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284 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Magnet
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Place infant in a supine position, partially flex lower extremities, and apply pressure to soles of feet--extends leg against pressure
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Moro
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Hold infant in semisitting position, and allow head and trunk to fall backward at least 30 degrees--symmetrically abducts and extends arms, flares fingers, and forms a "C" with thumb and forefinger
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Grasp
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Place finger in palm of hand or at base of toes--curls fingers around examiner's fingers and curls toes downward
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Trunk incurvation
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Place infant prone on flat surface and run finger down back about 4 to 5 cm lateral to spine--flexes body and swings pelvis toward stimulated side
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Glabellar
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Tap on forehead, bridge of nose, or maxilla when infant's eyes are open--blinks for first four or five taps
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Babinski
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Use finger to stroke sole of foot beginning at heel, upward along lateral aspect of sole, then across ball of foot--hyperextends all toes and dorsiflexes big toe
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Startle
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Place infant on flat surface and strike surface--abducts arms and flexes elbows (embrace position) and keeps hands clenched
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Rooting
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Touch infant's lip, cheek, or corner of mouth with nipple--turns head toward stimulus, opens mouth, takes hold, and sucks
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Tonic neck
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Place infant in a supine position, turn head quickly to one side as infant is falling asleep or is asleep--extends arms and leg on side to which head is turned and flexes opposite arm and leg
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Stepping (walking)
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Hold infant vertically allowing one foot to touch table surface--alternates flexion and extension of feet
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Extrusion
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Touch or depress tip of tongue--forces tongue outward
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Potential Problems with adaptation to extrauterine life
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Crackles upon auscultation
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Potential Problems with adaptation to extrauterine life
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Nasal flaring and sternal retractions
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Potential Problem with adaptation to extrauterine life
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Blood pressure 86/54
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Potential Problem with adaptation to extrauterine life
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Jaundice on face
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Potential Problem with adaptation to extrauterine life
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Spine straight with dimple at base
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Potential Problem with adaptation to extrauterine life
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Hematocrit 36% and hemoglobin 12 g/dl
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Respirations: 36 breaths/minute, irregular, shallow
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Episodic apnea lasting 5 to 10 seconds
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Slight bluish discoloration of hands and feet
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Apical heart rate: 126 beats/minute with murmurs
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Pink-tinged stains on diaper with first two voidings
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Two small white cysts at gum margins and on palate
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Boggy, edematous swelling over occiput
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Overlapping of parietal bones
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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White pimple-like spots on nose and chin
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Regurgitation of small amount of milk following first two feedings
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Liver palpated at 1 cm below right costal margin
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Absence of bowel elimination since birth
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Adhesion of prepuce--unable to fully retract foreskin
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Edema of labia majora
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Flaring of toes and hyperextension of big toe when sole is stroked upward
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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White blood cell count (WBC) 20,000/mm3
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Normal adaptation or acceptable variation to extrauterine life
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Blood glucose 45 mg/dl
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Surfactant
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Protein manufactured in type II cells of the lungs which reduces surface tension, thereby decreasing the pressure required to keep the alveoli open with inspiration and preventing total alveolar collapse upon exhalation; alveolar stability is maintained
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Thermoregulation
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Maintenance of balance between heat loss and heat production
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Convection
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Flow of heat from the body surface to cooler ambient air
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Radiation
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Loss of heat from the body surface to a cooler solid surface not in direct contact but in relative proximity
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Evaporation
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Loss of heat that occurs when a liquid is converted to a vapor
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Conduction
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Loss of heat from the body surface to cooler surfaces in direct contact
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Nonshivering thermogenesis; brown fat
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Primary mechanism for newborn heat production accomplished by metabolism of a type of adipose tissue that is unique to newborns called _____
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Epstein's pearls
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Small whitish retention cycts found on the newborn's gum margins and at the juncture of the hard and soft palate
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Meconium
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Viscous greenish-black substance found in the lower intestine of the newborn' it is formed during fetal life from the amniotic fluid and its constitutes, intestinal secretions (including bilirubin), and cells shed from the mucosa
