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280 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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absolute zero
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The temperature at which molecules do not move, the lowest temperature matter can have. O degrees Kelvin
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acceleration
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A change in velocity, or the rate at which this change occurs.
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acid
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A chemically active substance low on the pH scale that gives up hydrogen ions (H+) in a water solution
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acid rain
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Rainwater polluted with sulfuric acid, nitric acid or both.
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activation energy
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energy required to start a chemical reaction
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air pollution
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a high concentration of harmful gases and solids in the air
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airfoil
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an object, such as a plane's wing, with one flat and one curved surface that causes a pressure difference and a reaction force when moving through air. Air molecules moving over the curved surface move faster and have a lower pressure causing lift
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alpha decay
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radioactive decay in which alpha particals are released fromt he nucleus of an atom
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ampere
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SI unit of electrical current abbreviated A or amps.
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amplitude
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the distance in a transverse wanve between the line of origin and each crest or trough.
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astigmatism
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a vision disorder in which an imperfectly shaped cornea unevenly bends light entering the eye
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atom
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the smallest partical of an elementwith all the properties of the element that can combine with other elements to form a molecule
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base
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a chemically active substance high on the pH scale that gives up hydroxide ions (OH-) in a water solution
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basic
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having the charecteristics of a base or containing a base
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beta decay
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radioactive decay in which beta particles are released from the nucleus of an atom.
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alpha particles
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2 protons and 2 neutrons bonded (no electrons) bonded together, low penetration ability, emitted in alpha decay
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beta particles
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high energy electrons or positrons emitted in beta decay, fast moving, high penetration
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binding energy
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energy of the force that holds protons and neutrons together
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bioluminesence
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the emission of light by living things
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biomass
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organic matter that can be used as fuel
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boiling point
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the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas
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Boyle's Law
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the principle stating that the pressure of a gas in a confined space increases when the volume of the gas is reduced, if its temperature is kept constant.
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buoyant force
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the upward force acting on an object in a fluid. Buoyant force equals the weight of the water displaced by the object. Also known as Archimedes Principle
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calorie
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the amount of heatneeded to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree C
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carbohydrate
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an organic compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, such as a starch or a sugar, with a ratio of hydrogen and oxygen atoms that is two to one.
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catalyst
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a substance that initiates or speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in the process
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central heating system
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a network of wires, pipes, ducts, and vents that transfers heat throughout a building from a central location
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centripetal acceleration
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acceleration caused by movement in a circle
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centripetal force
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the force necessary to keep an object moving in a circle and that is directed inward toward the center
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ceramic
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material made by firing clay or other substance at a high temperature
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charge
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electric force of a proton, electron, or an object having an unequal number of protons and electrons
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Charles' Law
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the principle stating that th evolume of a gas increases as its temperature is increased if its pressure remains constant
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chemical bond
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the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together
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chemical change
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change in the chemical identity of a substance
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chemical equation
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a combination of chemical symbols and formulas that represent a chemical reaction
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chemical reaction
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interaction between between substances in which existing chemical bonds break and new bonds form, creating one or more new substances
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circuit
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a closed continuous path through which electric current flows
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cochlea
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the coil-shaped organ in the inner ear that is lined with hair cells that detect the motion, sound waves, and send a nerve impulse to the brain
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coefficient
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the number in a chemical equation that shows how many atoms or molecules of a substance are involved in a reaction
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cogeneration
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an energy-saving process in which heat and electricity are produced and utilized fromthe same fuel source
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colloid
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a mixture with particles larger than those in a solution and smaller than those in a suspension colloids are not completely homogeneous but are less heterogeneous than suspensions
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combustion
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any type of chemical reaction with oxygen that gives off heat or light
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compass
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an instrument for determing direction with a magnetized needle that aligns itself with the earth's magnetic field.
