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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hypothesis
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proposed explination for an observable phenomenon
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basic research
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research carried out to increase general knowledge
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applied research
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research carried out to solve practical problems and improve quality of life
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experimental method
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only research method that shows cause and effect
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variable
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any factor that can be controlled or manipulated
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independent variable
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the variable that is manipulated by researcher
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dependent variable
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the variable that changes as a result of the manipulated independent variable
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control group
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the group similar to the experimental group that does not recieve the treatment
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experimental group
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group exposed to the independent variable
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confounding variables
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things other than the IV that affect the group
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selection bias
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the assignment of individuals to groups that that there are systematic differences at the beginning
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random assignment
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using chance proceedure to gaurantee that each individual has equal chance of being selected
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experimenter bias
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researchers preconcieved expectations affect the experimental group or the outcomes of the experiment
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double-blind technique
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neither researchers nor subjects have knowledge of who is in experimental group or control group
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structuralism
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Wilhelm Wundt: first school of psychology: looked at breaking down the individual elements of conciousness
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functionalism
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William James "Principles of Psychology" based on Darwin's principles of the mind adapting to the environment
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behaviorism
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philosophy of psychology that all organism are a product of their environment: only those things that are seen and measurable worth studying
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psychoanalysis
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Freud: stream of conciousness, the mind can be dividided into the Ego, Superego, Id, all behavior is a result of past childhood learning, repression of anger and sexual urges
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humanistic psychology
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school of thought that focuses on human uniqueness and the attainment of self acqualizations. Humans can and should have control over their emotions, thoughts and enviroments: Rogers and Maslow
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resresentative sample
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a sample that mirrors the population that is to be studied
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neurotransmitters
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chemicals that relay, ampify and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell, tells a cell to fire or not fire
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reuptake
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the process by which neurotransmitters are taken from the synaptic cleft back to the axon terminal for later use; this stops their excitatory or inhibitory effect on the receiving neuron
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acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning new info, causes skeletal muscle fibers to contract, and keeps the heart from beating too rapidly
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epinephrine
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neurotransmitter that affects glucose metabolism and causes glucose in muscles to be released during exercise: participates in fight or flight response (also under adrenaline)
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norepinephrine
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affects eating, alertness and sleep
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dopamine
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plays a role in learning, attention, movement, and reinforcement. All drug addiction is the result of dopamine stimulation in the brain
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receptors
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protein molecules on the surfaces of dendrites and cell bodies that have distinctive shapes and will interact only with specific neurotransmitters: LOCK AND KEY MODEL: certain receptors will interact with only certain neurotransmitters
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cell body
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part of neuron that contains the nucleums and responsible for metabolic function of neuron
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dendrites
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the branchlike extension of the cell body that RECIEVE signals from other cells
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axon
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tail like extension of neuron that TRANSMITS signals to other cells
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glial cells
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the clean up cells of CNS: supports, remove waste, nourishes
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synapse
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junction where recieving and sending take place
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resting potential
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slight NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL potential of the axon membrane of a cell at rest
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action potential
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sudden reversal of the resting potential which initiates the firing of a neuron
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myelin sheath
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fatty, white covering wrapped around some axons: insulation that enables impulse to travel faster
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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the brain and spinal cord, the nervous system that is protected by bone
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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the nerves coming from the spinal cord, not covered by bone
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reticular formation
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structure in BRAINSTEM that plays role in arousal, attention, and screening of sensory messages entering the brain: good for focus, kids with attention deficit may have problems with this structure
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cerebellum
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makes up about 10% of brain volume: skilled smooth movements, ballet, writing: muscle tone and posture, remembering muscle movement (kata, piano playing, swinging a bat, throwing a football)
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substantia nigra
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midbrain, unconscious motor actions such as walking up stairs, riding a bike:
Parkinson's victims may have cell death here |
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thalmus
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relay station above brainstem from forebrain
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hypothalmus
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regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour, internal body temp., and wide range of emotional behaviors
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limbic system
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group of structures including the amygdala and hippocampus that collectively involved in emotion expression, membory and motivation
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amygdala
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part of limbic system that imp. in emotion, especially in response to unpleasant or punishing stimuli
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hippocampus
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limbic system that plays a central role in the storing of new memories, the response to new or unexpected stimuli, and navigational ability
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cerebrum
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largest structure of brain
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corpus collosum
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thick band of nerve fibers that connect the l. and r. sides of cerebrum: make communication and coordination between the two sides possible
