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28 Cards in this Set
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Second Industrial Revolution |
Late 1800s A material growth of steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum in European society; steel was substituted for iron which was helpful for faster machines, engine, and railroads; France and Germany took the lead in producing the chemicals used in textiles, soap, and paper industries; electricity led to the invention of the light bulb, telephone, and various transportation systems; the internal combustion engine led to the invention of cars; tariffs granted domestic markets for the products of their own industry; cartels decreased competition internally; the size of factories grew and manufacturers were able to create interchangeable parts; new economic patterns emerged; a woman new job opportunities; greatest concentration of technological advances in human history; resulted in your family integrated national colonies what were directly connected to nationalism, a higher level of urbanization, and truly global economic networks; mechanization and the factory systems became the predominant modes of production by 1940; the assembly line was invented and helped in mass production; time and space got smaller; |
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cartels |
Late 1800s Independent enterprises forms to decrease competition internationally; the enterprises work together to control prices and fix production quotas, thereby restraining the kind competition that lead to reduced prices; especially strong in Germany; decreases competition |
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La Belle Epoque |
1895- WWI A golden age in European civilization; Europe experienced an economic boom and achieved a level of prosperity that later encouraged people to look back at it as a golden age |
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August Bebel |
1840-1913 Emergency leader of the German Social Democratic Party; worked to enact legislation in the Reichstag for the SPD and was convinced that Marx's predictions would come true during his lifetime |
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German Social Democratic Party |
Late 1800s A little little party competing in elections for the Reichstag; espoused revolutionary Marxist rhetoric and grew to become the largest single party in 1912 in Germany despite government efforts to destroy it; founded by August Bebel; reform through democratic means |
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Evolutionary socialism / revisionism |
Late 1800s Was a challenge to Marxist orthodoxy; Edward Burns design wrote evolutionary socialism in which he argued that some of Marx's ideas were wrong and said that the capitalist system had not broken down, but the middle class was expanding, and the proletariat was not sinking down, but instead it was improving; discarded Marx's emphasis on class struggle and revolution; said that the workers should continue to organize in mass political parties and the work with the other advanced elements in a nation to bring change; the workers were in a better position than ever to achieve their aims through democratic channels which was evolution by democratic means; took over the German Social Democratic Party |
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anarchism |
Late 1800s An alternative to Marxism; Marxism became less radicals which drove some people to anarchism which was not violent initially; early anarchists believed that people were good but had been corrupted by the state and society, and that freedom could be achieved only by abolishing the state and all existing social institutions; began to advocate radical means in the second half of the 19th century; Mikhail Bakunin was a very prominent Russian anarchist |
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Mikhail Bakunin |
1814-1875 A prominent Russian anarchist who believed that small groups of revolutionaries could perpetrate so much violence that the state and all its institutions would disintegrate; his ideas will assure the anarchist Golden Age |
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Mass Society |
Late 1800s A larger and improved urban environment, new patterns of social structure, gender issues, mass education, and mass leisure; population increased dramatically and rapidly; immigration in between the european countries increased; living conditions improved dramatically and urban cities were redesigned; urbanization outpaced population growth |
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Octavia Hill |
Late 1800s Believed that the construction of model dwellings rented at a reasonable price would force landlords to elevate their housing standards; she rehabilitated old houses and constructed new ones for 3500 tenants |
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Plutocrats |
Late 1800s The new elite of mass society; plutocrats and aristocrats fused as the world the upper middle class; they bought lavish country and townhouses and assumed leadership roles in government |
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"The woman question" |
A catchphrase for the debate going on over women and their place in society; women were legally inferior, economically dependent, and largely defined by family ans household roles; marriage was viewed as the only honorable and available career for women; the Industrial Revolution created gender defined social roles |
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The middle class family |
Late 1800s- early 1900s The central institution of middle class life; letters could devote more time to child care in this your time by reducing the number of children; fostered an ideal of togetherness which had an impact on child raising and child play; dolls and checkers were mass produced; most families could afford to hire servants |
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The working class family |