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composite
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material made of fibers taht are embedded in a matrix
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compound machine
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a system of two or more simple machines
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Compound
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a substance made of two or more chemically combined elements
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compression
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part of a longitudinal wave where the particals of matter through which the energy wave is moving are pressed together
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concave
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a surface that is curved or rounded inward, like the inside of a bowl
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concentration
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the amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent
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conduction
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the transfer of heat energy or electrons between objects in direct contact
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conductor
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a substance through which electric charges or heat can move easily
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constant
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the factor that is kept the same in controlled experiment
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constructive inference
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the interaction of energy waves in which the same parts of 2 waves match up so that the amplitudes of the waves add to each other
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controlled experiment
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an experiment with 2 test groups: an experimental and a control group
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convection
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the transfer of heat energy by the movment of a fluid
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convex
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a surface that is curved or rounded outwards like the surface of a ball
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cornea
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the transparent structure that covers the pupil & the iris of the eye
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covalent bond
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a type of chemical bond formed between nonmetals in which atoms share one or more electrones
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crest
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the highest point of a transvers wave. Indicates the amount of energy in the wave
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crystal lattice
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the structure of an ionic solid in which an orderly 3-D pattern of atomes is repeated over & over
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cubic meter
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the basic SI unit of volume; space occupied by a cube 1m*1m*1m. abreviated: m3.
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data
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info from which analyses & conclutions can be made
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declaration
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a decrease in velocity over a period of time
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decibel
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the unit used to measure sound intensity abbreviated: dB
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decomposition reaction
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a chemical reaction in which a single reactant breaks down into simpler parts such as elements
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destructive inference
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the interaction of waves in anplitudes of the waves subtract from each other
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density
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the measure of how much mass exists in a given volume; density=mass/volume
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diffraction
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bending of a wave as a result of the interactionbetween the waves & the edge of an object
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diode
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a vacuum tube through which electrons flow in only one direction
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Doppler Effect
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a change in wave frequency, & therefore the pitch of a sound, caused by movement of either the source or the receiver
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double-replacement reaction
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a chemichal reaction in which 2 different ions trade places between different ionic compounds forming 2 new compounds
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drag
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the force that opposes the movement of an object through a fluid
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echolocation
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the method used by animals to locate objects by sending and receiving high-frequency sound waves
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electric current
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flow of electrical charge
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electromagnet
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a megnet made of a soft-iron core surrouded by a coil of wire through which an electric current is passed
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cubic meter
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the basic SI unit of volume; space occupied by a cube 1m*1m*1m. abreviated: m3.
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data
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info from which analyses & conclutions can be made
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declaration
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a decrease in velocity over a period of time
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decibel
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the unit used to measure sound intensity abbreviated: dB
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decomposition reaction
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a chemical reaction in which a single reactant breaks down into simpler parts such as elements
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destructive inference
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the interaction of waves in anplitudes of the waves subtract from each other
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density
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the measure of how much mass exists in a given volume; density=mass/volume
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diffraction
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bending of a wave as a result of the interactionbetween the waves & the edge of an object
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diode
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a vacuum tube through which electrons flow in only one direction
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Doppler Effect
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a change in wave frequency, & therefore the pitch of a sound, caused by movement of either the source or the receiver
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double-replacement reaction
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a chemichal reaction in which 2 different ions trade places between different ionic compounds forming 2 new compounds
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drag
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the force that opposes the movement of an object through a fluid
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echolocation
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the method used by animals to locate objects by sending and receiving high-frequency sound waves
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electric current
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flow of electrical charge
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electromagnet
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a megnet made of a soft-iron core surrouded by a coil of wire through which an electric current is passed
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frame of reference
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a place or object that is assumed to be fixed and by which the movement of other objects is determined
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frequency
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the number of wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
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friction
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the force of resistance that occurs when movement takes place between any two objects or substances that make contact
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fulcrum
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the fixed point of a lever
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gamma decay
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radioactive decay in which no matter is released, but which releases energy called gamma rays
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gamma rays
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electromagnetic wave with the shortest wave length (highest energy) that is emitted by radioactive materials during a nuclear reaction
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gas
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matter having no definite shape and no definite volume
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geothermal
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relating to the heat produced beneath the earth's surface
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global warming
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the increase of the earth's atmospheric temperature as a result of the greenhouse effect
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greenhouse effect
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a process that traps energy from the sun by allowing radiant energy to enter a given space, but prevents heat energy from escaping
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half-life
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the amount of time it takes for half the atoms of a quantity of a radioactive isotope to decay
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halogen
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any one of the five elements in group 17 of the periodic table (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine) that can combine with a metal to form a salt
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heat energy
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a form of energy produced by the vibration of molecules that can be absorbed, given up, or transferred between objects
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hertz
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the unit used to measure the frequency of waves abbv. Hz
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heterogeneous mixture
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a mixture in which the components are not evenly mixed so that different parts of the mixture have different compositions
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hologram
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a three dimensional picture formed on photographic film by the interference pattern of a split beam of laser light
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homogeneous mixture
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a mixture in which the components are evenly mixed so that every part of the mixture is the same as any other. Same as solution
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hydrocarbon
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an organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms
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hydroelectric power
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electricity generated by the power of moving water
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illuminated
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an object or substance that is visible because it is reflecting light
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incandescent
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light produced by a heated object that glows
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inclined plane
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a slanted surface, simple machine that is used to raise or lower an object.