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Wink reflex
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Contraction of the newborn's anal sphincter muscle in response to touch; it is a good sign of sphincter tone
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Physiologic jaundice
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Yellowish discoloration of the newborn's skin that occurs after the first 24 hours of life in response to hyperbilirubinemia
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Kernicterus
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Acute bilirubin encephalopathy that occurs when bilirubin is deposited in brain cells
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Vernix caseosa
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Cheeselike whitish substance that covers and protects the skin of the fetus after 35 weeks of gestation
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Acrocyanosis
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Slightly bluish tinge of the newborn's hands and feet caused by vasomotor instability, capillary stasis, and a high hemoglobin level; it is normal and can appear intermittently over the first 7 to 10 days of life, especially when exposed to cold
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Ecchymosis
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Bruise
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Petechiae
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Pinpoint hemorrhage areas that can normally be present on the face and neck of a newborn as a result of face presentation or forceps-assisted birth. These areas can be associated with serious infection or hematologic problems if located on the skin in other areas of the body
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Lanugo
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Fine, downy hair that can be found over the face, shoulders, and back of the newborn
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Simian line (crease)
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Single palmar crease found in Asian infants or in infants with Down syndrome
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Caput succedaneum
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Generalized, easily identifiable edematous area of a newborn's scalp most commonly found over the occiput
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Cephalhematoma
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Collection of blood between a newborn's skull bone and his or her periosteum; it does not cross a cranial suture line
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Desquamation
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Peeling of the newborn's skin often associated with postmaturity
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Milia
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White pimple-like spots found on the newborns face as a result of plugged sebacious glands
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Mongolian spots
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Bluish-black areas of pigmentation that most commonly appear on the back and buttocks of dark-skinned babies
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Telangiectatic nevi
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Pink, easily blanches areas most commonly found on the newborn's upper eyelids, nose, upper lip, lower occipital area, and nape of neck. They are also known as "stork bites" or "angel kisses"
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Nevus vasculosus
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Common type of capillary hemangioma that consists of dilated, newly formed capillaries occupying the entire dermal and subdermal layers, with associated connective tissue hypertrophy. Because of its appearance, it is also called a strawberry mark
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Nevus flammeus
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Birthmark composed of a plexus of newly formed capillaries in the papillary layer of the corium. Because it is flat, varies in size and shape, and is red-to-purple in color, it is also known as a port-wine stain
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Erythema toxicum
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Transient newborn rash that is characterized by lesions in different stages: erythmatous macules, papules, and small vesicles. It is also called fleabite dermatitis
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Pseudomenstration
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Mucoid vaginal discharge that may be slightly bloody; it is associated with a decrease in estrogen following birth
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Molding
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Distorted cranial size and shape as a result of overlapping of fetal cranial bones to facilitate movement through the birth canal during labor
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Oligodactyly
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Missing digits
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Polydactyly
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Extra digits
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Syndactyly
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Fusing of fingers or toes
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Sleep-wake
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Variations in the state of consciousness of newborn infants
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Deep sleep; light sleep
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the sleep states
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Drowsy; quiet alert; active alert; crying
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The wake states
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Quite alert
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The optimum state of arousal, during which the infant can be observed smiling, responding to voices, watching faces, vocalizing, and moving in synchrony
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Temperament
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Individual variations in the primary reaction pattern of newborns that guides their style of behavioral response to stimuli
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Habituation
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Protective mechanism that allows the infant to become accustomed to environmental stimuli. It is a psychologic and physiologic phdnomenon whereby the response to a constant or repetitive stimulus is decreased
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Orientation
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Quality of alert states and ability to attend to visual and auditory stimuli while alert
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Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS)
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Tool that can be used to assess an infant's behavior in a systematic way; it is an interactive examination that assesses the infant's response in 28 areas organized in clusters
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Apgar score
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Systematic rapid assessment of neonate at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth; results give some indication of the neonate's physiologic state
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Eye prophylaxis; tetracycline; erythromycin
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Instillation of an antibiotic ointment into the eyes of the newborn within 1 hour of birth to prevent infection of the eyes. The most commonly used ointments are ______ and ______.
