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Magnification

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The process of enlarging the size of something, as an optical image

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Resolution

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The fineness of detail that can be distinguished in an image

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Abbe Equation

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States that the minimal distance (d) between two objects that reveals them as separate entities depends on the wavelength of light (lamda) used to illuminate the specimen and on the numerical aperture of the lens (n sin theta) which is the ability of the lens to gather light.

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Numerical Aperture

Back 4

Give the lens the ability to gather light

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Compound Microscope

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A microscope consisting of an objective and an eyepiece at opposite ends of an adjustable tube.

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Total Magnification

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the product of the magnifications of both the eye piece and the objective lens

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Oculars

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The eyepiece of a microscope

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Objectives

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The lens or lens system in a microscope or other optical instrument that first receives light rays from the object and forms the image.

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Refractive Index

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is a measure of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light; the direction and magnitude of bending is determined by the refractive indices of the two media forming the interface. When light passes from air into glass, a medium with a greater refractive index, it is slowed and bent toward the normal, a line perpendicular to the surface.

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Bright-Field Microscope

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Forms a dark image against a brighter background.

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Dark Field Microscope

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Allows a viewer to observe living unstained cells and organisms by simply changing the way in which they are illuminated.

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Phase Contrast Microscope

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Converts slight differences in refractive index and cell density into easily detected variations in light intensity and is an excellent way to observe living cells.

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Differential interference contrast (DIC)

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is an optical microscopy illumination technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples.

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Fluorescent Microscope

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Exposes a specimen to ultraviolet, violet, or blue light and forms an image of the object with the resulting fluorescent light.

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Electron Microscope

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Any of a class of microscopes that use electrons rather than visible light to produce magnified images, especially of objects having dimensions smaller than the wavelengths of visible light, with linear magnification approaching or exceeding a million (106)

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Transmission Electron Microscope

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A type of electron microscope in which the specimen transmits an electron beam focused on it, image contrasts are formed by the scattering of electrons out of the beam, and various magnetic lenses perform functions analogous to those of ordinary lenses in a light microscope.

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Scanning Electron Microscope

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An electron microscope that forms a three-dimensional image on a cathode-ray tube by moving a beam of focused electrons across an object and reading both the electrons scattered by the object and the secondary electrons produced by it.

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Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope

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A microscope equipped with a laser beam light source, electronic image detector, and computer for image storage and processing that is used in the laboratory to perform high-resolution, threedimensional microscopy.

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Scanning Probe Microscope

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Any of a number of devices capable of producing images of individual atom s and molecule s on surfaces of materials.

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Scanning Tunneling Microscope

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A microscope that scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons, causing a narrow channel of tunneling electrons to flow between the sample and the beam, and producing three-dimensional images of atomic topography and structure.

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Atomic Force Microscope

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A device for mapping surface atomic structure by measuring the force acting on the tip of a sharply pointed wire or other object that is moved over the surface.

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Simple Stain

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artificial coloration of a substance to facilitate examination of tissues, microorganisms or other cells under the microscope

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Direct Stain

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A method of counting the total bacterial population of a sample, most commonly milk.

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Negative Stain

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A stain forming an opaque or colored background to an object that appears translucent or colorless.

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Differential Stain

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A stain that facilitates the differentiation of the elements of a cell or specimen

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Gram Stain

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A staining technique used to classify bacteria in which a bacterial specimen is first stained with crystal violet, then treated with an iodine solution, decolorized with alcohol, and counterstained with safranine. Gram-positive bacteria retain the violet stain; gram-negative bacteria do not.

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Acid-fast stain

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A differential stain used in identifying species of Mycobacterium and one species of Nocardia.

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Endospore Stain

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malachite green dye. The dye stains the endospore in the bacteria.

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India Ink capsular stain

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a negative stain for bacterial capsules in which cells appear purple (grams crystal violet) and the capsules appear clear against a dark background.

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Flagellar stain

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