Mass Media Ethics

Front 1

58-62
What is paternalism?
What is fiduciary?

Back 1

Paternalism: when the media or someone else decides the content that is appropriate for you.
EX: Editorial Control

Fiduciary: The client and the professional work together and ultimately the client makes the decision.

Front 2

58-62
advocacy and agency

Back 2

Advocacy: advertising & PR. to advocate is to take up the cause of another and work on that other's behalf to promote that cause.Advocacy fits into the agency model: a professional acts under the direction of the client.
EX: attorneys
Indicates:
1) professional is neutral.
2)professinal is agressive for the clients ends

Front 3

118-120
Libel, Slander, defamation
What 5 things constitute defamation? Defenses?

Back 3

Libel:published communication; written document
Slander: Spoken; something said to a third party.
Defamation: any communication that holds a person to contempt, ridicule or scorn.
1)A statement communicated to harm a persons reputation, even self-esteem
2) communication must be published(libel) or spoken (slander) to a third party
3)Person defamed must be identified in the communication either by direct name or reference.
4) person defamed must prove that damage was caused to thier reputation.
5) Negligence must also be shown; poor information gathering; knowing falsehood or disregard for truth.
Defenses
1) If it is true
2) privilege: if statement was made during public, official or judicial proceeding.
3)Fair comment: right to critisize.

Front 4

118-120
Invasion of Privacy (3)

Back 4

1) Appropriation: commercial use of a persons name or picture without permission.
2) Private facts: information about a person's life.
3) Intrusion: spying on someone

Front 5

122-125
Journalistic Truth VS. Journalistic Deception

Back 5

Journalistic Truth:
1) Accuracy: get facts straight
2) Context: vital to understand story
3) Balance: fairness
Journalistic Deception:
Deception that clearly benefits the public welfare is ok. EX: Food Lion
Deception that results in satisfying public curiosity is not ok.

Front 6

150-154
Negligence (4)

Back 6

1) an established duty to to the affected party
2) someone must breach that duty
3) affected party must be harmed
4) harm must be caused by breach of duty

Front 7

150-154
Liberty Limiting Principles
(4)

Back 7

1) Harm Principle: Restrict other peoples freedom because it may harm someone else. Broadcasting
2)Offense principle: an act tha offends another person may be prohibited. EX: sale of pornography to those under 18
3) Priciple of legal moralsim: something may be prohibited because it is simply immoral.--least defensible
4) Prinicple or legal paternalism: we have the obligation to protect others from harm; prevent forseeable harm. EX: helmet with motorcycle

Front 8

Kim Sheehan
Stereotypes (2 theories)

Back 8

1) Cultivation Theory: The more exposed we are to TV the more the world view is shaped by what we see on TV.
2) Expectancy Theory: Power of TV mass media; we begin to act like what we see on TV. EX: acting like the stereotypes

Front 9

Micheal Huntsberger
Radio: Indusrty Guidelines & Practices

Back 9

Guidelines
1) advance listeners understanding
2) do not distort sense of the original
3) Remain true to essence of event
4) be consistent im editing
Practices
1) internal edits: remove pauses, stammers
2) voice enhancement to improve clarity
3) adding natural sound, music
4) overlapping or dubbinh tracks
5) Expunge profanity

Front 10

Tom Wheeler
Photo Manipulation
QER?

Back 10

Oualified Expectation of Reality: What you expect when you see ads. You don't really expect to fly when you see a redbull commercial. Truth value differs for fashion pics/war pics

Front 11

Truth
Kant vs Utilitarian

Back 11

Kant: truth is fundamental to a society's functioning
Utilitarian: would tell a lie if it benefited the greater good

Front 12

Truth
Prinicple of veracity

Back 12

Not all lies are condemed: but they must be proven to be a necessary last resort.

