Mastering The World Of Psych

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Classical Conditioning

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An organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. AKA Pavlov or respondent conditioning.

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Stimulus

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An event or object in the environment to which an organism responds.

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Unconditioned response

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A response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.

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Unconditioned stimulus

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A stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning.

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Conditioned response

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The learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned stimulus

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A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response.

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Higher-order conditioning

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Conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals. Ex: Things leading up to a shot.

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Extinction

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In classical conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR as a result of repeated presentation of the CS without the US. In operant the reinforcement is withheld.

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Generalization

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In classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS. Example: A dog will salivate when hearing a bell in C tone even if the original was in B tone.

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Discrimination

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The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the CR occurs only to the original CS but not to similar stimuli.

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Case of Little Albert

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John B. Watson. (1919) Infant presented with white rat, as child reached for the rat, loud noise to scare him was made. Eventually, the site of the rat alone would cause Albert to cry. He also feared other fluffy things. Conditioned fears "persist and modify personality throughout life"

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Taste Aversion

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The intense dislike and/or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with nausea or discomfort.

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Shaping

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Operant Conditioning technique which gradually molds a desired behavior by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal.

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Operant Conditioning

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Type of learning in which the consequences of behaviors are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response.

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Operant

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A voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence.

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Reinforcer

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Anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability it will occur.

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Punsiher

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Anything that follows a response and weakens or decreases the probability it will occur.

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Discriminative Stimulus

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A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished.

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Positive Reinforcement

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A desired consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated.

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Negative Reinforcement

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The termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated.

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Punishment

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The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response.

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Positive punishment

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A decrease in behavior that results from an added consequence.

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Negative Punishment

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A decrease in behavior that results from a removed consequence.

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Difference between Reinforcement and Punishment

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Reinforcement wants a behavior to occur more while punishment wants a behavior to end.

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Social Learning

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Albert Bandura. Learning from watching others. Monkey see, monkey do. Bobo Doll experiment. Children watching violence were more likely to be violent.

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Helplessness

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Subject endures a negative stimulus because they feel it is inescapable even thought it might be.

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Encoding

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The process of transforming info into a form that can be stored into memory.

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Storage

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The process of keeping or maintaining information in memory.

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Retrieval

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The process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory.

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Memory

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The process of encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

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Short Term Memory: Duration and Capacity

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Duration: 30 seconds.

Capacity: About 7 minutes, plus or minus 2.

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Displacement

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STM filled to capacity, each new item pushes out an existing item (forgets something) to remember it.

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Chunking

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George Miller. (1988) Grouping info into larger units, which are easier to remember.

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Rehearsal

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Purposely repeating info to maintain it in STM.

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Long Term Memory

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The system with an unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a persons permanent or relatively permanent memories.

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Declarative memory vs non declarative memory

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Declarative: Explicit Memory: stores facts, info, and personal life events. Verbally or in the form of images. Episodic (Trip to Hawaii) and Semantic. (Honolulu is cap of Hawaii)

Non Declarative: Implicit memory: motor skills, habits, classical conditioned responses. Motor Skills (Riding a bike w/o thought) and CC Responses (taste aversion)

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Automaticity

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Ability to recall info from LTM without effort.

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Mnemonics

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Memory devices.

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Concepts

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Mental category used to represent a class or group of objects, people, organizations, events, etc. that share common characteristics.

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Formal Concepts

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Clearly defines by a set of rules.

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Natural Concept

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Concept acquired not from a definition but through everyday perceptions and experiences.

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Heuristics

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Rule of thumb that is derives from an experience.

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Representative heuristic

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thinking based on how a new object/situation resembles a familiar one.

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Availability heuristic

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perceived probability of an event is related to the ease at which the event comes to mind.

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Recognition heuristic

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Used when there is a lack of relevant information. Decision making stops when a move towards a decision is made.

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Charles Spearman

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Individuals bright in one area tend to be bright in other areas. G factor: general intellectual ability.

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Howard Garnder

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8 independent forms of intelligence. (Multiple intelligences) Frames of mind.

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Alfred Binet

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Developed first intelligence test. Tested school children. Coined IQ.

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Achievement test

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What a person has learned up to a certain point in their life.

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Aptitude test

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Predicts future performance in a particular setting or a specific task.

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Intelligence test

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Individual differences in general intellectual ability.

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How is IQ calculated?

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Mental age / Chronological age x 100