Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Horticulture
|
The science and art of cultivating flowers, fruits, vegetables, turf, and ornamental plants in an orchard, garden, nursery or greenhuse
|
|
|
Botany
|
A branch of biology dealing with plant life
|
|
|
Agronomy
|
A branch of agriculture dealing with field crop production and soil management
|
|
|
Tropical
|
Plants that originate in tropical climates with a year round summer like growing season, without freezing temperatures
|
|
|
Subtropical
|
These plants cannot tolerate severe winter temperatures but need some winter chilling
|
|
|
Temperate Zone
|
These plants require a cold winter season as well as a summer growing season and are adapted to survive temperatures considerably below freezing
|
|
|
Cool Season
|
These plants thrive in coll temperatures (40 degrees F to 70 degrees F daytime temperatures) and are somewhat tolerant of light frosts
|
|
|
Warm Season
|
These plants thrive in warm temperatures (65 to 90 F daytime temperatures) and are tolerant of frost
|
|
|
Tender Plants
|
Are intolerant of cool temperatures, frost and cold winds (e.g., most summer annuals)
|
|
|
Hardy Plants
|
Are tolerant of cool temperatures, light frost and cold winds
|
|
|
Heat Zone
|
Refers to the accumulation of heat, a primary factor in how fast plants grow and what crops and suitable for any given area.
|
|
|
Hardiness
|
Refers to a plant's tolerance to winter climatic conditions
|
|
|
Cold Hardiness Zone
|
Refers to the average annual minimum temperature for a geographic area
|
|
|
Alpine plants
|
Alpine plants tolerate the short growing season, cold, and wind of higher mountain elevations. They are typically low-growing, small leaf perennials. Snow cover depth often dictates the plant’s growing height.
|
|
|
Taxonomy
|
Taxonomy is the science of systematically naming and organizing organisms into similar groups
|
|
|
Taxa
|
The scientific system of classification divides all living thins into groups called taxa
|
|
|
Broyophytes
|
Mosses and liverworts
|
|
|
Vascular Plants
|
Plants with a vascular system of xylem and phloem
|
|
|
Gymnosperms
|
Meaning naked seed. They do not produce flowers, but rather produce seeds on the end of modified bracts, such as pinecones
|
|
|
Angiosperms
|
Broad leaf flowering plants. Produce seeds through flowering structures.
|
|
|
Cells
|
Individual building blocks for life processes and growth
|
|
|
Tissues
|
Groups of cells that are similar in appearance and function
|
|
|
Epidermis
|
This is the single exterior layer that protects the stems, leaves, flowers and roots
|
|
|
Parenchyma
|
This is a tissue that is made of simple, thin walled cells
|
|
|
Meristematic
|
This is a tissue that is comprised of actively dividing cells
|
|
|
Sclerenchyma
|
This is a thick walled tissue that support cells and is found throughout the plant as fiber
|
|
|
Xylem
|
This is a structurally complex tissue that conducts water and nutrients from the roots to all parts of the plant
|
|
|
Phloem
|
This tissue conducts photosynthates throughout the plant, including down to the roots
|
|
|
Zone of Maturation
|
Pipeline section of the roots, conducting water and nutrients from the root hairs up to the stems
|
|
|
Zone of Elongation
|
Area where new cells are enlarging
|
|
|
Fibrous Root
|
Profusely branched roots that occupy at large volume of shallow soil around a plant's base (petunias, beans, peas)
|
|
|
What is required for roots?
