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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ch 13
Five core elements that characterize newsworthy events |
1.Timeliness
2.Proximity 3.Prominence 4.Consequence 5. human interest |
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Ch 13
Effects of Digital Age on Reporting |
1. increasing number of new sources
2. blogs 3. citizen journalism 4. hyper-local news 5. converged journalism 6. news reporting tools |
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Ch 13
hyperlocal |
concentrates on the stories of a particular community or zip code interest group in a defined geographic area
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Ch 13
bakcpack journalist |
do-it-all reporter who carries around a small digital camera, a laptop, and satellite phone that enables them to produce stories for print, television, and online media.
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Ch 13 mobile journalists or mojos
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staff reporters or freelancers who work out of their cars, covering local news that is usually posted to a web site or appears in a newspaper print edition
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Ch 13
computer-assisted reporting |
having the computer skills needed for reporting
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Ch 13
Categories of News and Reporting |
1. hard news-basic facts, who what where how, important public events
2. features(soft news)- interests the audience, appeals to emotion, human interest 3. investigative reports- unearth significant information about important public matters |
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Ch 13 Two main sources of news for a newspaper:
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1.staff reports
2. wire services other sources may include feature syndicates and releases from sources |
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Ch 13
Two types of reporters |
1) Beat reporters- cover some topics on a regular basis
2) general-assignment reporters-cover whatever assignment comes up |
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Ch 13
Chain of Command in broadcast media |
1. news director
2. executive producer 3. assignment editor 4.on air reporters and anchors |
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Ch 13
AP stands for .... |
Associated Press
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Ch 13
UPI stands for |
United Press International
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Ch 13
wire services |
AP and UPI provide much of the news
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Ch 14
publicity |
the placing of stories in the mass media
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Ch 14
public relations is |
1. working with public opinion
2. concerned with communication 3. management function 4. art and social science of analyzing trends |
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Ch 14
publics |
internal-employees, managers, labor unions, stockholders
external- consumers, the government, dealers, suppliers |
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Ch 14
first real public relations pioneer |
Ivy Lee
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Ch 14
Divisions of PR department |
1. corporate communications-internal publics
2. community relations-external publics 3. press relations- news media |
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Ch 14
Organization of external PR agency |
1. Creative services
2. research 3. publicity and marketing 4. accounts 5. administration |
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Ch 14
Developing a PR campaign |
1. information gathering
2. planning 3. communication 4. evaluation |
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Ch 14
information gathering |
1.organizational records
2. trade journals 3. public records 4. reference books |
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Ch 14
planning |
strategic-long range, general goals that organization wishes to achieve
tactical- detail the tasks that must be accomplished by every department in the organization to achieve strategic goals management by objectives (MBO)- organization sets observable goals for itself and allocate its resources to meet the objectives. |
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Ch 14
advertising agency |
an organization that specializes in providing advertising services to its clients
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Ch 14
Biggest PR firms with ad agency parent companies |
porter-novelli
Fleischman-Hillard& Hill and Knowlton and Burston-Marsteller |
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Ch 14
Largest ind. PR firms |
Edelman and Ruder Finn
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Ch 14
Skills needed for public relations |
1. effective written communication
2. persuasive speaking and presentation ability |
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Ch 15
Advertising |
any form of non-personal presentation & promotion of ideas, goods paid by identified sponsor
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Ch 15
adds defined by purpose |
1. primary demand-particular product category rather than a specific brand
2. selective demand-sell particular brand 3. direct action- grants results quickly, ex coupon 4.indirect action-works over a long period of time |
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Ch 15
Functions of advertising |
1. marketing function
2. educational 3. economic role 4. reaches a mass audience 5. social function |
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Ch 15
advertising is classified by : |
1. target audience
a. consumer advertising- targeted at the people who buy goods and services for personal use b. business to business advertising-aimed at people who buy products for business use 2. geographic focus 3. purpose a. primary demand b. selective demand c. direct action of indirect action |
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Ch 15
how much was spent on adds in 2006? |
around $260 million
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Ch 15
How online advertising began |
hotwired started a web site and had sponsors pay for advertisements
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Ch 15
viral advertising |
messages that are so complelling that consumers share them with others
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Ch 15
components of the advertising industry |
1. advertisers
2. advertising agencies 3. media |
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Ch 15
retail advertisers |
organizations that have customers in once city or trading area
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Ch 15
types of agencies |
1.full-service agencies-
2.media buying services 3. creative boutiques-specializes in making the adds |
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Ch 15
four dimensions of media in advertising |
1. reach
2. frequency 3. selectivity 4. efficiency |
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Ch 15
Departments in advertising agency |
1. creative services
2.account services 3. marketing services 4. administration |
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Ch 15
copy |
the headline and message of the add
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Ch 15
campaign |
large number of advertisements
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Ch 15
Six phases of campaign |
1. choosing the marketing strategy
2. selecting the main appeal or theme 3. translating the the into the various media 4. producing the ads 5. buying space and time 6. executing and evaluating the campaign |
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Ch 15
positioning |
fitting a product or service to one or more segments of the broad market in a such a way as to set it apart from the competition without making any change in the product.