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Vitamin K
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Vitamin administered intramuscularly to newborns to prevent hemorrhage
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New Ballard Scale
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Assessment tool that evaluates neuromuscular and physical maturity in an effort to determine the gestational age of newborns; it is usually performed within the first 48 hours of life
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Preterm (premature)
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Term used to refer to an infant born before completion of 37 weeks of gestation, regardless of birth weight
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Term
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Term used to refer to an infant born between the beginning of week 38 and the end of week 42 of gestation
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Postterm (postdate)
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Term used to refer to an infant born after the completion of week 42 of gestation
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Postmature
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Term used to refer to an infant born after 42 weeks of gestation and showing the effects of progressive placental insufficiency
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Large for gestational age (LGA)
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Term used to refer to an infant whose weight is above the 90th percentile (or two or more standard deviations above the norm) at any week
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Appropriate for gestational age (APA)
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Term used to refer to an infant whose weight falls between the 10th and the 90th percentiles for its gestational age
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Small for gestational age (SGA)
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Term used to refer to an infant whose weight is below the 10th percentile (or two or more standard deviations below the norm) at any week
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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
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Term used to refer to the fetus whose rate of growth does not meet expected norms
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Low birth weight (LBW); intrauterine growth; gestational period; preterm birth; LBW
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Term used to refer to an infant whose birth weight is 2500g or less. These infants are considered to have had either less than expected rate of ______ or a shortened ______. ______ and ______ commonly occur together.
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Very low birth weight (VLBW)
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Term used to refer to an infant whose birth weight is 1500g or less
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Fractured clavicle
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Most common birth injury
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Auditory brainstem response (ABR); Otoacoustic emissions (OAE)
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Commonly used neonatal hearing screening tests
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Phototherapy
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Treatment for hyperbilirubinemia that involves placing the newborn under lights or wrapping the newborn in a fiberoptic blanket
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Circumcision
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Surgical procedure to remove the foreskin from the penis
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CRIES
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Pain assessment tool commonly used by nurses who care for newborns that involves the evaluation of physiologic and behavioral indicators of pain.
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110 kcal/kg
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Daily energy requirment for the first 3 months of life
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100 kcal/kg
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Daily energy requirment for 3 to 6 months of life
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95 kcal/kg
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Daily energy requirment for 6 to 9 months
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100 kcal/kg
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Daily energy requirment for 9 months to 1 year
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67 kcal/100ml or 20 kcal/oz
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Human milk provides
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110-140 ml/kg
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Daily water/fluid requirement for infants
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Lobes (milkglands)
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Structures in the breast that are composed of alveoli, milk ductules, and myoepithelial cells. There are 15 to 20 in each female breast
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Alveoli
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Milk-producing cells
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Ductile
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Breast structure that connects several alveoli
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Lactiferous duct
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Breast structure that connects a duct to the lactiferous sinus
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Lactiferous sinuses ampullae
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Milk collection structures that narrow to form many openings or pores in the nipple. They are compressed with infant sucking and the milk is ejected
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Myoepithelial
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Cells surrounding alveoli; these cells contract in response to oxytocin, resulting in the milk ejection reflex or let-down
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Areola
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Rounded, pigmented section of tissue surrounding the nipple
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Sucking stimulus, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland (prolactin), milk production
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Milk Production Reflex
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Sucking stimulus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland (oxytocin), let-down reflex
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Let-down reflex
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Mastitis
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Infection of the breast that may be manifested by a swollen, tender breast and sudden onset of flu-like symptoms
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Breast massage
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Manual application of gentle but deep pressure to the breasts from the chest wall to the nipples to trigger the let-down reflex and facilitate expression of milk
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Lactogenesis (lactation)
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Process of milk production
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Nipple confusion
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Outcome when an infant has difficulty knowing how to latch on to the breast after having fed from a bottle
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Lactation consultant
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Professional who specializes in breastfeeding and may be available to assist a new mother with breastfeeding while in the hospital or after discharge
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Engorgement
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Painful swelling of the breasts that occurs 3 to 5 days after birth when the milk "comes in." It is a response of the breasts to the sudden change in hormones and to the accumulation of milk in the breast tissue, and edema due to swelling and abstruction of lymphatic drainage
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Feeding readiness cues
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Newborn behaviors that indicate hunger and a desire to eat
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Weaning
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Process whereby the infant is gradually introduced to drinking from a cup and eating solid food while breastfeeding is reduced by gradually decreasing the number of feedings
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Everted
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Nipple that becomes hard, erect, and protrudes upon stimulation, thereby facilitating latch-on
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Inverted
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Nipple that remains flat and soft and does not protrude even when stimulation
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Nipple Shell
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Plastic device that can be placed over the nipple and areola to keep clothing off the nipple and put pressure around the base of the nipple to promote protrusion of the nipple
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Nipple erection reflex
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Reflex that occurs when the infant cries, suckles, or rubs up against the breast; it is an integral part of lactation
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Colostrum
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Early milk; it is a very concentrated, high-protein, immunoglobulin-rick substance present in the breasts as early as 16 weeks gestation before the formation of milk
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Prolactin
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The lactogenic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to the infant's suck and emptying of the breast
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Oxytocin
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Posterior pituitary hormone that triggers the let-down reflex.