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induction
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the transfer of electrons between objects that are not in direct contact
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inertia
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the tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion until acted on by an outside force
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infrared
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invisible electromagnetic waves with wavelengths slightly longer than red light. Infrared waves have a penetrating heating effect.
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inner ear
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the part of a human ear that contains the cochlea and the semicircular canals
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insulation
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a substance that slows the transfer of heat
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insulator
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a substance through which electric charges or heat can't move readily
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integrated circuit
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a tiny electric circuit that contains transistors, diodes, and resistors usually located on a small piece of silicon
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interference
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the effect of two or more waves interacting
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internal energy
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the reflection of light off the inner surface of an object, as in a tube or optical fiber
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ion
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an atom or group of atoms having an electric charge as the result of losing or gaining one or more electrons
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ionic bond
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a chemical bond between a metal and a nonmetal in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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iris
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the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil
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isomer
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an organic compound that has the same chemical formula for which more than one structure is possible
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isotope
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atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic masses
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joule
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the metric unit that measures work or energy abbreviated J
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Kelvin
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the SI temperature scale using units equivalent to Celsius degrees and beginning at absolute zero
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kilogram
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the basic SI unit of mass, abbreviated kg
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion abbreviated K.E.
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laser
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a device that produces coherent light of one wavelengththat does not spread out as it travels. An acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emissions of Radiation
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law of conservation of mass and energy
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the principle that the amount of matter and energy in the universe cannot be created or destroyed
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lens
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a curved transparent object that forms an image by refracting light passing through it
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lever
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a simple machine that does work by moving around a fixed point
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lift
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upward force acting on an airfoil moving through the air
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first-class lever
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the fulcrumis always in between the resistance force & the effort force
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second-class lever
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the resistance is in between the fulcrum & the effort force
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third-class lever
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the effort is in between the fulcrum & the resistance force
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lipid
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an organic compound, such as fats, oils or waxes, that has long hydrocarbon chains & does not dissolve in water
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liquid
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has a definite volume but not a definite shape
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liter
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a metric unit of volume
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longitudinal wave
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energy wave consisting a series of compresstions & rarefactions that moves through a medium in the same direction the wave is travelling
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luminous
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referring to an object that produces light
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luster
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a property of metal that enables it to reflect light from the surface
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machine
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a device that makes work easier by changing the direction or distance an object moves or by reducing the amount of force needed to do work
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magnetic domain
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magnetic regions in which the poles of individual atoms line up & group together
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magnetic field
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the area of magnetic force surrounding a magnet
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magnetic pole
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one of the two end of a magnet where magnetic force is stronger
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malleability
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the ability to be flattened, bent, & shapedw/o breaking
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mass
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the amount of mater that an object contains
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matrix
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material in which another material or substance is embedded in a composite
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matter
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any object or substance that has mass & takes up space
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machanical advantage
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the advantage gained by using a machine to transmit force
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machanical efficiency
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the measurement that compares a machine's work output w/ its input
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melting point
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the temperature at which a substance changes fron a solid to a liquid
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metalloid
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an element that has the properties of both a metal & a nonmetal
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metallurgy
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the process & science of taking metals from the earth & making then into useful products
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meter
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the basic SI unit of length
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microprocessor
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integrated circuit that can hold all of a computer's problem-solving capabilities on one small silicon chip
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middle ear
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the part of the human ear between the eardrum & the oval window cantaining the hammer, avil & stirrup
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molecule
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2 or more chemically bonded atoms the smallest part of a compound having all the properties of the compound
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momentum
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the product of the mass & velosity of an object
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neutralization
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a process in which bases & acids react to form products that are nutral
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neutron
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located in an atom's nucleus that has no charge
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newton
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the basic SI unit of force
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noise
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an unwanted sound that may disturb mental or phsical health
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nonrenewable resource
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a natrual resource that can't be replaced
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nuclear fission
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splitting of an atom's nucleus into 2 smaller nuclei releasing a large amount of energy
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nuclear force
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the force within the nucleus of the atom that holds that holds the parts of the nucleus together
