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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Window
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originated in an old English expression that means "wind eye". earliest windows were open holes through which smoke could escape and fresh air could enter. now is a sophisticated mechanism with many layers of control
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Prime Window
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Made to be installed permanently in a building
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Storm Window
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removable auxiliary unit that is added seasonally to a prime window to improve thermal performance
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Combination Window
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alternative to storm window, an auxiliary unit that incorporates both glass and insect screening; a portion of the glass is mounted in a sash that can be opened in the summer for ventilation through screening and normally is left in place all year around
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Replacement Window
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install easily in the openings left by deteriorated windows removed from older buildings
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fixed window
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the least expensive and the least likely to leak air or water since they have no operable components
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single-hung window
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has one moving sash. can be designed in a large range of sizes and proportions. uses brush weatherstripping which does not seal as tightly as compression weatherstripping.
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double-hung window
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has two moving sashes. can be designed in a large range of sizes and proportions. uses brush weatherstripping which does not seal as tightly as compression weatherstripping
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sash
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the frames in which the glass is mounted. can slide or be projected
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sliding window
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essentially a single hung window on its side and also has the advantage that tracks in the frame hold the sashes securely along its opposite sides. can be designed in a large range of sizes and proportions.rely on brush weatherstripping since it doesn't exert as much friction against a sliding sash as rubber does.
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projected window
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more heavily built sashes than sliding, single and double windows. includes casement, awning, hopper, inswinging and pivot windows. have sashes that rotate outward or inward from frame and must have enough structural stiffness to withstand wind uploads while only being supported at 2 corners. uses pliable weather stripping that seals by compression around edges of sash so are more resistance to air leakage
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casement window
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Sashes rotate outward from one side. assist in catching passing breezes and inducing ventilation. generally narrow in width but can be joined to one another and to sashes of fixed glass to fill wider openings
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awning window
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sashes rotate outward from top. can be broad but are usually not very tall. protect an open window from water during rain and are easily used in a building-block approach in design of window walls
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hopper window
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sashes rotate inward from bottom. admit little or no rainwater since they are inswinging. more common in commercial buildings than residential
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inswinging window
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sashes rotate inward from side or top
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pivot window
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pivot in the center of the frame
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jamb
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consists of head and side jamb
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head jamb, head
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jamb across the top usually referred to as head
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side jamb
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jamb on side of frame usually referred to as jamb
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sill
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frames the bottom of the opening on the exterior side
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stool
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frames the bottom of the opening on the interior side
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interior casing
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cover the gaps between the jambs and rough opening on the inside
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exterior casing
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cover the gaps between the jambs and rough opening on the outside
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apron
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cover gaps below the sill and stool
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triple-hung window
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Unlike sliding windows it can be opened to more than half of its total area
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tilt/turn window
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type of projected window with clever and concealed hardware that allows each window to be operated either as an inswinging side-hinged or a hopper
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skylight, unit skylight
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glazed units in roofs constructed and flashed for watertightness. may be either fixed or operable(venting)
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roof window
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sometimes applied to any venting skylight; other times it is applied to operable windowlike units that include some kind of inward rotation to make outside glass surfaces accessible to inside for easier cleaning
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french door
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hinged glass door that opens fully and is more welcoming but cannot be used to regulate airflow unless fitted with a doorstop. prone to air leakage along its seven separate edges.
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sliding door
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large glass doors that can better regulate airflow
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terrace door
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minimizes air leakage but can only open to half its area since there is only one operating door unlike the sliding door
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pivoting window, side-hinged inswinging window, top-hinged inswinging window
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used mostly in commercial and institutional work. allow for inside washing of exterior surfaces. less subject to wind damage. to further limit wind damage, windows in tall buildings limit the extent to which they can be opened. pivoting windows cannot be fitted with insect screens
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wood window
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subject to decay when wetted by weather, leakage or condensate. can be improved with preservative treatments. good insulator, little size change with temperature changes, easily worked and consistently strong.
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clad wood window
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clad with plastic or aluminum on exterior wood frame for improved weather resistance or maintenance requirements. account for the largest share of wood-framed windows
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thermal break
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made with plastic or synthetic rubber components to interrupt flow of heat through the metal, condensate and even frost that can form on interior frame surfaces
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aluminum window
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strong, easy to form and join, less vulnerable to moisture damage. conducts heat rapidly unless constructed with a thermal break. more costly than wood/plastic. usually anodized or permanently coated.
