Matter Energy Electricity

Front 1

An Element

Back 1

A substance which cannot be reduced to a simpler substance by chemical means.

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Compound

Back 2

When two or more elements are chemically combined. Can be seperated by chemical and not physical means.

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Molecule

Back 3

A chemical combination of two or more atoms.

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Atoms

Back 4

The smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element.

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The Atoms of each element are made up of:

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Electrons, Protons, and in most cases Neutrons.

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Electrons, Protons, and in most cases Neutrons are collectively called:

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Subatomic Particles.

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An Electron has:

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A small negative charge of electricity.
The electron and proton each have the same quantity of charge.

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Proton has:

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A positive charge of electricity equal and opposite to the charge of the electron.
The electron and proton each have the same quantity of charge.

Front 9

Laws of Attraction:
What is an ELECTROSTATIC FORCE

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Attraction between the proton and the electron.
Unlike Charges Attract.
Like Charges Repel.

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Ionization:
ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL ATOM

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An atom which contains an equal # of electrons and protons.

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IONIZATION

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The process by which an atom loses or gains electrons.

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What does it mean when an atom is Ionized

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When the quantity of electrons no longer equals the quantity of protons.

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What is a Positive Ion

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An electrically neutral atom loses an electron. Aquires a Positive charge.

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What is a Negative Ion

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An electrically neutral atom gains an electron. Aquires a Negative charge.

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Valence Shell

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The outer shell of an atom.

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Valence Electrons

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Electrons which occupy the outer Valence shell.

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What determines the electrical properties of an atom?

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The number of electrons in the Valence Shell.

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All elements can be placed in one of Three Categories:
1

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Conductors
Have relatively few electrons in their valence shell (less than 3)

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All elements can be placed in one of Three Categories:
2

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Semi-Conductors
The Valence shell are half full.

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All elements can be placed in one of Three Categories:
3

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Insulators
The Valence shell are full, or have 5 or greater electrons in it.

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SUBATOMIC PARTICLES (3)

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Electrons, Protons, and in most cases Neutrons

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An Electron has both mass and motion, it contains two types of energy:

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Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy

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An atom with a Full or Complete Valence Shell is Stable and will resist gaining or losing an electron, is:

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an Insulator.

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Insulator: How many electrons in their Valence Shell ?

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5 or Greater

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How many electrons do Conductors have in thier valence shell:

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Have very few electrons in their valence shell. Less than 3

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These are Neither good conductors nor good insulators, since their electrical characteristics fall between those of conductors and inuslators.

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Semi-conductors. They have Half full valence shells

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Covalent Bonds

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Sharing of Electrons between two atoms. Share the electrons in the outer shell.

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When two bodies of matter have unequal charges and are near one another, an electric force is exerted between them because of their unequal charges. Also known as:

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An Electrostatic Force.

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What is a natural/neutral state (zero charge state)?

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When each atom in a body of matter have the proper number of electrons in orbit around it.

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If any number of electrons are removed, and there remains more protons than electrons, the whole body of matter will be:

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Electrically Positive

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Should the positively charged body come in contact with another body having a normal charge, or having a Negative charge than an electric current will flow between them.

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Electrons will leave the negative body and enter the positive body. The electron flow will continue until both bodies have equal charges.

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When an atom loses an electron it becomes:

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A Positive ion and has a positive charge.

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When an atom acquires an extra electron it becomes:

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A negative ion and has a negative charge.

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Coulomb's Law of Charges

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The amount of attracting or repelling forece which acts between two electrically charged bodies in free space depends on two things - (1) their charges and (2) the distance between them.

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1 Coulomb =

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6.25x10^18 electrons = 1 amp = 1 volt.

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The difference of potential between two electrically charged bodies.

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Electromotive Force (EMF)

Front 37

6 Methods for Producing Voltage (EMF, DoP):
(1)

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1. Friction

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6 Methods for Producing Voltage (EMF, DoP):
(2)

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2. Pressure (piezoelectricity)

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6 Methods for Producing Voltage (EMF, DoP):
(3)

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Heat (thermoelectricity)

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6 Methods for Producing Voltage (EMF, DoP):
(4)

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Light (photoelectricity)

Front 41

6 Methods for Producing Voltage (EMF, DoP):
(5)

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Chemical Action (batteries)

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6 Methods for Producing Voltage (EMF, DoP):
(6)

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Magnetism (generators & alternators)

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Voltage is measured in:

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Volts.
In DC circuits, voltage is (E)

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Current is measured in:

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Amperes

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Relationship between Amps and Coulombs is:

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1 amp = 1 coulomb of charge passing through a point in 1 second.

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Resistance is effected by 4 things:
(1)

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Type of material.
Atomic structure.

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Resistance is effected by 4 things:
(2)

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Cross sectional area.
The larger the area the lower the resistance.

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Resistance is effected by 4 things:
(3)

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Conductor Length.
The longer the conductor the greater the resistance.

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Resistance is effected by 4 things:
(4)

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4. Temperature.
Positive Temperature Coefficient - resistance increases with increased temperature.
Negative Temperature Coefficient - Resistance increases with decreased temperatures.

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Potential Difference between two charged bodies is:

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Voltage

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The flow of electrons through a conductor in response to a potential of difference:

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Current

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In a Series Circuit (current flow):

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There is only one path for current flow.