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Ch 15
rough layout |
drawing that is the actual size of the ad
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Ch 15
comprehensive layout |
the main drawing out of several chosen to appear as the ad
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Ch 15
storyboard |
beginning step in the preparation of a television commercial
a series of drawings depicting the key scenes of the planned ad |
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Ch 15
formative research |
done before the campaign begins to help guide the creative effort
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Ch 15
message research |
involves presenting the messages that have been developed for the campaign.
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Ch 15
tracking studies |
examine how the ads perform during or after the actual campaign.
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Ch 15
four main categories of business-to-business advertising |
1. trade
2. industrial 3. professional 4. agricultural |
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Ch 16
First Amendment |
freedom of speech
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Ch 16
prior restraint |
government censors the press by restraining it from publishing or broadcasting material
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Ch 16
injunction |
an order from a court that requires somebody to do something or refrain from doing something
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Ch 16
shield law |
legislation that allows a reporter to protect her sources. As of 2007 32 states and D.C had shield laws but they are not as powerful as many had hoped for
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Ch 16
6th amendment |
guarantees a defendant the right to trial before an impartial jury
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Ch 16
Gag Rule |
restrictive orders that retain participants of a trial from releasing info to the media
limiting media coverage of court cases |
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Ch 16
Freedom of Information Act ( F0IA) |
law gave the public the right to discover what the federal government was up to
law states that every federal executive branch agency must publish instructions on what methods a member of the public should follow to get information |
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Ch 16
USA Patriot Act |
gave the government more power to access e-mail and telephone records
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Ch 16
Defamation |
threat to persons reputation
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Ch 16
libel |
written defamation
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Ch 16
slander |
spoken defamation
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Ch 16
libel per se |
falsely written accusations
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Ch 16
libel per quod |
words that can become libel under certain circumstances
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Ch 16
to win libel suit a person must: |
1. he or she has actually been defamed and harmed by the statement
2. that he or she has been identified 3.that he defamatory statements have been published 4. that the media were at fault 5. in the most instances that was published or broadcast was false |
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Ch 16
actual malice |
publishing a statement with a knowledge that it is false
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Ch 16
fair use |
copies of a protected work can be made available for teaching, reaserch etc.
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Ch 16
The 1998 digital Millenium Copyright Act(DMCA) |
makes it unlawful to create services that are used to circumvent measures that control access to copyrighted works
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Ch 16
Hicklin Rule |
test of whether something was obscene
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Ch 16
internet neutrality |
a provision that would block Internet service provides from favoring one Web company over another.
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Ch 16
Equal Opportunities Rule |
if a station permits one candidate for a specific office to appear on the air, it must offer the same opportunity to all other candidates for that office
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Ch 16
Fairness Doctrine |
broadcasters had to seek out and present contrast viewpoints on controversial matters of public importance
no longer exists |
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Ch 16
Franchises |
is an exclusive right to operate in a given territory
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Ch 16
Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
it removed limits on the number of the radio stations that can be owned by one person or organization
removed limits on the number of television stations that can be owned as long as stations do not reach more than 35 percent it extended the term of broadcast licenses to 8 years allowed cable companies to enter the telephone business deragulated the rates of many cable systems ability to block programs , v chip it mandated that the TV industry come up with a voluntary ratings system |
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Ch 16
consent order |
advertiser agrees to hault a certain advertising but does not admit to violation of the law
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Ch 16
cease and desist order |
order follows a hearing that determines that advertisement violates the law
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Ch 17
Ethics |
rules of conduct or principles of morality that point us toward the right or best way to act in a situatioin
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Ch 17
golden mean |
Aristotle
moderation is key not doing too much or too little |
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Ch 17
categorical imperative |
immanual Kant
what is right for one is right for all "unconditional" |
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Ch 17
Utility |
greatest benefit for the greatest number
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill |
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Ch 17
Veil of Ignorance |
John Rawls
justice emerges when everyone is treated without social differences reporter should treat everyone thesame |
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Ch 17
self-determination |
Kant
love thy neighbor the rights values and decisions of others should be respected. |
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Ch 17
Ralph potter model |
model for individual ethical decisions
definitions > values> principles > loyalties> action |
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Ch 17
acculturation |
tendency of reporters or other media professionals to accept the ideas attitudes and opinions of the group they cover
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Ch 17
Canons of Journalism |
1. responsibility
2. freedom of the press 3. independence 4. accuracy 5. impartiality 6. fair play 7. decency |
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Ch 17
MPAA rating system |
G, PG, PG-13, R,
NC-17 |
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Ch 17
policy book |
sells out stations philosophy and standards of operation
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Ch 17
operating policies |
cover everyday problems and situations that crop up during the normal functioning of the paper or magazine
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Ch 17
editorial policies |
guidelines that the newspapers or magazine follows to persuade the public on certain issues or to achieve specific goals.
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Ch 17
bootermism |
procommunity philosophy that sometimes causes not-so-good news to go unreported
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Ch 17
ombudsperson |
employed by the company to handle complaints for audience members who feel they have gotten a raw deal.