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plastic window
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account for more than half of windows sold in U.S. residential market. don't need painting & are good insulators. cost less then wood or clad wood windows. not as stiff or strong and have more thermal expansion. Most common material used is PVC, vinyl.
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glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) window, fiberglass window
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The newest product to the market. Frame sections produced by pultrusion. More expensive but good insulators. Thermal performance in GRFP and vinly windows can be enhanced with foam insulation.
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pultrusion
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Continuous lengths of glass fiber are pulled through a bath of plastic resin and then through a shaped, heated die where the resin hardens. Resulting in sash pieces that are strong, stiff, and relatively low in thermal expansion.
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plastic
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Synthetically produced giant molecules made up of small, repetitive chemical units. Mostly based on carbon chemistry
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synthetic rubber, elastomer
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Compounds that are usually considered a different class of materials from plastics although chemically similar. Both plastics and elastomers are made from organic molecules obtained from oil, natural gas, and coal.
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polymer
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Composed of many identical chemical units. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride for example)
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monomer
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Identical chemical units
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copolymer
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Consists of repeating patterns of 2 or more monomers.
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thermoplastic
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Consist of linear molecules and may be softened by reheating after their manufacture. When cooled they regain their original properties.
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thermosetting
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molecular structure is crosslinked in 3 dimensions. cannot be remelted after manufactured. generally harder, stronger and more chemically stable than thermoplastics
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plasticizer
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organic compounds that impart flexibility and softness to otherwise brittle plastics
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stabilizer
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added to resist deterioration of polymers from the effects of sunlight, heat, oxygen and electromagnetic radiation.
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filler
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inexpensive nonreacting materials such as talc or marble dust that are added to reduce the cost or to improve toughness or resistance to high temps.
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extender
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waxes or oils that add bulk to the plastic at low cost
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thermosetting
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molecular structure is crosslinked in 3 dimensions. cannot be remelted after manufactured. generally harder, stronger and more chemically stable than thermoplastics
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plasticizer
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organic compounds that impart flexibility and softness to otherwise brittle plastics
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stabilizer
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added to resist deterioration of polymers from the effects of sunlight, heat, oxygen and electromagnetic radiation.
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filler
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inexpensive nonreacting materials such as talc or marble dust that are added to reduce the cost or to improve toughness or resistance to high temps.
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extender
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waxes or oils that add bulk to the plastic at low cost
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Reinforcing (fibers)
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fibers of glass, metal, carbon, or minerals can increase strength, impact resistance, hardness, and other mechanical properties of plastics
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flame retarder
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often introduced into plastics that are destined for interior use in buildings.
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composites
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plastics that are teamed with nonplastic material (laminates & sandwiches)
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laminates
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consist of paper and melamine formaldehyde, used for countertops and facings
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sandwiches
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a composite such as the foam-core plywood panels used as cladding for heavier timber frame buildings
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extrusion
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plastics manufactured in long shape sections by forcing the plastic through a shaped die
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molding
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a process that cast plastic into shaped cavities to give it form
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film blowing
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where air is pumped into a small extruded tube of plastic to expand and stretch it into a very thin-walled tube of plastic to expand and stretch it into a very thin-walled tube many feet in diameter. The tube is then slit lengthwise and rolled for distribution
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calendaring
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a process in which a material or a sandwich of materials is pressed first through hot rollers then cold rollers
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blow forming
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thermoplastic sheets formed by heating them and then using compressed air to press the plastic against a shaped die.
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vacuum forming
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a process of making thermoplastic sheets that uses a pump to draw in air from between the heated sheet and the shaped die. then the atmospheric pressure does the rest
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steel window
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great strength advantage. permanently coated for aesthetics and to prevent corrosion. less conductive of heat so they don't need thermal breaks
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muntin
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thin wooden bars in which glass is mounted to each sash. divides window lights. used mostly in earlier times.
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six over six
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a typical double-hung window that has its upper sash and lower sash each divided into six lights.
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rough opening
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the height and width dimensions are for the hole that must be left in a framed wall for installation of the window. should be flashed before window is installed to prevent leakage of water or air.
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masonry opening
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opening dimensions indicate the size of the hole that must be provided if the window is mounted in a masonry wall.should be flashed before window is installed to prevent leakage of water or air.