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Growth spurt
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period, lasting about 24 to 48 hours, when the infant will be fussy and desires to eat more often than usual; milk production will increase in response to demand
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Monilia
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Infection caused by a fungus or yeast. It causes thrush in the newborn's mouth. The mother's nipples and the baby's mouth must be treated simultaneously
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Let-down (milk efection) reflex
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Reflex, triggered by the contraction of myoepithelial cells. Colostrum and, later, milk are ejected toward the nipple
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Rooting reflex
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Reflex stimulated when a hungry baby's mouth or lips are touched. The baby opens its mouth and begins to suck
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Extrusion
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Reflex that occurs as a newborn automatically pushes solid food out of its mouth when it is placed on its tongue
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Latch-on
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Attachment of the infant to the breast for feeding with its mouth open wide and tongue down; the nipple and some of the aerola should be in the baby's mouth
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Demand feeding
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Approach to feeding, in which the infant determines the frequency of feeding; the infant should still receive at least eight breastfeedings in 24 hours
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High risk pregnancy
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pregnancy in which the life or health of the mother or her fetus is jeopardized by a disorder conincidental with or unique to pregnancy
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Uteroplacental insufficiency
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Gradual decline in delivery of needed substances by the placenta to the fetus
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Daily fetal movement count (kick count)
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Assessment of fetal activity by the mother to monitor the condition of the fetus
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Fetal alarm signal
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Cessation of fetal movements entirely for 12 hours
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Ultrasonography, transabdominally, transvaginally
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Use of sound having a frequency higher than that detectable by humans to examine structures inside the body. It can be performed either ______ or ______ during pregnancy
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Macrosomic infant
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Infant whose weight at birth is greater than 4000 g
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Fetal nuchal translucency (FNT)
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Prenatal screening technique that uses ultrasound measurement of fluid in the nape of the neck between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation to identify possible fetal abnormalities
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Doppler blood flow analysis
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Noninvasive study of blood flow in the fetus and placenta using ultrasound
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Amniotic fluid index
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Method in which the depths (in centimeters) of the amniotic fluid in all four quadrants surrounding the maternal umbilicus are totaled
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Biophysical profile (BPP), fetal breathing movements, fetal movement, fetal tone, fetal heart rate pattern, nonstress test, amniotic fluid volume
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Noninvasive dynamic assessment of the fetus and its environment by ultrasound and external electronic fetal monitoring. This test includes assessment of five variables, namely _____, _____, _____, _____ by means of a _____, and _____.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Noninvasive rediologic technique used for obstetric and gynecologic dianosis; it provides excellent pictures of soft tissue without ionizing radiation
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Amniocentesis
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Procedure performed to obtain amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells using a needle inserted transabdominally into the uterus
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L/S ratio and Shake Test
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Tests performed on amniotic fluid to evaluate the maturity of fetal lungs
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Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) or cordocentesis
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Procedure that provides direct access to the fetal circulation during the second and third trimesters; it involves the insertion of a needle directly into a fetal umbilical vessel under ultrasound guidance
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Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
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Procedure that involves the removal of a small tissue specimen from the fetal portion of the placenta between 10 and 12 weeks of gestation for genetic studies
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maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
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Test performed between 15 and 22 weeks of gestation as a means of screening for the presence of neural tube defects in the fetus
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Triple marker test, alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, human chorionic gonadotropin
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Screening test for Down syndrome performed between 16 and 18 weeks of gestation. It uses maternal serum levels of three markers, namely _____, _____, and _____, in combination with maternal age to determine risk for Down syndrome in the fetus
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Indirect Coombs test
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Screening test for Rh incompatibility that determines the titer for Rh antibodies in maternal blood
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Nonstress Test
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Test based on the fact that the heart rate of a healthy fetus with an intact central nervous system will accelerate in response to its own movement
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Vibroacoustic stimulation test (fetal acoustic stimulation test)
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Method of testing antepartum FHR response to sound usually provided by a laryngeal stimulator; expected response to the sound is FHR acceleration
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Contraction stress test, nipple-stimulated contraction stress test, oxytocin-stimulated contraction stress
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Test used to identify the jeopardized fetus that is stable of at least 3 uterine contractions of good quality in a 10 minute period. Two methods used for this test are the ______ and the ______
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Preeclampsia
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At 30 weeks of gestation, Angela's MAP was 108 mmHg, her urinalysis indicated a protein level of 2+, she exhibited edema in her ankles and hands, and her deep tendon reflexes were brisk
