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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the building blocks of elements?
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atoms
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What are atoms composed of?
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protons, electrons, neutrons
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What does the atomic number equal to in the atom's nucleus?
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the number of protons
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what is the atomic mass equal to in the atom's nucleus?
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the sum of the protons and neutrons
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what is an isotope?
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different atomic forms of the same element
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what is the atomic weight in an element?
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It is approximately equal to the mass number of the most abudant isotope of any element.
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What are electrons called in the outermost energy level?
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the valence shell
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what is important about the nucleus of a cell?
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brain of cell,uninucleate, has a double phospholipid bilayer called the nuclear envelope, contains DNA and nucleolus
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where is the nucleolus found?
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The nucleus
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what does the nucleolus not have?
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A membrane
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what does the nucleolus contain and produce?
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contains RNA and produces Ribosomes
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What is the ER?
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a canal system inside the cell, intracellular transport,membrane bound, rough and smooth ER,connected to the nuclear envelope
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what is the golgi body?
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looks like a stck of dinner plates, membrane bound, located near the nucleus, packages enzymes, hormones, lysosomes
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what are peroxisomes
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contain enzymes that can neutralize toxins and alcohol, abundant in liver,membrane bound.
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what are mitochondria?
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powerhouse of the cell:ATP,enclosed in double phospholipid bilayer, bean shaped. inner membrane folded called:cristae, abundant in muscle cells, only organelle that can self replicate
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what is a centrosome?
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non membranous, located near the nucleus, contains centrioles
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what are centrioles?
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found in the centrosome, function in mitosis, are made of microtubules
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what are micrtotubules?
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made of tubulin, found in centrioles, cilia,flagella, and mitotic spindle
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what are microfilaments?
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made of actin, smallest
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vitamina A importance:
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proper vision,normal bone and teeth development
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Vit D or cholecalciferol importance:
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increases ca absorption, blood clotting, bone and teeth
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vitamin E importance:
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antioxidant
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vitamin K
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needed for proper clotting
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which is most abundant cation?
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calcium
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what is smallest unit of matter?
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atom
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what is a molecule?
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2 or more atoms combined together
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what is an organelle?
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tiny organs w/in cell
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what is the smallest unit of life?
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cell
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where is epithelial tissue?
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lines body surfaces and forms glands
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what is connective tissue?
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connects or binds things together, MOST abundant tissue
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what does the diaphragm separate?
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thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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what is the mediastinum?
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mass of Ct that runs from neck base to diaphragm and from front to back completely.
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what are the right and left upper body cavities called?
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pleural cavities
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what is the middle upper body cavity called?
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pericardial cavity
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what is midsagittal?
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divides body into left and right halves
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what is the transverse plane?
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divides body into top and bottom
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what is axial?
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the skeletal trunk
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what is appendicular?
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upper and lower extremities
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what is Fe?
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iron
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what is a cation?
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a positively charged ion
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what is anion?
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a negatively charged ion
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what is an ionic bond?
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Bond formed between two ions. This is due to the gaining or losing of electrons. This bond is week, Disassociates easily in water.
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what is a polar covalent bond?
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electrons are shared unequally
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what is an isomer?
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have same molecular formula, but different structural formula.
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what is an isotope?
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2 atoms of the same element that have differing atomic masses.
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what is an anabolic reaction?
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making a large thing from smaller units
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what is a catabolic reaction?
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going from big to small
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what is oxidation?
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The losing of an electron
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what is reduction?
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The gaining of an electron
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What do acids release?
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hydrogen ions
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what do bases release?
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hydroxyl ions
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ph scale acidic end
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0 to <7= acidic end
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what is 7 on the ph scale?
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neutral
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>7 to 14=
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basic
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what is a buffer?
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resists changes in PH by + 0r - h+
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what are inorganic compounds?
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water, acids, bases, buffers, salts(no carbon)
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what are organic compounds?
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, high energy nucleotides) Contain carbon
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what ompund is stored in muscles/liver?
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glycogen
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what are triglycerides?
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fatty scids, neutral fats
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what contains cholesterol?
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VIT D, estrogen.
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What are proteins?
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amino acids ( C, H, O, N).
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what does an enzyme do?
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speeds up rate of a reaction, catalyst, ends in ase.
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what are nucleic acids?
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found in cells of living things, largest molecules in body.
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what is DNA?
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a blueprint for proteins. Double stranded. Type of nucleic acid.
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What is RNA?
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uses DNA to make proteins. Single stranded. Ribonucleic acid.
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what is a cell made up of?
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cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
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what is the main component of the cell?
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phospholipid: structural unit.
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what is the cytoplasm of the cell?
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The guts of the cell
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what is the function of the nucleus of the cell?
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command center brain, controls the cell.