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door
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two categories: interior and exterior
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exterior door
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weather resistance is the most important factor in choosing a door.
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interior door
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resistance to sound passage or fire and smoke are important to choosing a door.
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stile-and-rail door (wood)
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avoid moisture expansion and contraction. the panels "float" in the unglued grooves that allow them to move
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flush door
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most widely used because they are easier to manufacture. can be solid, hollow or mineral core
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solid core door
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for exterior use in small buildings and for both interior and exterior use in institutional and commercial buildings. constructed with a solid core of wood blocks or wood composite material
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hollow-core door
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used for interior doors in residences. consist of 2 veneered wood faces that are bonded to a concealed grid of interior spacers made of paperboard or wood. perimeter of faces are glued to wood edge strips.
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mineral core door
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solid core doors that are made qualified to be fire doors.
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sheet metal doors and GFRP doors
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pressed and molded, usually embossed to resemble wood stile-and-rail doors. popular alternatives to wood exterior residential doors. cores are filled with insulating plastic foam making thermal performance superior. don't suffer moisture expansion. often furnished prehung. don't have the satisfying appearance, sound or feel as a wood door
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hollow steel door frames
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usually hinged with metal doors and most nonresidential wood doors, although wood and aluminum frames can also be used.
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prehung door
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doors that are already mounted on hinges in a surrounding frame, complete with weatherstripping, ready to install by merely nailing the frame into the wall
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storm door
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mounted on the outside of the same frame, swinging outward for improved wintertime thermal performance. usually includes at least one large panel of tempered glass
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screen door
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substitutes for a storm door in the summertime.
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combination door
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has easily interchangeable screen and storm panels and is more convenient than separate screen and storm doors
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standard steel door
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manufactured to a standardized set of sizes, configurations, and quality levels
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custom steel door
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generally manufactured to a high quality standard in custom sizes and configurations
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fire door
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have a noncombustible mineral core and are rated according to the period of time for which they are able to resist specified time and temperature conditions
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panic hardware
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horizontal bars or similar devices installed across the face of the door that unlock and unlatch the door whenever the bar is depressed which is sometime required on egress doors.
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emergency escape and rescue opening
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required in residences. have to have at least one in each bedroom, consisting of either a door to the exterior or a window that can be opened to an aperture large enough to permit escape and firefighters to enter.
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AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 Performance Class and Performance Grade
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designations to indicate the minimum capabilities of fenestration products. Class = letter designations & Grade = numeric designations
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blast-resistance glazing system
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used in buildings subject to special security requirements
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overall thermal transmittance, whole product heat loss
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represented by U-Factors of complete window, door and skylight products
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wind-borne debris region
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where glazed openings must meet special standards for resistance to high wind force and debris impact.
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impact-resistance opening, hurricane-rated opening
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fitted with laminated glass with a heavy interlayer of PVB or other tough plastic. have stronger glazing systems, structurally reinforced frames and fastened into rough opening with strong attachment hardware.
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exterior wall enclosure
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the part of the building that must defend the interior spaces against invasion by water, wind, sun, heat and cold
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building envelope
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the exterior wall enclosure
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thermal bridge
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wall components such as metal framing members that are highly conductive of heat and likely to cause condensation on interior surfaces. need to be avoided
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stack effect
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the tendency of tall buildings to act like chimneys, drawing air in at either top or bottom and expelling it at the other end
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air barrier
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materials include building wrap, gwb, sheet plastic, rigid foam insulation, caulking, sealants, gaskets, and tapes. must be resistant to air passage, have sufficient strength to withstand air pressure
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air permeance
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the greater a material's resistance to air, the lower its air permeance and the better its performance. expressed as cubic feet per minute per square foot of area (cfm)
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air barrier system
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air barrier materials that completely surround conditioned space.
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air barrier assembly
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collections of materials responsible for the air barrier performance of a complete wall, roof or floor system
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wind washing
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where exterior air currents within the assembly reduce insulation effectiveness
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internal drainage
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secondary defense that provides an internal drainage channel within the wall to carry away leakage or condensate and backup sealant joints to the inside of the drainage channels
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gravity
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i factor in pulling water through a wall only if that wall contains an inclined plane that slopes into the building
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momentum
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the momentum of falling raindrops can drive water through a wall only if there is a suitable oriented slot or hole that goes completely through the wall
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labyrinth
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a joint designed to neutralize rainwater momentum
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surface tension
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causes rainwater to adhere to the underside of a cladding component allowing water to be drawn into the building
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drip
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used on an underside surface where water might adhere to eliminate the surface tension of water
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capillary action
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the surface tension effect that pulls water through any opening that can be bridged by a water drop.