Front 13

Truth
Main Elements (3)

Back 13

1) Accuracy: verify based on solid evidence, accurate, unaltered quotes, sources
2)promote understanding: provide complete account, relevent info included to prevent misunderstanding
3) fair and balanced: enhance understanding of an issue, quotes in full conext.

Front 14

Truth
Deception:
When is deciet ok? (4)

Back 14

Kantian: any form of lying erodes trust between reporters and audience
Utilitarian: must be used at times to further public interest
Deciet is ok when decsion makers are:
1)convinced info is important for public to know
2) have considered all other alternatives
3) benefit must outweigh harm
4)tell audience about the deception and why they used it.

Front 15

Media & Political Bias
(9)

Back 15

1) Commercial Bias: news media are a money making business
2) Temporal Bias: The news media are bias toward the immediate.
3)Visual Bias: Television is bias toward visual depictions of the news
4) Bad News Bias: Good news is boring
5) Narrative Bias: The news media cover the news in terms of stories that must have a beginning, middle and end--a plot with pro and antagonists--but much of what happens is really ambiguous
6)Status Quo Bias: The news media believe "the system works"
7) Fairness bias:reporters and editors be fair.
8) Expediency bias:Journalism is a competitave, deadline-driven profession.
9) Glory Bias: Journalists, especially television reporters, often insert themselves into the stories they cover.

Front 16

Privacy (4)

Back 16

1) Intrusion:uninvited
2)Publicity of embarassing private facts: media liable if offensive and not legitimate
3) False light: media liable if falsehoods leave impressions about someone:usually accident
4) appropriation:Use of person's name, pic,likeness w/o permission for exploitation:usually intentional:financial benefit

Front 17

Privacy
Why do we need it? (3)

Back 17

1) the law of privacy has stripped away protection from public officials and public figures
2) newsworthiness: needs to know rather than curious about
3) substantial latitude for news-gathering in public places

Front 18

Privacy
Journalistic Guidelines (3)

Back 18

1) self-respect for persons as an end in itself
2) social utility
3) justice
respect privacy, respect person

Front 19

Advertising Ethics
Advertisement
Agency
Advertiser

Back 19

1) any form of public announcement aimed to promote the acceptemce or purchase of a commodity
2)Organization that solicits, creates and places ads & measures effects
3) client of agency who pays the bills

Front 20

Advertising Ethics
Benefits

Back 20

1)Economic: tool for sustaining honest and ethically responsible competition that contributes to economic growth: informs people about the availability of new products
2)political: Informs people of ideas and policy proposals of candiates and parties
3)Cultural: ads have ability to exert positive influence on decisions made about media content

Front 21

Advertising Ethics
Harm

Back 21

1)Nothing intrinsically good or evil about advertising.
2)Economic harm: can betray its role by misrepresentation w/o relevant facts
3)Political Harm: can obstruct working of democratic process
4)Cultural Harm: corrupt influence on culture and cultural values

Front 22

Advertising Ethics
2 principles

Back 22

1) Truthfulness in advertising:QER
2) The dignity of the human person: Kant

Front 23

Advertising Ethics
Steps (5)

Back 23

1) Voluntary ethical codes are on such source support
2) Public Involvment
3) Public authorities play a role
4) Media of news and info should keep the public informed about advertising
5) advertisers need to be responsible

Front 24

PR and Ethics
3 ways ethical behavior in PR

Back 24

1) social responsibilty: obligated to society
2) professional perspective
3) personal perspective

Front 25

PR and Ethics
4 criteria to be in PR

Back 25

1)Expertise
2)Autonomy
3)Commitment
4)Responsibilty

Front 26

PR and Ethics
Characteristics (5)

Back 26

1) Set of professional values
2) Strong Professional Organization
3)Adherence to professional norms
4)Intellectual tradition and established body of knowledge
5)technical skills aquired through professional training

Front 27

PR and Ethics
Professionaly Obligated to: (6)

Back 27

1)themselves
2)clients
3)organization or employer
4)profession and colleagues
5)society
6)to do their duty