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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name two options to load balance with STP?
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STP Cost on downstream device
Port Priority on upstream device |
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How can you advertise masks for OSPF Loopbacks?
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OSPF Network command
Redistribute command Area Range command |
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Quick checks for OSPF neighbor issues?
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OSPF Network command config
hello timer |
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How can you connect Area 0's in OSPF
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Virtual Link
GRE Tunnel - used to transit stub Redistribute between OSPF processes on same router |
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How do you send unicast updates in OSPF?
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OSPF neighbor command, change network type, change hello interval
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Introduce a network into OSPF without updating neighbors LSDB?
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use bandwidth command
no-advertise area filter-list |
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How to Load balance in OSPF?
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Change paths to equal cost
- use bandwidth command - ip ospf cost |
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PPP Multi-link defaults to full utilization on link before second leg brought up, how do you bring up link regardless of utilization?
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1) dialer-load threshold 1
or 2) ppp multilink links minimum 2 mandatory |
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What are the ways to assign RP in multi-cast?
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Static, auto-rp, or BSR candidates
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List the 3 steps to set the FR DE bit?
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DE List
Set action in policy map police action |
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List the 4 options to limit bandwidth in QoS for specific host?
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1 - rate-limiting
2 - Policing 3 - Shaping 4 - Storm Control |
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List 4 methods to NOT accept prefixes in EIGRP?
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1 - offset-list
2 - distribute-list/route-map 3 - Administrative distances 4 - metric maximum-hops |
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How do you change RIP updates to unicast?
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1 - Passive interface and neighbor command
or 2 - NAT the multi-cast address to a unicast address |
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List 4 methods to NOT accept prefixes in RIP?
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1 - offset-list
2 - distribute-list/route-map 3 - Administrative distances 4 - Mismatch on RIP version |
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Quick troubleshoot on devices in transit path not running BGP?
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1 - GRE tunnel through device
2 - redistribute BGP to IGP then IGP back to BGP in order to transit device |
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List ways to manipulate OUTBOUND BGP traffic flows?
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weight inbound
local pref inbound next-hop IGP metric manipulation |
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List ways to manipulate INBOUND BGP traffic flows?
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AS Path prepend outbound
MED Outbound origin manipulation router-ID manipulation |
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List ways to advertise prefixes into BPG
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Network statement
aggregate address statement redistribution conditional route injection default route |
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List things to look at when having reachability issues?
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NAT, aggregation, statics, redistribution, policy routing, default routes, default route generation, route map, tunnel
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Route failures/feedback caused by multiple mutual redistribution, common causes?
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Route tagging
adjusting administrative distance distribute-list filtering adjusting metrics wrong metrics being adjusted |
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What are the 4 goals of BGP MPLS VPN's?
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1 - Separation of traffic
2 - Distribution of routing info 3 - Ability to route private IP's 4 - Forwarding with MPLS benefits |
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What is an Opaque LSA when/where is it used?
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Types 9-10-11 LSA's
They have expanded headers for TE and application marking purposes to tie into MPLS-TE and OSPF-TE. Mainly for OSPFv3 with IPv6 |
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List common causes across all technologies which can cause High CPU Utilization?
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ARP, BGP scanner or router process, EXEC processes, ATM/Hybridge, IP input, SNMP input, LC adjacency on 12000 series, TCP timer, TTY processes, background, virtual exec, VTemplate
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What flavor of MPLS does "pseudowire" play a role in?
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L2VPN/VPLS
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What is the difference between MPLS and VPLS?
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MPLS = P2P, VPLS = P2MP
VPLS (juniper) |
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What protocols do VPLS and MPLS use respectively?
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VPLS and MPLS aren't really the best terms to describe...
but VPLSw/BGP came from Juniper and VPLSw/LDP came from Cisco |
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What is the difference between a BGP network statement and BGP route aggregation?
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The aggregate-address differs in that it dispenses that IGP match condition - although you must advertise one prefix (i.e.155.4.146.0/24) in order to make it work.
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What is a Route Distinguisher?
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An 8 byte field pre-fixed to a customers IPv4 address making it globally unique.
It is not used for IP forwarding but IS used to identify which customer VPN it belongs to |
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What is a Route Target?
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Configured under VRF's to establish which routes are permitted into the VRF.
