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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is immunization?
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the process of inducing immunity
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True or False: Immunization has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure.
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True
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Principles of Immunization-- Immunity is acquired _____ or _____. |
naturally, artificially
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Principles of Immunization-- How is immunity gained? |
via normal events (e.g. exposure to an infectious agent) or by inducing immunity via immunization
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Principles of Immunization-- Immunity can also be _____ or _____. |
active, passive
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Principles of Immunization-- What does active immunity follow? |
antigen exposure
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Principles of Immunization-- What does active immunity provide? |
long term or sometimes lifetime immunity
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Principles of Immunization-- How do you get active immunity? |
natural (infection) or artificial (immunization)
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Principles of Immunization-- What is passive immunity? |
antibodies from another person |
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Principles of Immunization-- What does passive immunity provide? |
not life long immunity; no memory
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Principles of Immunization-- How do you get natural passive immunity? |
During pregnancy, mother's IgG antibodies cross placenta; breast milk contains secretory IgA --Artificial: injection of antiserum (contains antibodies) |
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Principles of Immunization-- How do you get natural passive immunity? |
--Injection of antiserum (contains antibodies) --helps to prevent disease after a likely exposure |
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Vaccines and Immunization procedures-- What is a vaccine? |
a preparation of a pathogen or its products used to induce active immunity
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Vaccines and Immunization procedures-- What do vaccines do? |
--protect individual against disease --prevent diseases from spreading in a population |
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Vaccines and Immunization procedures-- What is herd immunity? |
when a large portion of population is immune to a disease
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Vaccines and Immunization procedures-- How does herd immunity help? |
It reduces the spread of an infectious agent due to insufficient hosts
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Vaccines and Immunization procedures-- What is herd immunity responsible for? |
dramatic declines in childhood diseases
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Vaccines and Immunization procedures-- Why do diseases sometimes reappear and spread? |
failure to vaccinate children
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Vaccines and Immunization procedures-- What should effective vaccines have? |
--they should be safe --they should have few side effects --they should give long lasting protection --Ideally, they should be low in cost, stable, and easy to administer |
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Vaccines and Immunization procedures-- What are the 2 general categories of vaccines? |
--attenuated --inactivated |
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Attenuated vaccines-- What are attenuated vaccines? |
weakened form of pathogen
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Attenuated vaccines-- How do they work? |
They replicate in the recipient; disease is undetectable or mild
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Attenuated vaccines-- What do attenuated vaccines prime? |
they prime humoral and cell-mediated response
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Attenuated vaccines-- What are the advantages? |
--single dose usually induces long-lasting immunity due to microbe multiplying in the body --can also inadvertently immunize others by spreading |
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Attenuated vaccines-- What are the disadvantages? |
--can sometimes cause disease in immunosuppressed individuals --since it's live, it can sometimes mutate back to its full pathogenicity --can cross placenta in pregnant women --many of these need to be refrigerated |
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Attenuated vaccines-- What are some attenuated vaccines? |
--mumps --measles --rubella --chickenpox --yellow fever --sabin vaccine against polio |
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Inactivated vaccines-- What are inactivated vaccines? |
unable to replicate
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Inactivated vaccines-- What is an advantage of inactivated vaccines? |
they cannot cause infections or revert to pathogenic forms
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Inactivated vaccines-- What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines? |
--no replication, so no amplification and immune response is limited --several booster doses are usually needed --often contains adjuvant to enhance immune response (an adjuvant is a substance that enhances the immune response to antigens) |
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Inactivated vaccines-- What are inactivated whole agent vaccines? |
they contain killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses
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Inactivated vaccines-- What are some examples of inactivated whole agent vaccines? |
--influenza --rabies |
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Inactivated vaccines-- What are toxoid vaccines? |
toxins are treated to destroy toxic part while retaining the antigenic determinants
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Inactivated vaccines-- What are some examples of toxoid vaccines? |
--diphtheria --tetanus |
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Inactivated vaccines-- What are subunit vaccines? |
consist of key protein antigens or antigenic fragments from a pathogen
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Inactivated vaccines-- What is the advantage of subunit vaccines? |
avoids using cell parts that may cause side effects
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Inactivated vaccines-- What is an example of subunit vaccines? |
acellular pertussis (aP) |
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Inactivated vaccines-- What are recombinant vaccines? |
subunit vaccines produced by genetically engineered microorganisms
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Inactivated vaccines-- What is an example of a recombinant vaccine? |
Hepatitis B virus
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Inactivated vaccines-- What are VLP (virus-like particle) vaccines? |
empty capsids produced by genetically engineered organsims
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Inactivated vaccines-- What is an example of a VLP (virus-like particle) vaccine? |
papillomavirus (HPV)
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Inactivated vaccines-- What are conjugate vaccines? |
--polysaccharides linked to proteins --polysaccharides are converted into T-dependent antigens |
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Inactivated vaccines-- What is an example of a conjugate vaccine? |
Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib)
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Development of new vaccines-- Infections that remain latent or persistent have been... |
difficult to design vaccines against
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What are the routes of administration for vaccines? |
--subcutaneous --intramuscular --intradermal --oral --nasal |
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What is the advantage to oral and nasal administration of a vaccine? |
they stimulate IgA at the portal of entry
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What are adjuvants? |
added to vaccines to help prime immune system better
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What are the most common side effects of vaccines? |
--local reaction at injection site --fever --allergies |
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What are less common side effects of vaccines? |
--panencephalitis (sem c-measles vaccine) --back mutation (reverts back to pathogenic form) --neurological effects --severe allergic reaction |
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Why vaccinate-- 3 to 4 million cases of measles occurred the decade before the vaccine was developed. What happened to those people? |
--300-400 children died --over 1,000 chronically disabled due to encephalitis |
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Why vaccinate-- According to recent data from the WHO and CDC, approximately how many children a year are saved due to vaccination? |
2.5 million
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