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Gestational (transient) hypertension
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At 24 weeks of gestation, Mary's BP rose to 150/92 from a prepregnant baseline of 120/70. No other problematic signs and symptoms were noted. Her BP returned to normal range 12 weeks after birth
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Chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia
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At 28 weeks of gestation, Talia's urine is 2+ on a dipstick test for protein. Her BP has been consistently above 140/90 for a year before she became pregnant
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Chronic hypertension
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Susan, a 34-year-old prenancy woma, has had a consistently high BP ranging from 148/92 to 160/98 since she was 28 years old. Her eight gain has followed normal patterns, and urinalysis remains normal as well
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Eclampsia
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At 32 weeks of gestation, Maria, with hypertension since 28 weeks, edema, and proteinuria of 4+, has a convulsion
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HELLP syndrome
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Dawn has been hypertensive since her 24th week of pregnancy. Urinalysis indicates a protein content of 4+. Further testing reveals a platelet count of 95,000 and elevated AST and ALT levels
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Gestational hypertension
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Onset of hypertension without proteinuria after the 20th week of pregnancy
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Transient hypertension
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Gestational hypertension with no signs of preeclampsia present at the time of birth, and hypertension resolves by 12 weeks postpartum. It is a retrospective diagnosis.
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Chronic hypertension
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Hypertension that is present before pregnancy or that is diagnosed before the 20th week of pregnancy
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Preeclampsia, hypertension, proteinuria
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Pregnancy-specific syndrome in which hypertension usually develops after 20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive woman. It is characterized by the presence of ______ and ______
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Hypertension, 2, 4
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A systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mmHg or mean arterial pressure greater than 105 mmHg. The elevated values must be present on ___ separate occasions at least ____ hours apart
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Proteinuria
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A protein concentration of 30 mg/dl (1+ on dipstick measurement) or more in at least two random urine samples collected at least 6 hours apart with no evidence of urinary tract infection
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Dependent edema, ankles, sacrum
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Accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the lowest or most dependent parts of the body, where hydrostatic pressure is the greatest. For ambulating women, it is first evident in ____, and if the pregnant women is confined to bed, it occurs in the _____ region
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Eclampsia
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Onset of seizure activity or coma in the woman diagnosed with preeclampsia, with no history of preexisting pathology that can result in seizure activity.
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HELLP, hemolysis (H), elevated liver enzymes (EL), low platelets (LP)
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Syndrome that is a laboratory diagnosis for a variant of severe preeclampsia that involves hepatic dysfunction; it is characterized by _____, _____, and _____.
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Arteriolar vasospasm
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Activity in blood vessels that diminishes their diameter, thereby impeding blood flow to all organs and raising blood pressure
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Diabetes mellitus
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group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
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Polyuria
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Excretion of large volumes of urine
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Polydipsia
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Excessive thirst
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Polyphagia
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Eating excessive amounts of food
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Glycosuria
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Results when unusable glucose is excreted
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Type I DM
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Metabolic disease that occurs when pancreatic islet beta cells are destroyed resulting in an absolute insulin deficiency; an autoimmune process may be involved in its etiology
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Type II DM
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Metabolic disease resulting in insulin resistence and relative rather than absolute insulin deficiency
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Pregestational
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Label given to type 1 or type 2 diabetes that existed before pregnancy
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Gestational
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Any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition occurring during pregnancy
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Glycemic control
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Key to optimal outcome of a diabetic pregnancy before conveption and throughout pregnancy
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Hydramnios (polyhydramnios)
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Amniotic fluid in excess of 2000 ml
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Hypoglycemia, 60 mg/dl
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Less than the normal amount of glucose in the blood; blood glucose level is less than ______.
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Hyperglycemia, 200 mg/dl
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Excess glucose in the blood; blood glucose level is greater than _____.
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
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Acculuation of ketones in the blood resulting from hyperglycemia and leading to metabolic acidosis; it occurs most often during the second and third trimesters when the diabetogenic effect of pregnancy is greatest
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Euglycemia
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Normal blood glucose level
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Macrosomia
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Result of excessive fetal growth in utero; newborn weighs more than 4500 g at birth
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Glycosylated hemoglobin, 2.5% to 5.9%
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Blood test that evaluates glycemic control over the previous 4 to 6 weeks; a result of ____ to ____ indicates good diabetic control.