RT's configured with [export | import | both] <community. |
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How do you configure BGP communities?
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Issue the neighbor <ip address> update-source <interface> command
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What is a SoO in EIGRP?
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Helps recovergence in EIGRP by passing updates through a back-door link and avoiding the "count to 100" delay - Ties to MPLS VPNs
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How to advertise addresses through loopback - OSPF?
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1 - ip ospf network-type point-to-point
or 2 - area 42 range 111.42.66.0 /24 or 3 - redistribute connected subnets metric-type 1 |
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How to advertise addresses through loopback - BGP?
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Issue the neighbor <ip address> update-source <interface>
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What is order of preference of attributes when applied to BPG neighbor - INBOUND?
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route-map
filter-list prefix-list, distribute-list |
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What is order of preference of attributes when applied to BPG neighbor - OUTBOUND?
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prefix-list, distribute-list
filter-list route-map |
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List some of the well-known BGP community filters
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internet—Advertise this route to the Internet community. All routers belong to it.
•no-export—Do not advertise this route to eBGP peers. •no-advertise—Do not advertise this route to any peer (internal or external). •local-as—Do not advertise this route to peers outside the local autonomous system. This route will not be advertised to other autonomous systems or sub-autonomous systems when confederations are configured. |
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How can the BGP community attribute affect upstream routing back to yourself?
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Provider BGP can build policy to alter LOCAL_PREF based upon a pre-determined community attribute flag
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What are the MPLS-TE options?
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Affinity: Tunnel attributes
autoroute announce: Tunnels participates in IGP calcs Bandwidth Priority: Sets RSVP priority Path Option TONS More: Link Management, Load Balancing, Path |
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What is the OSPF version of the EIGRP SoO?
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OSPF sham-link
just think backdoor |
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What protocol should be used between CE-PE devices?
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BGP preferred
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Rules of thumb on MP-BGP redistribution?
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Redistribute all into MP-BGP from PE-CE routing protocol
Default route advertisement from MP-BGP to PE-CE routing protocol |
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List main difference between CoS and QoS?
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CoS affects/configures traffic
QoS affects/configures path |
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List the 6 Spanning Tree Protocols
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1 - Legacy STP
2 - PVST (add VLAN + ISL) 3 - PVST+ (add VLAN, ISL, 802.1Q) 4 - RSTP (update to legacy STP) 5 - RPVST (VLAN) 6 - MST |
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What are the standby protocols?
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HSRP, VRRP, GLBP
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What are the 4 types of NAT Address?
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Inside Local
Inside Global Outside Global Outside Local |
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Which NAT address will you never see from the outside? From the inside?
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Never see Inside local from outside.
Never (rarely) see outside global from inside |
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What is atomic aggregate?
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AS routes which have been dropped due to route aggregation
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OSPF Areas
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Standard: LSA 1-5
Stub: LSA 1-3, def. route is substituted Total Stub: LSA 1-2 and a single type 3 NSSA: LSA 7 |
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What is the difference between LSA 5 and LSA 7?
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Only the area it deploys to - 5 in standard area and 7 to push an advertisement through a NSSA
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BGP: Inbound and Outbound Load Balancing.
Which is harder and WHY? |
Inbound harder due to no control over upstream peers. UNLESS you have an authoritive DNS product like F5
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If you need to make a "tweak" to BGP, what is the best and fastest attribute?
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BGP Local Pref
If a hard shift of traffic is needed immediately |
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In the BGP routing table, what do MED attribute routes show up as?
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Metric route
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When does best practice dictate the use of the origin code attribute?
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It doesn't.
Not consistently used and since it's arbitrary, it's same to not configure |
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True or False: In BPG all attributes should be at least configured to default
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Absolutely FALSE!!
Important to know which ones to use for effective policy |
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Which BGP attribute is "broken"
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Origin code - a sloppy BGP config will leave as default which more often than not interfere's with metric based path determination
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What are community tags?
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additional attributes associated with a route announcement that gives more information like type of route and locations. ALL ISP's use them but rarely send them downstream
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Name the two types of fiber and the primary differences?
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Single Mode: narrow core, single mode of light, longer distances
Multi-Mode: Wide core, multiple modes of light, shorter distances |
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What type of fiber has aqua colored cables?
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Newer technology OM3 fiber, achieves 10GB at 300m with VCSEL lasers
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