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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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statistics |
the study of procedures for collecting, describing, and drawing conclusions from information |
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Population |
people, subjects or objects of interest |
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sample |
subset of population |
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census |
a survey of an entire population |
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simple random sample |
gives each member of populations an equal chance of being selected |
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Sample of Conveince |
a sample that is not drawn from a well defined random meathod. |
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Stratified Sampling |
subdividing the population into at least two different subgroups (or strata) that are homogenous then draw a sample from each group {ex: men and women subgroups and sample each group |
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cluster sampling |
dividing population into sections then randomly selecting some of the sections and then choosing all the members of the clusters to sample to sample |
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systematic sampling |
selecting a starting point then selecting every k'th (ex. every 50th) element in the population |
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placebo effect |
occurs when an untreated subject reports an improvement in symptoms |
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blinding |
when the subject doesn't know whether they have received a treatment or a placebo |
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double blind |
when blinding occurs on two levels, 1) the subject doesn't know if they're getting the placebo or not, and 2) the experimenter doesn't know who's getting the placebo or not either. |
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frequency distribution |
shows how data are partitioned among several categories by listing the categories along w/the number (frequency) of data in each category |
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statistic |
a number that describes a sample.3211. |
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Parameter |
a number that describes a population |
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Voluntary Response Sample |
sending out surveys where only people who are intrested will reply. |
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qualitative data |
Data that can be separated into different categories distinguished by a non-numerical characteristicex: buttons (population) and separated into colors (qual. data) |
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quantitative data |
numerical data discrete - countable data. ex. # of buttonscontinuous - can take on any value, like 3.75 |
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nominal varible |
level of measurementgeneral measurement; no order |
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ordinal |
level of measurementthere is order, such as names in gpa order or age order |
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Discrete Variables |
something that can can be counted on counting numbers |
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Continuous Variables |
Decimal, Long decimals |
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Outcome |
What is measured on each experimental unit |
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Treatment |
procedures applied to each experimental unit. Always two or more treatment |
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Randomized Experiment |
a study in which the investigator assigns the treatments at random. |
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Observation Study |
is one in which the assignment to treatment groups is not made by the investigator. |
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randomized block design |
assigning subjects to different treatment groups through a process of random selection and putting them in blocks of subjects that are similar and the blocks differ in ways that might affect the experiment's outcome |
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completely randomized design |
assign subjects to different treatment groups through a process of random selection |
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confounding |
occurs in an experiment when the investigators aren't able to distinguish between the effects of different factors like the risk factors and the outcome |
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Bias |
the degree to which a procedure systematically overestimates or underestimates a population value. |
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Frequency |
number of times it occurs in data set. |
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Frequency distribution |
table that presents frequency for each catergory. |
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Relative Frequency |
(Frequency)/(Sum of all Frequencies) |
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Relatave Frequency Distriution |
a table that presents the relative frequancy of each catergory. |
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dfh |
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