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Fasting blood glucose, 60 to 105 mg/dl
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Measurement of blood glucose levels prior to eating. Acceptable results for this test range from ____ to ____
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Postprandial blood glucose, 130 mg/dl to 155 mg/dl
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Measurement of blood glucose levels 1 to 2 hours after eating; acceptable results for 1 hour after meals range from ____ to ____.
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Phosphatidylglycerol
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Substance in amniotic fluid that is a better predictor of fetal lung maturity than is the L/S ratio in pregnancies complicated by diabetes
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Hyperemesis gravidarum
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Excessive vomiting during pregnancy resulting in a weight loss of at least 5% of prepregnancy weight and is accompanied by dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, ketosis, and acetonuria.
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cardiac decompensation
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inability of the heart to maintain a sufficient cardiac output
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Peripartum cardiomyopathy
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Development of congestive heart failure in the last month of pregnancy or within the first 5 months postpartum; there is a lack of another cause for heart failure and absence of heart disease prior to the last month of pregnancy
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Mitral valve stenosis
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Narrowing of the opening of the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart by stiffening of the valve leaflets, which obstructs blood flow from the atrium to the ventricles. It is the characteristic lesion resulting from rheumatic heart disease
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Infective endocarditis
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Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart caused by invasion of microorganisms
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Mitral valve prolapse
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Common, usually benign cardiac condition that involves the protrusion of the leaflets of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular systole, allowing some backflow of blood
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Reflex bradycardia
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Slowing of the heart in response to the increased blood flow that occurs after birth
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Anemia
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Reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood primarily caused by an iron deficiency; the heart attempts to compensate by increasing the cardiac output; hemoglobin is less than 11 g/dl in the first and third trimesters and 10.5 g/dl in the second trimester
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Folic acid deficiency
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Deficiency that, if present during conception and early pregnancy, is associated with an increased incidence of neural tube defects, cleft lip, and cleft palate
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Sickle cell hemoglobinopathy
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Disease caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin in the blood. It is a recessive, hereditary, familial hemolytic anemia that affects those of African-American and Mediterranean ancestry.
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Thalassemia (Mediterranean or Cooley anemia)
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Anemia in which an insufficient amount of hemoglobin is produced to fill red blood cells
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Bronchial asthma
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Acute respiratory illness caused by allergens, marked change in ambient temperature, or emotional tension. In response to stimuli, there is widespread but reversible narrowing of the hyperactive airway, making it difficult to breathe
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which exocrine glands produce excessive viscous secretions, which cause problems with both respiratory and digestive functions
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Epilepsy
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Disorder of the brain causing recurrent seizures; it is the most common neurologic disorder accompanying pregnancy
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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Chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disease characterized by autoimmune antibody production that affects the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, central nervous system, liver, and other body organs; it is one of the most common serious disorders of childbearing age
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Birth trauma
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Physical injury sustained by a neonate during labor and birth
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Subconjunctival (scleral) retinal hemorrhages
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Rupture of the capillaries within the eye caused by increased intracranial pressure during birth. They usually clear within 5 days after birth and present no problems
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Ecchymoses
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Bruises; may appear on face as the result of face presentation
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Petechiae
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Pinpoint hemorrhagic areas
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Clavicle
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The bone most frequently fractured during birth
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Erb-Duchenne Palsy or brachial plexus injury
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Brachial paralysis of the upper portion of the arm; it is the most common type of paralysis associated with a difficult birth
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Renal agenesis
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Failure of the kidney to develop
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Caudal regression syndrome
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Sacral agenesis with weakness or deformities of the lower extremities, malformation and fixation of the hip joints, and shortening or deformity of the femurs
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Macrosomia
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Excessive fetal growth resulting in a large-for-gestational-age newborn; often associated with women who have pregestational or gestational diabetes
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Phosphatidylglycerol
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Component of surfactant; it is indicatice of adequate fetal lung maturity when present in amniotic fluid
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Hypoglycemia
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Blood glucose levels less than 40 mg/dl in term infants
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Cardiomyopathy
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Disease affecting the structure and function of the heart