|
Roots require adequate levels of soil oxygen
|
|
|
Mycorrhizae
|
Are specific beneficial soil fungi forming symbiotic (mutually beneficial) associations with roots
|
|
|
Rhizobium
|
Is a beneficial soil bacterium that forms a symbiotic relationship with plants, primarily those in the bean/pea family
|
|
|
Stems
|
Stems are the part of a plant that bear leaves and flowers, and they are the continuation of the vascular system pipeline that starts in the roots
|
|
|
Bud
|
A stems primary growing point> Buds can be either leaf buds (vegetative) or flower buds (reproductive)
|
|
|
Terminal Bud
|
Bud at the tip of a stem
|
|
|
Lateral Buds
|
Grow from the leaf axils on the side of a stem
|
|
|
Bud Scales
|
A modified leaf protecting and covering a bud
|
|
|
Naked Bud
|
Bud without a protective bud scale
|
|
|
Leaf Scar
|
Mark left on stem where leaf was attached
|
|
|
Bundle Scar
|
Marks left in the leaf scar from the vascular tissue attachemnt
|
|
|
Lenticel
|
Pores that allow for gas exchange
|
|
|
Terminal Bud Scale Scars or Annual Growth Rings
|
Marks left on stem from the terminal bud scales in previous years
|
|
|
Node
|
Segment of stem where leaves and lateral buds are attached. Note: roots do not have nodes
|
|
|
Internode
|
Section of a stem between two nodes
|
|
|
Stems on Woody Plants-Shoot
|
First year growth on a woody or herbaceous plant
|
|
|
Stems on Woody Plants-Twig
|
Woody stem less that one year old
|
|
|
Stems on Woody Plants-Branch
|
Woody stem more that one year old
|
|
|
Stems on Woody Plants-Trunk
|
Main support stem of woody plants
|
|
|
Stems on Woody Plants-Water Sprouts
|
Juvenile adventitious shoots arising on a branch. General very rapid, upright growth, and poorly attached to the main limb
|
|
|
Stems on Woody Plants-Suckers
|
Juvenile adventitious shoot arising from the roots, generally rapid, uptight growth
|
|
|
Modified Stems-Bulb
|
Thickened, underground stem with fleshy storage leaves attached at base (tulips, lilies, onions)
|
|
|
Modified Stems-Corm
|
Short, thickened, underground stem with reduced scaly leaves (gladiolus)
|
|
|
Modified Stems-Crown
|
Compressed stem having leaves and flowers growing above and roots beneath (strawberry plant, dandelion, African Violet)
|
|
|
Modified Stems-Stolon (or runner)
|
Horizontal, above-ground stems often forming roots and /or plantlets at their tips or nodes (strawberry runners, spider plants)
|
|
|
Modified Stems-Rhizome
|
Horizontal, underground stems, typically forms roots and plantlets at tips or nodes (iris, bentgrass, cannas)
|
|
|
Modified Stems-Spur
|
Very compressed, fruiting twig found on some apples, pears, cherries, and ginkgo
|
|
|
Modified Stems-Twining Stems
|
Modified stems used for climbing
|
|
|
Modified Stems-Tuber
|
Enlarged rhizome containing stored food
|
|
|
Modified Stems-Tuberous Stem
|
Short, flattened, modified storage stem (tuberous begonias, dahlias)
|
|
|
Leaves
|
Leaves are the principle structure, produced on the stems, where photosynthesis takes place
|
|
|
Photosynthesis
|
Carbohydrate production using light and chlorophyll: a process by which green plants and other organisms turn carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen, using light energy trapped by chlorophyll
|
|
|
Evapotranspiration
|
Return of moisture to the air: the return of moisture to the air through both evaporation from the soil and transpiration by plants
|
|
|
Stomata
|
Regulate moisture and gas exchange (water and carbon dioxide) and temperature (cooling effect as water vapor escapes through the stomata
|
|
|
Cuticle
|
Waxy protective outer layer of epidermis that prevents water loss on leaves, green, stems, and fruits.
|
|
|
Leaf Hairs
|
Part of the epidermis
|
|
|
Palisade Layer
|
tightly packed layer of parenchyma tissues filled with chloroplasts for photosynthesis
|
|
|
Chloroplasts
|
Subcellular, photosynthetic structures in leaves and and other green tissues. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green plant pigment that captures the energy in light and begins the transformation of that energy into sugars
|
|
|
Vascular Bundle
|
Xylem and Phloem tissues, commonly known as leaf veins
|
|
|
Spongy Mesophyll
|
Layer of parenchyma tissues loosely arranged to facilitate movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor
