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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nerve anterior to the supracondylar region of the humerus in the region of the elbow
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median nerve
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Measles
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blotchy, maculopapular erythematous rash that begins on the face and spreads downward; pts with measles are much sicker than those with German measles; see Koplik spots on the buccal mucosa
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antipsychotic drugs
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affinity with D2 deopamine receptors; decrease dopamine transmission and reduce positive symptoms
indirect pathway is not suppressed i guess (dopamine binds with D2 receptors which suppress the indirect basal ganglia pathway) if decrease dopamine; do not enhance the direct basal ganglia; pts undergoing tx with antipsychotic drugs that alter or reduce dopamine transmission in the motor basal ganglia may develop tardive dyskinesia: involuntary movements of the tongue and face and cogwheel rigidity similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease |
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Obsessive compulsive disorder
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overactivity in the striatal part of the cognitive basal ganglia pathway; hyperactivity of GABA neurons in the head of the caudate nucleus
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Acute dystonia
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torticollis; high potency antipsychotics like fluphenazine and haloperidol produce extrapyramidal side effects; decreasing dopamine: akathisia (motor restlessness), parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia
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Amitriptyline
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tricyclic antidepressant: side effects: antimuscarinic effects, sedation, confusion, orthostatic hypotension
overdose of TCA: coma, convulsions, cardiotoxicity |
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Lithium
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tx: manic states
SE: sedation, ataxia, aphasia, edema, thyroid enlargement, reversible diabetes insipidus |
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Maprotiline
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second generation antidepressant
seizures and cardiotoxicity |
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Olanzapine and risperidone, clozapine, qutiapine, ziprasidone
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atypical antipsychotics
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Sertraline, fluoxetine, paroxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, fluvoxamine
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SSRI; treat depression
SE: headache, gastric irritation, sexual dysfunction |
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Thioridazine
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low potency typical antipsychotic agent; less EPS, more autonomic side effects
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Trazodone
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second generation antidepressant; priapism in med, sedation, postural hypotension
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Venlafaxine
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third generation antidepressant; anxiety, insomnia, sexual disturbances
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Myoclonic seizures
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quick repetitive jerks
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tonic seizures
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stiffening of the muscles
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
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chronic, rare, progressive encephalitis that affects children and young adults
history of measles before the age of 2 followed by an asymptomatic period of 6 or more yrs sx develop gradually and consist of behavioral changes, myoclonus, ataxia, ocular abnormalities, spasticity and coma |
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Congenital arteriovenous fistulas
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limb swelling and hypertrophy
increased venous pressure increased venous oxygen content decreased venous carbon dioxide content slightly increased venous hematocrit heart failure |
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multiple sclerosis
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local inflammatory demyelination in various parts of the CNS
relapsing remitting course common increased IgG in CSF treatment; steroids, interferon B, glatiramer |
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Guillain Barre syndrome
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acute demyelination of PNS nerves
symmetric ascending weakness starting in the legs reflexes decreased or absent elevated CSF protein with normal cell count |
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metachromatic leukodystrophy
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arylsulfatase A deficiency
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
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demyelination in various parts of the nervous system
caused by: JC virus immunocompromised pts |
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Central pontine myelinolysis
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demyelination of the central area of the basis pontis
severely malneourished, alcoholics, liver disease |
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Marfan syndrome
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AD connective tissue disorder; mutated fibrillin gene
tall, disproportionately long arms and legs, joint laxity and pectus excavatum mitral valve prolapse risk of aortic dissection ectopia lentis |
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Elastin
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70 kD protein that constituates the central core of elastic fibers
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Congenital toxoplasmosis
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development of chorioretinitis, strabismus, epilepsy, and psychomotor retardation
tx: pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine inhibit folic acid production |
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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
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eczema, thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency
IgM depressed IgE and IgA elevated |
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dislocated shoulder joint
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depression just below the acroial edge; lateral sulcus sign
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Pilocytic astrocytoma
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benign tumor in children and young adults
posterior fossa in children Rosenthal fibers immunostain with GFAP |
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Ependymoma
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originates from the ependyma and develops near the ventricular walls; 4th ventricle in children
ependymal cells organized around small vessels (perivascular pseudorosettes) or around small lumina (true ependymal rosettes |
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medulloblastoma
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malignant neoplasm of childhood that presumably originate from immature glioneural precursors
located in the midline posterior fossa and infiltrates the cerebellar vermis |
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Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor approved for treatment of renal cell carcinoma
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blocks receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and downstream serine/threonine kinase activity
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Etoposide
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topoisomerase inhibitor used to treat testicular cancer, small-cell lung carcinoma, leukemia
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Flutamide
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binds androgen receptor; prevents testosterone from binding
inhibits testosterone induced prostatic DNA synthesis tx: prostate cancer |
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Imatinib
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CML; inhibits a single tyrosine kinase: brc-Abl
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Leuprolide
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analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone; tx advanced prostate cancer
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Pyknosis
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nuclear shrinking and basophilia
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Linezolid
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blocks initiation complex formation; used for vancomycin resistant infections
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Aminoglycosides
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streptomycin and gentamicin act by causing misreading at the translation initiation; treating gram negative rods
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Macrolides: erythromycin
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gram positive cocci
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Tetracyclines
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prevent binding of aminoacyl tRNA to ribosomes
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Glioblastoma multiforme
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most frequent malignant neoplasm of the brain; develops from malignant degeneration of astrocytes in the white matter; ill-defined mass that expands the white matter with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
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Turner syndrome
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cystic hygromas contribute to the webbed neck; coarctation of the aorta and bicuspid aortic valve