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Polycythemia
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Increased number of red blood cells; results in increased viscosity of the blood
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Sepsis
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Presence of microorganisms or their toxins in blood or other tissues; it is one of the most significant causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality
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Septicemia
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Generalized infection of the blood stream
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Condylomata
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Elevated wartlike lesions characteristic of congenital syphilis
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Snuffles
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Copious clear mucous discharge from the nose characteristic of congenital syphilis
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Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
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Combination drug treatment that has almost completely eliminated mother-to-child HIV transmission in developed countries
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Opportunistic infection
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Infections caused by an organism that usually does not cause illness; it is an outcome of HIV infection related to the suppression of immunologic activity
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Group B Streptococcus
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Microorganism that is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis in the US. Women who are positive for this mircroorganism are given prophylactic antibiotics when in labor
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Thrush
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Oral candidiasis; it is characterized by adherent white plaques on the oral mucosa, gums, and tongue
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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Acute and long term outcome of alcohol ingestion during pregnancy; it is characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth restriction, CNS malfunctions (e.g., mental retardation), and distinctive craniofacial features (e.g., microcephaly, small eyes)
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Neonatal abstinence syndrome
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Term given to the group of signs and symptoms associated with drug withdrawal in the neonate
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Hyperbilirubinemia
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Increased bilirubin level in the blood
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Jaundice (icterus), physiologic, pathology
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Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, sclera, and various organs associated with elevated bilirubin levels in the blood. It is termed ____ when it occurs more than 24 hours after birth, and ____ if it is evident beginning in the first 24 hours after birth
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Rh incompatibility (isoimmunization)
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Condition that occurs when an Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive fetus who inherits the dominant Rh-positive gene from the father
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Fetal hemolytic anemia
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Complication of Rh incompatibility in which erythrocytes are destroyed by maternal Rh-positive antibodies; this can result in an increase in fetal bilirubin levels
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
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Complication of Rh incompatibility that results in fetal compensation for red blood cell destruction by producing large numbers of immature erythrocytes to replace those that are hemolyzed
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hydrops fetalis
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the most severe form of Rh incompatibility; it is characterized by anemia, cardiac decompensation, cardiomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly, hypoxia, and fluid leakage into the intravascular space, resulting in generalized edema
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acute bilirubin encephalopathy
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Disorder caused by deposition of bilirubin in the brain
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kernicterus
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term used to refer to the chronic and permanent results of bilirubin toxicity
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Indirect Coombs test
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Maternal blood test, used to determine whether the mother has antibodies to the Rh antigen
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Direct Coombs test
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Test performed on cord blood to determine whether there are maternal antibodies in the fetal blood
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Congenital
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Disorder present at birth that is caused by genetic or environmental factors, or both
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Inborn errors of metabolism
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A group of disorders that results from the absence of or change in a protein, usually an enzyme, and which are mediated by the action of a certain gene (autosomal recessive inheritance). Examples include phenylketonuria and galactosemia
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Microcephaly
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A small brain is present in a normally formed head
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Hypospadias
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Urinary meatus opens below the glans penis or anywhere along the ventral surface of the penis, scrotum, or peritoneum
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Episapdias
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Urinary meatus opens on the dorsal surface of the penis
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Extrophy of the bladder
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Abnormal development of the bladder, abdominal wall, and pubic symphysis that causes the bladder, urethra, and ureteral orifices to be exposed
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Hydrocephalus
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Enlargement of the ventricles of the brain as a result of an imbalance between production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is characterized by a bulging anterior fontanel, an abnormal increase in the circumference of the head, and an increasing CSF pressure
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Congenital heart defects
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Term used to refer to the group of anatomic abnormalities of the heart that are present at birth; ventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot are two common forms of this type of congenital disorder
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Talipes equinovarus
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The most common form of clubfoot. The foot points downward and inward, the ankle is inverted, and the Achilles tendon is shortened, all making the foot appear C shaped.