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nuclear fusion
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joining of 2 or more atoms' nuclei, which releases an enormous amount of energy
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nucleus
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the central region of an atom where neutrons & protrons are located
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ohm
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the SIunit of resistance force
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opaque
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referring to a material that absorbs most light that strikes it
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optic nerve
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nerve fibers connecting the rods & cones of the retina to the brain
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optical fiber
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a thin, flexible, glass or plastic fiber that tansmits light throughout its length by internal reflection
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ore
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a mineral containing a large amount of a metal compound
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organtic compound
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a carbon compound that occurs naturally in all living things
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outer ear
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the part of the human ear that is visible from the exterior & inculeds the ear canal & the eardrum
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overtone
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one of the higher pitched tones produced when a note is sounded & that contributes to the timbre of the sound
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particle model
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the idea stating that all matter is made of tiny particles which are in constant motion
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periodic
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describing a regulare, repeating pattern such as the periodic table of the elements or the periodic phase of the moon
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permanent magnet
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a magnet that retains its magnetism after the magnetizing force is removed
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petrochemicals
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synthetic materials and chemical substances produced from petroleum
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petroleum
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a dark oily liquid mixture of hydrocarbons formed from organic material over millions of years, crude oil
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pH
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a measurement that shows how acidic or basic a solution is
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photoelectric effect
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the release of electrons by certain substances such as metals when struck by high energy light
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photon
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the packet of light energy given off by an atom
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photosynthesis
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a chemical process by which plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from the sun to make oxygen and glucose for energy
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physical change
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a change in a substance's physical properties but not its chemical identity
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pitch
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the property of sound determined by the frequency of the sound waves producing it, highness or lowness of sound
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plasma
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the fourth phase of matter having unique properties and formed at very high temperatures
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polarized
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referring to light waves taht are parallel usually as a result of passing through a special filter
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polyatomic ion
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a group of covalently bonded atoms that has an electric charge due to losing or gaining one or more electrons
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polymer
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a large molecule made of a chain of many smaller units connected by covalent bonds
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potential energy
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energy due to the position of an object or the chemical bonds in a substance abbreviated P.E.
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power
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the rate at which work is done measured in watts. Power = work/time
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pressure
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the force exerted on a surface Pressure=force/area
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product
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a substance produced by a chemical reaction
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protein
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an organic compound existing as a large complex molecule made of amino acids
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proton
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a subatomic particle with a positive charge located in the nucleus of an atom
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pulley
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a simple machine made of a rope wrapped around a grooved wheel
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pupil
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the opening through which light enters the eye
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r-value
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the measurement of a material's ability to stop the flow of heat
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radiation
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the transfer of energy by infrared rays
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radioactive decay
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the process by which an unstable nucleus of a radioactive element breaks down spontaneously
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radioactivity
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the release of particles and energy from the nucleus of an atom
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rarefaction
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part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of matter through which the wave is moving are spread apart
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reactant
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the raw material in a chemical reaction, shown on the left side of a chemical equation
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real image
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an image formed by converging light rays
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rectifier
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a vacuum tube diode taht changes alternating current into direct current
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reflection
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the action of a wave when it bounces off a surface. Also the image formed by light rays reflecting off a surface
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refraction
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bending of a wave caused by the change of speed that occurs when a wave moves from one medium to another
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refrigerant
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a chemical that evaporates at a low temperature and removes heat as it changes from a liquid to a gas
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renewable resource
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a natural resource that is replaced continuously bu natural cycles or processes
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resistance
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the force opposing the flow of electric current abbreviated R
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resonance
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the vibration of an object at its natural frequency
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respiration
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the chemical process in living organisms during which oxygen reacts with glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP
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retina
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the inner layer of the back of the eye where light sensitive cells are located
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salt
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an ionic compound made of a metal and a nonmetal and formed when an acid and base react
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saturated hydrocarbon
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hydrocarbon in which all carbon atoms are joined by single covalent bonds
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saturated
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referring to a solution that contains as much of the solute as can be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure
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scientific notation
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the method of expressing a very large or very small number by multiplying a number between 1 and 10 by some power of 10
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sciera
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the visible white part of the eye surrounding the iris
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semiconductor