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* what is diffusion?
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movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentratiom. EX, salt diffuses in boiling water.
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what is osmosis?
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movement of water, and water only
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what is filtration?
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macaraoni strainer. Driven by a force
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what is a triplet?
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3 sequential bases on DNA strand
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what is a codon?
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3 sequential bases ona MRNA strand.
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cell cycle G1:
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1st and longest, cell is growing.
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S phase:
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DNA replication, synthesis
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G2:
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housekeeping
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M phase:
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mitosis
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what happens in prophase?
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1st and longest phase:condensed DNA of mitosis
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what happens in metaphase?
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chromosomes line up in middle of mitotic spindle
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what happens in anaphase?
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chromosomes are separated down the middle and pulled to opposite ends of the cell
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What happens in telophase?
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prophase in reverse: Nuclear envelopes reform.
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what are reticular fibers?
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skinny collagen fibers, no collagen strength.
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what does epithelium not have?
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no blood supply
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where is simple squamous epithelium?
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capillaries, alveoli
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where is simple cuboidal epithelim
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kidney tubule
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where is simple columnar epithelium?
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esophagus, stomach
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where is simple cilliated columnar epithelium?
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fallopian tube
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where is stratified squamous epithelium?
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mouth, rectum vagina
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where is stratified cuboidal epithelium?
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certain glands
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where is stratified columnar epithelium?
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male penile urethra
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where is psudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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upper respiratory tract
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where is transitional epithelium?
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ureter, bladder, urethra
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what is specific to eccrine glands?
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small, numerous, found on hands and feet
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what is specific to apocrine glands?
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large, big, found in axilla armpt, and groin
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what do sebaceous glands produce?
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sebum, open into hair follicles
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what do ceruminous glands produce?
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wax, found in ears
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what does hair papilla contain?
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blood supply
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what is specific to serous membranes
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closed to exterior, double layered, found in pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
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where are mucous membranes found?
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body surfaces that are OPEN to the exterior
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where are synovial membranes found?
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line inside of joint cavities
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what is a cutaneous membrane?
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dry membrane ex, skin
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how many bones does skeletal system have?
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206
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where does hematopoiesis occur?
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red marrow
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what is an osteocyte?
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mature bone cell
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what is an osteoblast?
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bone builders
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what is an osteoclast?
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bone destroyer
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what is particular to ground substance of bone matrix?
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it is solid
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what is compact bone?
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looks solid but filled with holes, makes up shaft of long bones
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what is osteon/haversian system?
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functional unit of compact bone, vertical columns, vertical columns that run through compact bone
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what is haversian/central canal?
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tube that runs down middle of haversian system. has blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics.
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what are lamellae?
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concentric rings around the central canal.
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what are canaliculi?
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radial fissures that connect central canal to each lacunae
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what are lacunae?
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little lake space in matrix where bone cell lives
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what are volkmann's canals?
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connect haversian to outside blood vessels and nerves
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where is spongy bone found?
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outside of long bones, and inside of all other bones. Filled with red marrow.
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what is woven bone?
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poorly mineralized bone, sometimes seen in kids
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where are long bones found?
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humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, fingers and toes, femur, fib/tib, metatarsals of foot.
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where are short bones found?
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carpals-wrist
tarsals-ankle |
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where are irregular bones found?
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vertebrae, coxal/pelvis, auditory ossicles, mandible/jaw
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where are flat bones found?
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scapula, shoulder blade, clavicle, sternum, bones of skull, ribs, hyoid.
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where are sesamoid bones found?
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round bones found in tendons of muscle, hands/feet, patell/knee cap.
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where are wormian bones found?
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sutures between skull bones
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what is the diaphysis?
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shaft of long bone
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what is the epiphysis?
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end of long bone
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what is bone marrow?
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it fills the marrow cavity
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what is articular cartilage?
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On ends of long bone, made of hyaline cartilage, friction reducer
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where is the epiphyseal plate/disk?
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It is found between the epihysis and the diaphysis:growth plate.
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what is endochondal ossification?
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hyaline cartilage, model turned into bone. most common types found in embryo.
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what is intramembranous ossification?
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found in flat bones of skull, fibrous membrane model
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what is an impacted fracture?
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one part of bone telescopes into another part of the bone?
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what is a depressed fracture?
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like a dent in the bone
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what is a comminuted fracture?
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smashed to tiny bits
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what is a green stick fracture?
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snaps like a twig
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what is osteoporosis?
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porous bone, decrease in bone quantity not quality, primary cause is a deficiency in calcium, aging.
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what is osteomalacia?
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decrease in bone quality, not quantity.
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what is osteogenesis imperfecta?
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a problem with collagen synthesis in bones
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what is bone homeostasis?
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maintaining a balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
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