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Choanal atresia
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The most common congenital anomaly of the nose consisting of a bony or membranous septum located between the nose and the pharynx
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Spina bifida
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the most common defect of the CNS resulting from failure of the neural tube to close at some point
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Meningocele
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Type of neural tube defect in which an external sac containing the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid protrudes through a defect in the vertebral column
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Omphalocele
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Covered (with a peritoneal sac) defect of the umbilical ring into which varying amounts of the abdominal organs may herniate
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Gastroschisis
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Herniation of the bowel through a defect in the abdominal wall to the right of the umbilical cord. No protective sac covers the intestines
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Esophageal atresia
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Congenital defect in which the passageway from the mouth to the stomach ends in a blind pouch or narrows into a thin cord; thus a continuous passageway to the stomach is not present
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Tracheoesophageal fistula
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Congenital defect characterized by an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea
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imperforate anus
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term used to describe absence of an anal opening; commonly it is accompanied by a fistula from the rectum to the perineum or to the genitourinary system
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Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
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Term used to describe a spectrum of disorders related to the abnormal development of one or all of the components of the hip joint that may develop at any time during fetal life, infancy, or childhood
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Encephalocele
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Herniation of the brain and meninges through a skull defect
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Anencephaly
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Congenital disorder characterized by the absence of both cerebral hemispheres and the overlying skull. It is incompatible with life.
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
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Disorder characterized by displacement of the abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity through a defect in the formation of the diaphragm
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Myelomeningocele
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A form of spina bifida cystica (a neural tube defect) in which an external sac containing the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and nerves protrudes through a defect in the vertebral column
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Cleft lip or palate
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Commonly occurring congenital midline fissure, or opening, in the lip or palate resulting from failure of the primary palate to fuse; one or both deformities may occur, and nasal deformity may also be present
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Teratoma
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Embryonal tumor that may be solid, cystic, or mixed; it is composed of at least two and usually three types of embryonal tissue: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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Hydramnios
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An excessive amount of amniotic fluid
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Oligohydramnios
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An insufficient amount of amniotic fluid
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Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
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Disorder of developing blood vessels in the eye often associated with oxygen tensions that are too high for the level of retinal maturity initially resulting in vasoconstriction and continuing problems after the oxygen is discontinued
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Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
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Acute inflammatory disease of the gastrointestingal mucosa commonly complicated by perforation
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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
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Occurs when fetal shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to constrict after birth or reopens after constriction has occurred
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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
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Chronic pulmonary iatrogenic condition caused by barotrauma from pressure ventilation and oxygen toxicity
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Germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH)
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One of the most common types of brain injury that occurs in neonates and among the most severe in both short-term and long-term outcomes
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Extremely low birth weight infant
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Infant whose weight at birth is 1000 g or less
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Neural thermal environment
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Environmental temperature at which oxygen consumption is minimal but adequate to maintain body temperature; it is an environment for the preterm infant that prevents temperature instability
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brain nuturing
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Examination of brain development as related to postnatal experiences including child care and education
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Anticipatory grief
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Experiencing grief over the potential loss of an infant; parents grieve in preparation for the infant's possible death
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Shaken-baby syndrome
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Condition that results from shaking a child so violently that brain damage and retinal hemorrhages occur
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Insensible water loss (IWL)
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Evaporative loss of water that occurs largely through the skin
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Gavage feeding
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Method by which breast milk or formula is given to the infant through a nasogastric tube or orogastric tube thereby sparing the infant the work of sucking
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Gastrostomy feeding
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Method by which breast milk or formula is given to the infant through a tube that is surgically placed through the skin of the abdomen into the stomach
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nonnutritive sucking
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allowing the infant to suck on a pacifier during tube feeding or between oral feedings
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Kangaroo care
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Method of skin-to-skin holding; infant dressed only in a diaper is placed directly on the parent's bare chest and then covered with the parent's clothing or a warmed blanket
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Respiratory-distress syndrome
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Lung disorder usually affecting premature infants; it is caused by a lack of pulmonary surfactant which leads to progressive atelectasis, loss of functional capacity, and a ventilation-perfusion imbalance with uneven distribution of ventilation
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Near-term infant
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Infant born between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation
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Postmature infant
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Infant born after 42 weeks of gestation who exhibits signs associated with placental insufficiency including a wasted appearance (dysmaturity) at birth because of loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle mass
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Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN); persistent fetal circulation (PFC)
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Term used to refer to the combined findings of pulmonary hypertension, right-to-left shunting, and a structurally normal heart
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Small for gestational age (SGA)
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Term used to refer to the infant whose weight at birth is below the 10th percentile expected at term
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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
|
Term used to apply to a rate of fetal growth that does not meet expected growth patterns
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Polycythemia
|
Hyperviscosity of the blood as a result of excessive production of red blood cells
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Large for gestational age (LGA)
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term used to refer to an oversized infant whose weight at birth is above the 90th percentile on growth charts or two standard deviations above the mean weight for gestational age
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