Matter

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matter

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Anything that has mass and takes up space

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states of matter - gas

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Gas- is a fluid form of matter that fills any vessel it occupies and can easily be compressed into a much smaller volume . Gas differs from a vapor in that a gas is a substance at a higher temperature than its critical temperature; a vapor is a gaseous form of matter at a temperature below its critical temperature.

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states of matter - solid

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Solid- a rigid form of matter that maintains the same shape whatever the shape of its container.

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states of matter - liquid

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Liquid- is a fluid form of matter that has a wee-defined surface; it takes the shape of the part of the container it occupies.

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substance

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A single pure form of matter; either a compound or an element (ie. gold, water).

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vapor

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the gaseous phase of a substance, specifically of a substance that is liquid or solid at the temperature in question.

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physical property

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Of a substance is a characteristic that we can observe or measure without changing the identity of the substance (ie. mass, temperature, hardness, color, solid, liquid, and gas)

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chemical property

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Refers to the ability of a substance to change into another substance (participate in a chemical reaction). For example, hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water; zinc reacts with acids to produce hydrogen gas.

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intensive property

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Is a property that is independent of the mass of the sample (ie. density, molar volume temperature) For example, temperature is an intensive property, because we could take a sample of any size from a uniform bath of water and measure the same temperature.

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extensive property

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Is a property that does depend on the mass (“extent”) of the sample (ie. volume, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy). Volume is an extensive property: 2 kg of water occupies twice the volume of 1 kg of water.

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precision

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Of a measurement refers to how close these repeated measurements are to one another. Free of random error.

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accuracy

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Of a series of measurements is the closeness of their average value to the true value. Freedom from systematic error.

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significant figures (sf)

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The number of reliable digits in a measurement. To find the number of significant figures in a measurement, you first express the data in scientific notation, leaving one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal point. Then you count the total number of digits. For example, 0.0025 kg is written as 2.5 x 10-3 kg, a value of 2 significant figures ( the 2 & 5).

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systematic error

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Is an error that persists in a series of measurements and does not average out. An example, is the effect of a speck of dust on a pan, which distorts the mass of each sample in the same direction ( the speck makes each sample appear heavier than it is).

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random error

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Is an error that varies randomly from measurement to measurement, sometimes giving high value and sometimes a low one and can average to zero over a series of observations. An example, is the effects of drafts of air from an open window moving a balance pan either up or down a bit, decreasing or increasing the mass measurements randomly.