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capillary break
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a gap in the wall to eliminate capillary action
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wind current
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the most difficult leakage force to deal with in designing a wall for water tightness
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pressure-equalized wall design
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a solution to the wind current problem. involves the creation of an airtight plane (air barrier), behind the outer face of the wall. This is then protected from direct outdoor exposure by an unsealed, labyrinth-jointed layer (the rainscreen). between the rainscreen and air barrier is a space called the pressure equalization chamber
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air barrier
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an airtight plane behind the outer face of the wall. protected by the rainscreen
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rainscreen
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an unsealed, labyrinth-jointed layer that protects the air barrier
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pressure-equalization chamber (PEC)
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the space between the rainscreen and air barrier
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rainscreen principle
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originated with the concept of pressure-equalized wall design
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rainscreen cladding
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broadly applied to any cladding system of internal drainage
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wash
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a slope on a sill that prevents gravity from pulling water in
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sealant joint
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seams that are closed with rubberlike compounds. used either in face of the wall or to seal joints in air barrier behind the face used in most exterior walls
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gunnable sealant
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viscous materials, sticky liquids that are injected into the joints of a building with a sealant gun. grouped into 3 categories, low, medium and high-range sealants
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low-range sealant, caulk
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materials with very limited elongation capabilities, up to plus or minus 5% of the width of the joint. used mainly for filling minor cracks or nonmoving joints, especially in preparation for painting
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elongation
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stretching and sqeezing
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medium-range sealant
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materials such as butyl rubber or acrylic that have safe elongations in the plus or minus 5-10% range. used in the building exterior wall for sealing nonworking joints
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high-range sealant
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can safely sustain elongations up to plus or minus 50-100%. don't shink upon curing. used for working joints in exterior walls
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polysulfide sealant
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a high-range sealant that is usually on-site mixed from 2 components to effect a chemical cure, instead of cure by evaporation
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polyurethane sealant
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a high-range sealant which also cures by a 2-component reaction or by reacting with moisture vapor from the air.
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silicone sealant
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a high-range sealant that cures only by reacting with moisture vapor from the air
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sealant Type
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gunnable joint sealant specified according to ASTM standard C920. can be either type S or M or NS
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sealant Grade
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gunnable joint sealant specified according to ASTM standard C920. can be grade P
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sealant Class
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gunnable joint sealant specified according to ASTM standard C920. class defines the elongation capability of a sealant, is a number designation. Class 25 = 25% expansion and contraction under pressure.
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sealant Use
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gunnable joint sealant specified according to ASTM standard C920. can be T, NT, I, M, G, A or O.
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single-component sealant
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Type S sealants and require no jobsite mixing
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multicomponent sealant
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type M sealant, must be mixed on site before installation. generally cures faster, also allow a greater variety in color choice
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self-leveling sealant, pourable sealant
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Grade P sealant, easily installed in horizontal paving joints
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nonsag sealant
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Type NS, used for vertical wall joints
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traffic sealant
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Use T, can tolerate wear and physical abuse of pedestrian or vehicular traffic (most pourable sealants are also Use T)
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nontraffic sealant
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Use NT, not suitable for traffic exposure and is normally intended for use in vertical wall joints.
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immersible sealant
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Use I sealant, suitable for sealing applications that will be submerged once the sealant has cured
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gasket
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strips of various fully cured elastomeric (rubberlike) materials manufactured in several different configurations and sizes for different purposes. can be either compressed into a joint or inserted in the joint loose and expanded with a lockstrip
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lockstrip
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expands a gasket once it has been loosely inserted in the joint
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preformed cellular tape sealant
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a strip of polyurethane sponge material that has been impregnated with a mastic sealant. they are delivered to site in an airtight wrapper compressed to 1/6 of its original volume then once inserted, it expands to fill the joint, and its sealant material cures with moisture from the air to form a watertight seal.