|
|
|
Guard Cells
|
Specialized kidney shaped cells that open and close the stomata
|
|
|
Leaf Blade
|
Flattened par of the leaf
|
|
|
Petiole
|
Leaf Stalk
|
|
|
Stipules
|
Leaf like appendages ant the base of the leaf
|
|
|
Leaf Arrangements on Stems-Alternate
|
Arranged in staggered fashion along the stem
|
|
|
Leaf Arrangements on Stems-Opposite
|
Pair of leaves arranged across from each other on stem
|
|
|
Leaf Arrangements on Stems-Whorled
|
Arranged in a ring
|
|
|
Leaf Arrangements on Stems-Rosette
|
Spiral cluster of leaves arranged at the base
|
|
|
Simple Leaf Arrangement
|
Leaf blade in one continuous unit
|
|
|
Compound Leaf Arrangement
|
Several leaflets arise from the same petiole
|
|
|
Pinnately Compound
|
Leaflets arranged on both sides of a common rachis (leaf stalk. Like a feather
|
|
|
Palmately Compund
|
Leaflets radiate from on central point
|
|
|
Pistil
|
Central female organ of the flower. It is generally bowling pin shaped and located in the center of the flower
|
|
|
Stigma
|
Receives pollen, typically flattened and sticky
|
|
|
Style
|
Connective tissue between stigma and ovary
|
|
|
Ovary
|
Contains ovules or embryo sacs
|
|
|
Ovules
|
Unfertilized, immature seeds
|
|
|
Stamen
|
Male flower organ
|
|
|
Anthers
|
Pollen-producing organs
|
|
|
Filament
|
Stalk supporting anthers
|
|
|
Petals
|
Usually colorful petal-like structures making up the "flower" collectively called the corolla
|
|
|
Sepals
|
Protective leaf-like enclosures for the flower buds, usually green, collectively called the calyx
|
|
|
Receptacle
|
Base of the flower
|
|
|
Pedicel
|
Flower stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence
|
|
|
Inflorescence
|
Flower arrangement on a stem
|
|
|
Monocot Flower
|
Typically has sepals and petals in threes and multiples of three
|
|
|
Dicot Flower
|
Typically has sepals and petals in fours and multiples of four
|
|
|
Complete Flower
|
Flower containing sepals, petals, stamens and pistil
|
|
|
Incomplete Flower
|
Flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens, and/or pistils
|
|
|
Perfect Flower
|
Flowers containing male and female parts
|
|
|
Imperfect Flower
|
Flowers with either male or female parts
|
|
|
Pistilate Flower
|
Flowers containing only female parts
|
|
|
Staminate Flower
|
Flowers containing only male parts
|
|
|
aureq or aurero
|
golden
|
|
|
alba or albo
|
white
|
|
|
glauca
|
blue
|
|
|
rubra
|
red
|
|
|
purpurea or atropurpurea
|
purple
|
|
|
coccineus
|
scarlet
|
|
|
croceus
|
yellow
|
|
|
angustifolius
|
narrow leaves
|
|
|
acerifolius
|
maple-like leaves
|
|
|
aquifolius
|
spiny leaves
|
|
|
buxifolius
|
boxwood-like leaves
|
|
|
ilicifolius
|
holly-like leaves
|
|
|
parvifolius
|
small leaves
|
|
|
macrophylla
|
large leaves
|
|
|
heterophylla
|
varied size leaves
|
|
|
africanus
|
native to Africa
|
|
|
alpinus
|
native to Alpine regions
|
|
|
campestris
|
native to plains and fields
|
|
|
canadensis
|
native to Canada
|
|
|
canariensis
|
native to the Canary Islands
|
|
|
chinesis
|
native to China
|
|
|
japonicus
|
native to Japan
|
|
|
dendron
|
tree-like
|
|
|
flora, florum, florus
|
flowers
|
|
|
phyllus, phylla, folia
|
leaves
|
|
|
baccatus
|
having berries
|
|
|
campan
|
bell
|
|
|
rotund
|
round
|
|
|
altus
|
tall
|
|
|
arboreus
|
tree-like
|
|
|
compactus
|
compact, dense
|
|
|
contortus
|
twisted
|
|
|
elegans
|
slender, willowy
|
|
|
humilis
|
small, low growing
|
|
|
nanus
|
dwarf
|
|
|
procumbens
|
trailing
|
|
|
cordatus
|
heart shaped
|
|
|
edulis
|
edible
|
|
|
floridus
|
free flowering
|
|
|
fulgens
|
shiny
|
|
|
grandi
|
large, showy
|
|
|
macro
|
large
|
|
|
micro
|
small
|
|
|
officinalis
|
medicinal
|
|
|
plumosus
|
feathery
|
|
|
rugosus
|
wrinkled or rough
|
|
|
repens or reptans
|
creeping
|
|
|
scandens
|
climbing
|
|
|
marginata
|
varigated margins
|
|
|
varilegata
|
varigated foliage
|
|
|
bicolor
|
two color blend of variegation
|
|
|
tricolor
|
three color blend of variegation
|
|
|
pendula
|
weeping growth
|
|
|
zebrinus
|
striped
|
|
|
Haploid (N)
|
The condition where a cell has only one copy of every chromosome
|
|
|
Diploid (2N)
|
The condition where a cell has two copies of each chromosome
|
|
|
Ploidy
|
References the number of each type of chromosome
