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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Molecule Size |
1nm |
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Membrane Thickness |
10nm |
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Virus Size |
100nm |
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Bacteria Size |
1μm |
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Organelle Size |
Up to 10μm |
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Cell Size |
Up to 100μm |
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Using scale bars to calculate magnification |
1. Measure scale bar in mm with ruler 3. Divide by number on scale bar label |
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Length conversions: - Micrometer to millimeter - Nanometer to millimeter |
- 1μm = 10^-3 mm - 1 nm = 10^-6 mm |
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Calculating length from magnification |
1. Measure length of object on picture (cell, organelle, etc...) 2. Divide by stated magnification 3. Convert to micrometers or nanometers |
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Mean |
x̅ = Σx / n (Sum of all samples divided by sample size) |
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Median |
Middle number for the results when arranged in rank order |
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Mode |
Measurement that occurs most frequently |
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Percentage change |
(Change / Orginal Value) x 100 |
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Ratio: |
- Bring one of the values to 1 - Second value divided by first value gives ratio |
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Variables |
Independent: variable that is manipulated over a range of values Dependent: measured variable Controlled: variables that are unchanged Uncontrollable: variables that cannot be controlled |
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Standard Deviation (notation, range of values, significance, unit) |
- Denoted σ - 68% of data within ±σ, 95% within ±2σ - If σ > 33% of mean, then it is large and the data is spread out - Same unit as values |
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Significance |
- If calculated value greater than critical value, difference is significant - 5% is the boundary for causal significance in biology |
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Chi-squared test (basics) |
- Compares relationship between observed and expected sets of data - Each measurement must be independent from others - Expected value must be greater than 5 |
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Chi-squared expected value and degrees of freedom (genetics) |
- E: calculated using Mendelian ratio - Degrees of freedom = number of classes - 1 |
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Chi-squared steps (describe) |
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Chi-squared (association between species in ecology) |
- Uses null hypothesis - Randomly positioned quadrats - Data recorded as 2x2 table |
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Null hypothesis |
No difference between observed and expected values |