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preformed solid tape sealant
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used only in lap joints, as in mounting glass in a metal frame or overlapping 2 sheets of metal at a cladding seam. they are think, sticky ribbons of polybutene that adhere to both sides of a joint before it is inserted.
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priming (of sealant joints)
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used if necessary to improve adhesion between sealant and the substrate
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backer rod, backup rod
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a cylindrical strip of highly compressible, very flexible plastic foam material that is just a bit larger than the width of a joint. it is pushed into a joint to limit the depth to which the sealant will penetrate.
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loadbearing wall
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bought up to date with higher strength concrete and masonry. components such as thermal insulating material, cavities, flashings, air barriers and vapor retarders have been added to make walls more resistant. addition of steel has allowed the wall to become thinner, lighter and more resistant to seismic loads
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curtain wall
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an exterior wall supported at each story by the frame at the bottom of each floor level. bears no vertical load so it can be thin and lightweight. may be constructed with any noncombustible material that is suitable for exposure to weather.
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firestopping
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the closing off of any vertical passages in the wall that are more than 1 story. at each floor, the space inside column covers and the space between the exterior wall system and the edges of floors must be firestopped.
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safing (mineral wool)
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a material that an restrict the passage of smoke and fire where a building needs to be firestopped. can also use a steel plate and grout, metal lath and plaster, or other materials
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plenum
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the space between the ceiling and the structure above where ducts, pipes, and conduits can run freely
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membrane fire protection
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a suspended ceiling that can serve as fire protection for the floor or roof structure above, eliminating the need for individual fireproofing of steel joists or imparting higher fire resistance ratings of building materials
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suspended ceiling
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gypsum or plastic ceilings suspended on wires below the floor or roof structure. are a popular and economic feature especially in office or retail structures. NRC below .10
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acoustical ceiling
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suspended ceilings made from fibrous materials in the form of lightweight tiles or panels and are highly absorptive of sound unlike plaster and gypsum board. also cheaper and NRC's between .5-.90
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Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)
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a number between 0-1 with higher numbers representing higher levels of sound absorption.
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Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC)
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the measurement of the ability of a ceiling to reduce sound transmission from one room to another through a shared plenum. measured in decibels with higher values representing greater sound reduction
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Articulation Class (AC)
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measure of sound reflection and absorption and intended specifically to measure a system's contribution to speech clarity and privacy
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lay-in-panel
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acoustically absorbent tiles mounted on a suspended ceiling. panels can be lifted and removed for access to services in the plenum space
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exposed grid
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supports for the ceiling system's lay-in-panels
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concealed grid
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used for a smoother appearance that require special panels for plenum access
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integrated ceiling system
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acoustical ceilings that incorporate the lighting fixtures and a/c outlets into the module of the grid
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linear metal ceiling
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suspended ceiling made of long elements that are formed from sheet aluminum attached to a special type of concealed grid
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interstitial ceiling
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suspended at a level that allows workers to travel freely in the plenum space and strong enough to support their weight. used in laboratories and hospitals since their electrical and mechanical systems require continual maintenance
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cellular raceway
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cast into floor slabs in concrete structural systems. they are sheet metal ducts that can carry many wires. used for greater flexibility to accommodate wiring changes
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cellular steel deck
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same functional advantages as a raceway but used in steel-framed buildings
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poke-through fitting
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allow wiring flexibility without the need for raceways or cellular decking. require the electrician to work from the floor below.
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raised access flooring
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advantageous where wiring changes may be frequent. can eliminate the need for a suspended ceiling
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undercarpet wiring system
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use flat conductors rather than conventional round wires
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structurebourne vibration
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impact noise generated by footsteps or machinery and is transmitted through the material of the floor to become airborne noise in the rooms below
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hanger wire
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contain springs that mount an airtight ceiling to reduce impact noise. the springs or clips absorb the sound
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Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF)
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measures the skid resistance of a flooring material. a SCOF of .50 or more is desirable to minimize accidents cause by slipping especially on a smooth, polished material like in lobby entrances
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paver
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half-thickness bricks that are used for finished floors. preferred over regular bricks cause they add less thickness and dead weight to a floor
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quarry tile
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large fired clay tiles. ranging in different shapes, thicknesses and colors. usually set in a reinforced mortar bed
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ceramic tile
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fired clay tiles that are smaller that quarry tiles and are usually glazed.
