are broad spectrum antimicrobials good for? |
when you don't have time to test (like a life threatening situation)
|
|
|
Features of antimicrobial drugs-- Do broad spectrum antimicrobials disrupt normal flora? |
they disrupt normal flora a lot
|
|
|
Effects of antimicrobial combinations-- What is antagonistic? |
one drug inhibits the function of the other drug
|
|
|
Effects of antimicrobial combinations-- What is an example of an antagonistic combination? |
penicillin and tetracycline: --penicillin targets growing cell wall --tetracycline stops bacteria growth |
|
|
Effects of antimicrobial combinations-- What is synergistic? |
one drug enhances the function of the other drug
|
|
|
Effects of antimicrobial combinations-- What is an example of a synergistic combination? |
penicillin and streptomyocin: streptomyocin must enter the cell and penicillin is working on the wall |
|
|
Effects of antimicrobial combinations-- What is an additive? |
Neither antagonistic or synergistic
|
|
|
Tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion-- Do all drugs cross rom the bloodstream to the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)? |
No
|
|
|
Tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion-- Some drugs are unstable at low pH so __________ is necessary. |
injection
|
|
|
Tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion-- What is the rate of elimination (or half-life)? |
--the time it takes for the serum concentration of that chemical to decrease by 50% --it dictates the frequency of doses required to maintain an effective level in the body --patients with kidney or liver dysfunction must be adjusted accordingly because they metabolize medications more slowly |
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: What does the bacteria cell wall contain? |
peptidoglycan
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: These drugs have very ______ (high or low) therapeutic index. |
high
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: Antimicrobials of this class include: |
--penicillins --cephalosporins --other B-lactam drugs |
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: Part of a group of drugs called... |
B-lactams
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: B-lactams have shared chemical structure called... |
B-lactam ring (see page 507)
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: B-lactam drugs are all bactericidal to... |
actively growing cells
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: Other B-lactam drugs: Vancomycin is ________. |
bactericidal
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: Vancomycin does not cross... |
lipid membrane or gram negative
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: Vancomycin is important in treating what types of infections? |
those caused by penicillin resistant gram + stuff
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: How must Vancomycin be given? |
intravenously due to poor absorption from intestinal tract
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: Bacitracin is ________. |
bactericidal
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: Bacitracin toxicity limits use to ________ applications. |
topical
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: Bacitracin is used in what kind of antibiotics? |
triple antibiotics
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: The structure of prokaryotic ribosomes acts as... |
a target for many antimicrobials of this class (medications that inhibit protein synthesis)
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: The differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes are responsible for... |
selective toxicity
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: What kind of antibiotics are aminoglycosides? |
bactericidal
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: What are aminoglycosides NOT effective against and why? |
--anaerobes, enterococci, and streptococci --the method it uses is aerobic respiration so it doesn't work |
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: What are aminoglycosides often used in? |
--synergistic combination with B-lactam drugs --examples: streptomycin, neomycin |
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: What are some side effects of aminoglycosides? |
+ ototoxicity = hearing damage + nephrotoxicity = kidney damage |
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic against... |
some gram positive and gram negative bacteria
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: Macrolides are bacteriostatic against... |
many gram positive bacteria
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: Examples of macrolides are... |
--erythromycin --azithromycin (z pack) - good if allergic to penicillin |
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic to... |
a wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Inhibition of protein synthesis: Chloramphenicol has a lethal side effect. What is it? |
aplastic anemia - causes the body to not be able to form red or white blood cells
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Drugs that effect DNA synthesis: Fluoroquinolones are bacteriocidal against... |
a wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Drugs that effect DNA synthesis: How do fluorquinolones work? |
--they inhibit action of DNA gyrase --DNA gyrase maintains supercoiling of DNA --example: ciprofloxacin |
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways: How many drugs are there that inhibit metabolic pathways? |
relatively few
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways: What are the most useful drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways? |
folate inhibitors - the mode of action is to inhibit the production of folic acid
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways: What are some examples of antimicrobials in this class? |
--sulfonamides --trimethoprim |
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Drugs that interfere with cell membrane integrity: A few antibiotics damage cell membranes including... |
polymixin B: --most common --common ingredient in first-aid skin ointments |
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Drugs that interfere with cell membrane integrity: Polymixins bind to the membranes of... |
gram negative cells
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Drugs that interfere with cell membrane integrity: Polymixins alter permeability which leads to... |
leakage of cell and cell death
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs-- Drugs that interfere with cell membrane integrity: Polymixins also bind eukaryotic cells but to a lesser extent, so this limits their use to... |
topical applications
|
|
|
Antibacterial Resistance-- What is antibacterial resistance? |
the ability for a microorganism to withstand an attack from antibiotics
|
|
|
Antibacterial Resistance-- How does resistance develop? |
through mutation or the transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another of the same species
|
|
|
Antibacterial Resistance-- If a bacterium contains multiple resistance genes, then it is called... |
multi-resistant or "superbug" |