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Hydrocephalus
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lower extremity weakness; subacute presentation
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
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global signs; traumatic brain injury
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Mallet finger
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partial permanent flexion of the distal phalanx of the finger: rupture or avulsion of the extensor tendon
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Boutonniere deformit
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flexion PIP
hyperextension of distal |
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Gamekeepers thumb
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tear of the ulnar collateral ligament of thumb
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Swan neck deformity
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hyperextension of the PIP
flexion of the DIP |
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Trigger finger
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stenosing tendovaginitis
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Whiplash
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hyperextension: stretch the anterior longitudinal ligament: may tear it
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Tension pneumothorax
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may produce hypotension and jugular venous distension; not muffle heart sounds
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Orbital cellulitis
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proptosis and pain on eye movement
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Addison disease
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reduced production of corticosteroids
eosinophilia |
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Fibromyalgia
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young women; specific tender points, disturbed sleep; normal lab values, normal sed rate
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Sever disease
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traction apophysitis of the calcaneus at the attachment of the Achilles tendon
pain in the posterior aspect of the calcaneus young active males |
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positive standing flexion test
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iliosacral problem
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normal Ferguson angle
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25-35 degrees
less than this: lumbosacral strain |
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Abduction of ulna
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olecranon prefers medial glide
adduction of wrist |
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adduction of ulna
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olecranun prefers lateral glide
ulna and wrist in abduction |
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Herpes Simplex
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necrosis of the brain; frontal or temporal lobes
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
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chronic, rare, progressive encephalitis that affects children and young adults
history of measles before the age of 2 followed by an asymptomatic period of 6 or more yrs sx develop gradually and consist of behavioral changes, myoclonus, ataxia, ocular abnormalities, spasticity and coma |
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Congenital arteriovenous fistulas
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limb swelling and hypertrophy
increased venous pressure increased venous oxygen content decreased venous carbon dioxide content slightly increased venous hematocrit heart failure |
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multiple sclerosis
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local inflammatory demyelination in various parts of the CNS
relapsing remitting course common increased IgG in CSF treatment; steroids, interferon B, glatiramer |
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Guillain Barre syndrome
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acute demyelination of PNS nerves
symmetric ascending weakness starting in the legs reflexes decreased or absent elevated CSF protein with normal cell count |
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metachromatic leukodystrophy
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arylsulfatase A deficiency
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
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demyelination in various parts of the nervous system
caused by: JC virus immunocompromised pts |
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Central pontine myelinolysis
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demyelination of the central area of the basis pontis
severely malneourished, alcoholics, liver disease |
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Marfan syndrome
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AD connective tissue disorder; mutated fibrillin gene
tall, disproportionately long arms and legs, joint laxity and pectus excavatum mitral valve prolapse risk of aortic dissection ectopia lentis |
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Elastin
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70 kD protein that constituates the central core of elastic fibers
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Congenital toxoplasmosis
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development of chorioretinitis, strabismus, epilepsy, and psychomotor retardation
tx: pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine inhibit folic acid production |
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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
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eczema, thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency
IgM depressed IgE and IgA elevated |
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dislocated shoulder joint
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depression just below the acroial edge; lateral sulcus sign
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Pilocytic astrocytoma
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benign tumor in children and young adults
posterior fossa in children Rosenthal fibers immunostain with GFAP |
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Ependymoma
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originates from the ependyma and develops near the ventricular walls; 4th ventricle in children
ependymal cells organized around small vessels (perivascular pseudorosettes) or around small lumina (true ependymal rosettes |
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medulloblastoma
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malignant neoplasm of childhood that presumably originate from immature glioneural precursors
located in the midline posterior fossa and infiltrates the cerebellar vermis |
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Grade IV fracture
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joint; across growth plate and into metaphysis
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Grade I
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epiphysis separates from metaphysis
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Grade II
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epiphysis separates from metaphysis taking a piece of metaphysis with it
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Grade III
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fracture passes along growth plate, then enters joint
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Grade V
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crush injury; death of germinal cells of epiphyseal cartilage and arrest of growth
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Wallenberg's test
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test for vertebral artery insufficiency
extending the neck and turning the head to that side to put in a mechanical obstruction of the flow in the vertebral artery if the opposite vertebral artery has an occlusion dizziness, nystagmus and nausea will result |
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apondylolysis
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defect in pars interarticularis
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spondylosis
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degenerative change within intervertebral disc
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Classic migraine
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aura that preceded the headache
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Cluster headache
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males, days to weeks, unilateral, ipsilateral nasal congestive rhinorrhea, lacrimation, redness of eyes; headaches precipitated by alcohol consumption
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Temporal arteritis
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unilateral headache due to inflammation of the temporal artery
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Retinal detachment
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flashes of light and multiple floaters; no pain
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Pilocarpine
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drug of choice in treating the underlying cause of acute angle closure glaucoma
increases outflow of aqueous humor by opening trabecular meshwork and by contraction of the ciliary muscle reducing intraocular pressure cholinomimetic |
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apraclonidine
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alpha 2 agonist
decrease intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor used to treat open angle glaucoma |
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tx status epilepticus
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diazepam
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Gabapentin
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tx: simple, complex, tonic clonic seizures
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