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slip sheet, cleavage membrane
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used where ceramic tile are thickest over substrates that are cracked or prone to excessive deflection. usually consists of building felt that is inserted between the mortar base and the substrate
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crack isolation membrane, uncoupling membrane
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where tile are thin-set over problematic substrates. preserves the bond between the compound and the substrate
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terrazzo
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a durable flooring made by grinding and polishing a concrete that consists of marble or granite chips binded with portland cement
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divider strip
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separates decorative terrazzo colors. made of metal, plastic or marble installed in the underbed prior to placing the terrazzo
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sand cushion terrazzo
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a thin bed of sand installed under terrazzo to isolate it from the structural floor slab protecting it from movements in the building frame
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bonded terrazzo
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where the traditional sand bed is eliminated for greater economy and reduced thinkness
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monolithic terrazzo
thin-set terrazzo |
where the sand bed and underbed is eliminated from the typical terrazzo installation
made from epoxy resins or polymer-modified cements. is the thinnest of all methods |
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strip flooring
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the most common finish flooring material which is solid wood tongue-and-groove.
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blind nail
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hold strip flooring together by driving nails diagonally through the upper interior corners of the tongues where they are concealed from view
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plank flooring
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solid wood flooring with wider planks than strip flooring (3-8"). more subject to distortion with moisture change so they use countersunk and plugged screws as well as blind nails
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engineered wood flooring
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for greater economy. consists of finish wood veneers that are laminated. usually glued to subfloor instead of nailed. less sensitive to moisture and more stable
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parquet
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wood flooring of varying hues arranged in patterns. may be wood strips assembled in field or factor-assembled blocks
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floating floor
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not nailed or glued to floor but instead rest on a thin pad or resilient foam. made by connecting individual pieces of flooring together at edges to make a continuous piece to fill the room
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plastic laminate flooring
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almost always laid as a floating floor. composed of planks or large tiles that have a wood composite floor and a layer of plastic laminate similar to countertops. usually patterned to resemble wood
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wood block flooring
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long wearing industrial flooring made of small blocks of wood set in adhesive with grain oriented vertically. very expensive
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resilient flooring
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mostly made of rubber or vinyl compounds. have a wide range of colors and patterns, moderately high durability and low initial cost
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linoleum
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the oldest resilient flooring material. a sheet made from ground cork in a linseed oil binder over a burlap backing
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asphalt tile
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developed as an alternative to linoleum
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vinyl composite tile (VCT)
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made of 1 or more vinyl resins in combination with binders, pigments and fillers. has the lowest installed cost of any flooring material except concrete
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solid vinyl tile (SVT)
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common resilient tile flooring with a higher vinyl content and greater durability that VCT
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rubber floor tile
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made from vulcanized natural or synthetic rubber compounds and various additives
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resilient sheet flooring
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most commonly made from solid vinyl and rubber. furnished in rolls and are usually glued to the concrete or wood structures
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underlayment panel
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cover wood panel decks. usually made of hardboard, particleboard or sanded plywood to provide for a smoother substrate for the resilient flooring materials
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cove base
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the most common base used with resilient flooring
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straight base, flat base, toeless base
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has no cove or toe and is most commonly used with carpet flooring
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fit-to-floor base, butt-to-base
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has a square-edged toe the same thickness as the floor covering, creating a flush transition between the two
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carpet
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manufactured in fibers, styles and patters. 4 ways to install
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direct glue-down installation
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glued directly to floor deck
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carpet pad, cushion
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when carpet is stretched over the pad and attached around the perimeter of the room
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tackless strip, tackstrip
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attaches the carpet to the perimeter of the room. a continuous length of wood, fastened to the floor that has protruding spikes along the top to catch the backing to the carpet and hold it tight
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stretch-in-installation
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when carpet is stretched over the pad and attached around the perimeter of the room
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double glue-down installation
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carpet pad is glued to floor deck then carpet is glued to the pad
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attached cushion installation
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a carpet with a factory-attached pad can be glued directly to the floor deck
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glue-down
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carpet tile installation method in which every tile is adhered to the subfloor
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partial glue-down
free-lay |
where only periodically spaced tiles are adhered to subfloor
interlocking tiles are laid without any adhesive |
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self-leveling toppings
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gypsum or cementitious materials up to several inches thick can be poured over portions of the subfloor to raise the finish floor
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