Late 1800s- early 1900s Some mother's could afford to stay home; children viewed as dependents; Limited the size of families; decline in infant mortality rates; woman were expected to work until marriage and children over the age of 9 were expected to work also |
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Mass Education |
Late 1800s A product of mass society; secondary education expanded and primary education expanded; most western European countries offered primary education two boys and girls; partially came from industrialization; most teachers were female; who was an increase of literacy; education builds loyalty to the state; since more people are voting their votes need to be educated |
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Mass leisure |
Late 1800s Determined by the new amount of free time; amusement parks were created and music and dance halls appeared; tourism increased because workers were given paid vacations; team sports became popular and were strictly organized and rapidly became professionalized unlike chaotic rural games |
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Mass consumption |
Late 1800s The growth of consumer goods at lower prices; encouraged by leisure activities; upper and middle classes were able to purchase a variety of material goods; made possible by improved standards of living, the factory system, population growth, transportation systems, and modernization of retailing; advertisements were created |
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Mass Politics |
Late 1800s The extension of political democracy; encouraged by reforms through voting rights for men and the creation of mass political parties; democracy was strongly resisted in parts of Europe where old political forces remained strong |
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reform act of 1867 |
Reform Act passed by William Gladstone ; the right to vote in the expansion of suffrage was pushed so it was extended during the second Ministry of William Gladstone |
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Reform Act of 1884 |
The Reform Act passed by William Gladstone; gave the right to vote to all men who paid regular rent or taxes and enfranchised agricultural workers but women are still denied the right to vote |
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The "Irish Question" |
Late 1800s The question of Ireland under British rule; the Irish had developed a sense of national self-consciousness and detested the British landlords and the rent they had to pay; Gladstone tried to alleviate discontent by enacting limited land reform, but the Irish were still abused and made new demands; the Irish Land League called for Parliament to at least institute land reform; others called for home rule; Irish peasants responded with terrorist acts; Gladstone tried to resolve it repeatedly but failed; resulted in a split in the Liberal Party which destroyed Gladstone and allowed conservatives to rise |
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Paris Commune, 1871 |
The response to the rejection of Republicans in France; it was an independent Republican government; National Assembly wanted to crush it; fighting broke out and then men and woman defended the commune and Louise Michel emerged as a leader; thousands defending the commune were massacred by government troops in what was know as the Bloody Week, and some were sent to the French penal colony of New Caledonia; the legacy of the Commune plagued France for decades |
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French Third Republic |
1875 The French government after the Paris Commune; he Constitution established a bicameral legislature with an upper house, the Senate, which was elected indirectly, & a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, chosen by universal male suffrage; a president was elected by the legislature and served for 7 years as executive of the government; he constitution of 1875 solidified the Republic which lasted 65 years; the Prime Minister and his ministers were responsible to the Chamber of Deputies; the enemy of monarchists, Catholic clergy, and professional army officers; strengthened by crises such as the president Patrice de Mac-Mahon and the Boulanger Affair |
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General Georges Boulanger |
1837-1891 A military officer in France who attracted the public attention of those discontented with the Third Republic: monarchists, Bonapartists, aristocrats, and nationalists who favored a war of revenge against Germany; appeared as the savior of France; was on the verge of a coup d'etat but he lost his nerve and fled France |
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Kulturkampf |
1878 Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church; Bismarck welcomed an opportunity to abandon his attack on the Catholics once he realized it was counterproductive but he did expel the Jesuits dissolve all religious orders and jail bishops; he started to persecute the Socialists he genuinely believed represented a danger to the German Empire; was able to pass an anti socialist law that outlawed the Social Democratic Party; does repressive and social welfare measures failed to stop the growth of socialism |
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Kaiser Wilhelm II |
1888-1918 The Emperor of Germany; because of Bismarck's ever more repressive policies against socialists he fired the Chancellor and was eager to pursue his own policies; was more focused on foreign policy than internal policy |
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Tsar Alexander III |
1881-1894 Alexander the second assassination convinced him that reform had been a mistake; extended the secret police; advocates of constitutional monarchy, social reform, and revolutionary groups were persecuted; the Zemstvos' power was curtailed; pursed radical Russification |
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Russification |
Late 1800s Making every nationality in Russia purely Russian; Russians only constituted 40% of the population; banned the use of all languages except Russian in schools; served to anger national groups and create new sources of opposition to the Tsar and his policies |