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cerebral cortex
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gray convoluted covering of cerebrum that is responsible for the higher mental processes of language, memory and thinking
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frontal lobes
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largest of the brain's lobes: contain the motor cortex, broca's area and frontal association areas
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motor cortex
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the strip of tissue at rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary body movement
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plasticity
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capacity of brain to adapt to changes such as brain damage: highest in childhood
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broca's area
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area in frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, control PRODUCTION of speach sounds
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Broca's aphasia
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loss or impairment of the ability to use or understand language (old Bob)
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parietal lobes
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lobes that contain somatosensory cortex where tough pressure temp and pain register: body awareness and spatial orientation
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occipital lobe
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visual info
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temporal lobe
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hearing and interpretation of sound: Wernicke's area
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Wernicke's area/aphasia
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language area in left temporal lobe: involved in comprhension of sound and forming coherent speach and written language: damage in this area causes speach to not make sense, even though well pronounced
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left hemisphere
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most language functions, coordination
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right hemisphere
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specialized in visual spatial perception
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beta waves
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associated with mental or physical activity
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alpha waves
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deep relaxation
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delta waves
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the brain wave patterm associated with slow wave (deep) sleep
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microelectrode
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a small wire used to monitornthe electrical activity of or stimulate activity within a single neuron
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CT scan (computerized axial tomography)
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a brain scanning technique that uses a rotating, computerized x-ray tube to produce cross-sectional images of the structures of the brain
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MRI (magnetic resonance imagery)
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a diagnostic scanning technique that produces high-resolution images of the structures of the brain
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PET scan (Positron emission tomography)
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a brain imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption.
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Functional MRI (fMRI)
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a brain imaging technique that reveals both brain structure and brain activity more precisely and rapidly than PET.
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pruning
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The process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses.
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stroke
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the most common cause of damage to ault brains, arising when blockage of an artery cuts off the blood supply to a particular area of the brain or when a blood vessel bursts.
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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the nerves conecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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Sympathetic nervous system
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the division of the autonomic nervous system that moblizes the body's resources during stress and emergencies, preparing the body for action
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parasympathetic nervous system
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the division of the autonomic nervous system that brings the heightened bodily responses back to normal following following an emergency.
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endocrine system
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a system of ductless glands in various parts of the body that manufacture hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream, thus affecting cells in other parts of the body
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hormone
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a chemical substance that is manufactured in one part of the body and effects other parts of the body.
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pituitary gland
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the endocrine gland located in the brain that releases hormones that activate other endocrine glands as well as growth hormone; often called the m"master gland".
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pineal gland
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the endocrine gland the secretes the hormone that controls the sleep/wakefulness cycle.
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parathyroid gland
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the endocrine glands that produce PTH, a hormone that helps the body absorb minerals from the diet.
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thymus gland
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the endocrine gland that produces hormones that are essential to immune system functioning.
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pancreas
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the endocrine gland responsible for regulating the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.
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adrenal glands
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a pair of endocrine glands that release hormones to prepare for emergencies and stressful situations and also release corticoids and small amounts of th sex hormone.
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gonads
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the ovaries in females and the testes in males; endocrine glands that produce sex hormones.
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genes
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the sections of DNA that are located on the chromesomes and are the basic units for the for the stransmission of all hereditary traits.
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chromesomes
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rod shaped structures in the nuclei of body cells, which contain all the genes and carry all the genetic information necessary to make a human being.
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dominant- recessive pattern
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a set of inheritance in which the presence in which the presence of a single dominant gene causes a trait to be expressed but two genes must be present for the expression of a recessive trait.
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multifactorial inheritance
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a pattern of inheritance in which a trait is influenced by both genes and environmental factors
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behavioral genetics
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a field of research that uses twin studies and adoption studies to investigate the relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior.
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sensation
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what we feel with our sense of touch, hear, smell, taste, sight by using our nervous system
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perception
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the bodies interpretation of sensation
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absolute threshold
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the minimum amount of a stimulant (light, smell, taste) that can be detected by 50% of the population or one person 50% of the time
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cones
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color vision
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rods
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black and white vision
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blind spot
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area of retina that has no rods or cones where optic nerve passes into the back of the eye
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difference threshold
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a measure of the smallest increase or decrease to produce a difference that is noticeable 50% of the time
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