|
|
|
Mitosis
|
Type of nuclear division that results in exact copies of DNA being distributed to two nuclei and is usually followed by cell division. It maintains the ploidy
|
|
|
Meiosis
|
Type of nuclear division that results in a reduction of the chromosome number. Involves two rounds of division. It cuts the ploidy in half
|
|
|
Gametes
|
Haploid reproductive cells used in sexual reproduction. Ex. egg and sperm
|
|
|
Fertilization
|
The fusion on gametes that occurs during sexual reproduction: joining of the sperm and egg
|
|
|
Zygote
|
The first cell that is the result of the fertilization event and is therefore diploid
|
|
|
Spores
|
Haploid reproductive cells used in asexual reproduction
|
|
|
Gametophyte
|
The haploid generation that give rise to gametes
|
|
|
Sporophyte
|
The diploid generation that give rise to spores
|
|
|
Gymnosperms
|
Cone bearing plants
|
|
|
Angiosperms
|
Flowering plants. Monocots and Dicots
|
|
|
Desiccation
|
Drying out
|
|
|
Abdomen
|
The posterior (farthest to the rear) section of an insects body
|
|
|
Antennae
|
Little feelers on top of the insects head that help them receive messages, sound and motion
|
|
|
Thorax
|
The middle section of an insects body
|
|
|
Invertebrate
|
Animals that do not have a backbone. The Exoskeleton is the reason insects do not need a backbone
|
|
|
Exoskeleton
|
The hard shell like covering on the outside of the insects body
|
|
|
Arthropods
|
Any invertebrate animal with a exoskeleton and segmented body and jointed appendages in pairs
|
|
|
Arachnids
|
Any various arthropod that has four pairs of segmented legs and a body divided into two regions
|
|
|
How do plant make their food?
|
Plants make their own food using raw materials from the environment including carbon dioxide, water, soil nutrients, and sunlight in the process of photosynthesis.
|
|
|
Blight
Symptoms |
A rapid discoloration and death of twigs, foliage, or flowers.
|
|
|
Canker
Symptoms |
Dead area on bark or stem, often sunken or raised.
|
|
|
Chlorosis
Symptoms |
Yellowing – Chlorosis is so generic that without additional
details diagnosis is impossible. |
|
|
Decline
Symptoms |
Progressive decrease in plant vigor.
|
|
|
Dieback
Symptoms |
Progressive death of shoot, branch, or root starting at the tip.
|
|
|
Distortion
Symptoms |
Malformed plant tissue
|
|
|
Gall or gall-like
Symptoms |
Abnormal localized swelling or enlargement of plant
part. It could be caused by insects, mites, diseases, or abiotic disorders. |
|
|
Gummosis
Symptoms |
Exudation of gum or sap.
|
|
|
Leaf distortion
Symptoms |
The leaf could be twisted, cupped, rolled, or otherwise
deformed. |
|
|
Leaf scorch
Symptoms |
Burning along the leaf margin and into the leaf from the
margin |
|
|
Leaf spot
Symptoms |
A spot or lesion on the leaf.
|
|
|
Mosaic
Symptoms |
Varying patterns of light and dark plant tissue
|
|
|
Necrosis
Symptoms |
Dead tissue – Necrotic areas are also so generic that without additional details diagnosis is impossible.
|
|
|
Stunting
Symptoms |
Lack of growth
|
|
|
Wilt
Symptoms |
General wilting of the plant or plant part.
|
|
|
Witches broom
Symptoms |
Abnormal broom-like growth of many weak shoots.
|
|
|
Insect feeding injury
Symptoms |
is also a symptom used in diagnosis, but not a
symptom of disease |
|
|
Conks
Signs |
Woody reproductive structures of fungi
|
|
|
Fruiting bodies
Signs |
Reproductive structures of fungi; could be in the form
of mushrooms, puffballs, pycnidia, rusts, or conks. |
|
|
Mildew
Signs |
Whitish growth produced by fungi composed of mycelium
|
|
|
Mushrooms
Signs |
Fleshy reproductive structures of fungi
|
|
|
Mycelium
Signs |
Thread-like vegetative growth of fungi.
|
|
|
Rhizomorphs
Signs |
Shoestring-like fungal threads found under the bark of
stressed and dying trees caused by the Armillaria fungi. They may glow! |
|
|
Slime Flux or Ooze
Signs |
A bacterial discharge that oozes out of the plant
tissues, may be gooey or a dried mass. |
|
|
Spore masses
Signs |
Masses of spores, the “seeds” of a fungus
|
|
|
Insects and/or their frass (excrement)
Signs |
Are also signs, although not signs of
disease. |
|
|
Biotic Disease
|
Biotic causes of disease include fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas, nematodes, and parasitic plants.
|