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material whose electric conductivity is between that of a conductor and that of an insulator
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silt
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very fine particles of earth material
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simple machine
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a machine that does work in one movement
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single-replacement reaction
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a chemical reaction in which atoms of one element replace atoms of another element in a compound, producing a different element & a different compound
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smog
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a type of air pollution consisting primarily of smoke & fog
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software
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programs that instruct computer hardware to perform certain tasks
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solar cell
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a device containing a semiconductor that converts sunlight into electricity
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solid
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a definite shape & volume
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solubility
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the ability of a substance to dissolved in another substance
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solute
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the component of a solution that is dissolved in the solvent
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solution
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a mixture in which the components are evenly mixed so that every part of the mixture is the same as any other
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solvent
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a component of a solution in which the solute is dissolved
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sonar
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the technique of using ultrasonic waves to locate underwater objects
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sonogram
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the imagine created by ultrasonic waves reflected off the soft tissue of living organism
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sound waves
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the longitudinal wave in matter that can be heard
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specific heat
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the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1*C
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speed
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the distance travelled in a given amount of time
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strong force
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a nuclear force that holds prtons & neutrons together by holding their quarks together
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substituted hydrocarbon
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a hydrocarbon in which at least 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by another functional group
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supersaturated
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referring to a solution that contains more solute than could normaly be dissolved at a given temp. & pressure
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suspension
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mixture in which some particles are relatively large & will settle out when the mixture isn't moving
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synthesis reaction
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a chemical reaction in which 2 substances combine to form a 3rd more complex substance
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technology
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the use of sciectific or technical knowledge to solve a problem or achieve a practical purpose
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temperature
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the amount of heat energy in a substance
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terminal velocity
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the max velocity of a falling object
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thermal expamtion
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an increase in the volume of a substance due to an increase in heat
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thermal pollution
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increase in water temp that harms living things
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thrust
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force that moves an object forward
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timbre
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the quality of a determined by the combination of different frequencies of the sound waves that make up the sound
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transistor
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a semiconductor devicethat contains layered n-type & p-type semiconducting materials
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translucent
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referring to a material that transmits some light but scatters it so that a sharp image is not seen
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transmutation
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the process in which an element changes into a different element such as by radioactive decay
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transparent
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can transmits almost all the light rays that strikes it
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transverse wave
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wave in which matter moves at a right angle to the direction of the wave
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trough
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the lowest part of the transverse wave
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turbine
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a set of curved blades mounted on a long shaft that is turned by the flow of a fluid such as steam used to generate electricity
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ultrasound
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a sound w/ a wave frequency greater than those within the range of human hearing
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ultraviolet
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relating to invisible electromagneticwaves w/ wavelengths shorter than visible violet light & longer than X-rays
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universal force
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1 of the 4 forces common throughout the universe: gravitational, nuclear, electric, or magnetic
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universal solvent
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water, so called becauseof its ability to dissolve many substances
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unsaturated
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referring to a solution that contains less solute than can be dissolved at a given temperature & pressure
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unsaturated hydrocarbon
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a hydrocarbon that contains at least 1 double or triple covalent bond in its chain of carbon atoms
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vacuum tube
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an early electronic device that consists of a glass vacuum bulb, a filament, & a plate
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variable
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the factor that changed in a controlled experiment
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velocity
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the speed & direction of movement
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virtual image
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an image such as 1 seen in a plane mirror formed by light rays that don't actually pass where the image appears
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volt
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the SI unit of voltage
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voltage
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the amount of electric energy available to move a charge
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volume
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the amount of space occupied by an object or substance
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watt
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the basic SI unit of power: 1 watt= 1 joule per second
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wave
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disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space
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wavelength
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the distance between 2 like parts of a wave such as crests
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weak force
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the nuclear force that holds together the particles within protons & neutrons
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work
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force acting upon an object in the direction the object moves
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work input
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the amount of work put into a machine
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work output
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the amount of work produced by a machine
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X-ray
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a high energy electromagnetic wave that can travel through matter & has a wavelength of .001nm to 10nm
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