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Ch 17
outside influences |
1. economics
2. pressure groups 3. press councils 4. education |
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Ch 19
two ways of gathering information |
1. survey
2. experiment |
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Ch 19
panel study |
special kind of survey
enables researchers to be more confident about attributing patterns of cause and effect in survey data |
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Ch 19
experiment |
performed in a laboratory and usually consists of the controlled manipulation of a single factor to determine its impact on another factor
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Ch 19
field experiment |
conducted in a real-life setting.
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Ch 19
topics of research interest |
1. role of the media in socialilzation
2. cultivation of analysis 3. the impact of TV advertising on children 4. agenda setting |
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Ch 19
------percent of six and seventh graders named media as source of info |
80%
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Ch 19
percent of ppl that named media as source for information for congress |
60 %
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Ch 19
cultivation analysis |
developed by George Gerbner
an area directly related to socialization TV viewing cultivates perceptions of reality consisten with the view of the world presented in TV |
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Ch 19
mainstreaming |
differences apparently due to cultural and social factors tend to deminish among heavy TV viewers
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Ch 19
resonance |
a situation in which the respondents real-life experiences are congruent with those of the television world
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Ch 19
agenda setting effect |
not telling people what to tink but what to think about
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Ch 19
framing |
way news topic is treated by media
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Ch 19
agenda building |
how media builds theri agenda
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Ch 19
catharsis theory- |
viewing scenes of agression can actually purge the viewer's own agressive feelings
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Ch 19
stimulation theory |
seeing scenes of violence will actually stimulate an individual to behave more violently afterwards
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Ch 19
prosocial behavior |
positive behaviors promoted by television
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Ch 19
reinforcement |
strengthening or support of existing attitudes an opinions
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Ch 19
crystallization |
sharpening and elaboration of vaguely held attitudes and opinions
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Ch 19
Coocon effect |
if people are overspecialized in their interests they may run the risk of being ignorant about the rest of the world
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In mass media feedback is obtained through ......
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audience research
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mass media's organizations use of various means of delivery/ reception to get its message to receivers
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multiple platforms
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Finding ways to connect or find commonalities with others through mass media is ......
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social utility
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thing or concept that a word represents is .....
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referent
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Johann Gutenberg's printing press was innovative because it ...........
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utilized movable type
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hegemony
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is the political, economic, ideological or cultural power exerted by a dominant group over other groups, regardless of the explicit consent of the latter.
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which had greatest impact on the rise of celebrity news ?
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emergence of photographic technology
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technological determinism
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belief that technology drives historical change
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father of the penny press
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Benjamin Day
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status confferal
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Giving unqualified people the right and honor to be put in positions of power. For example, many celebrities who head up organizations because of their status and fame.
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The Audit Bureau of Circulations
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organization that determines hard copy circulation figures for newspapers
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surveillance
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function of mass media in providing news and information
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gatekeeping
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media does not tell us what to think but what to think about
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Macroanalysis
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mass media studies which examine the influence of media on an entire society
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Stuart Hall
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most influential scholar in British Cultural Studies
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Mass media
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the channels used for mass communication
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media vehicle
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the specific programme or publication used to carry an advertising message
ex WTBS, Atlanta |
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Communication scholars associated with Frankfurd school are...
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Adorno, Horkheimer, and Habermas
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The hypodermic needle model
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the idea that a powerful media directly influences a passive public
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Culture
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common beliefs, core values, social practices and assumptions that bind a particular group
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The Uses and Gratifications model
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notion that audiences have needs or drives that are satisfied by media use
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A replica edition
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a website or something that resembles the main hard copy
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the telegraph
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had the most impact on the ability of American newspapers to spread national news during the 19th century
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The postal Act 1879
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allowed special mailing rates for magazines
caused number of magazines to grow 500% |
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Frankfurd School ideas
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popular culture diverts the public from reality making them easier to control
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microcasting
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few-to few process
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in 2000 how many U.S households had cable television ?
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68%
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Searching for artist would fit into group
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Artist and repertoire
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Guglielmo Marconi
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father of radio
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organization that provides radio ratings
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Arbitron
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structure of motion picture industry
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production, distribution, exhibition
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First radio network
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NBC
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How is TV rating calculated?
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hte number of households watching a particular program divided by the number of TV households
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Cable companies obtained the right to carry telephone service as a result of....
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The telecommunications Act of 1996
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technology that enabled cable companies to provide phone service is called ....
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voice-over protocol
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with new formats emerged the -------market
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teenagers
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process of streaming TV signlas
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the computer stores video signals and plays them back -while at the same time storing and storing incoming signals
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percentage of Americans that recieve TV from cable or satellite ...
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85%
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what had he greatest negative impact on retail music sales
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digital downloading
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enabled the use of a V-chip
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telecommunications act of 1996
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organization that emerged during the Great Depression
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The FCC
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Hollywoods largest revenue source is ....
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home video
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television debuted....
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Chicago Worlds Fair 1939
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# of households watching a particular program divided by the total # of households using television during the same period is called
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share
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system developed by the pentagon that enabled computers to converge with eachother via telephone connection
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ARPANET
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in 2007---------of Americans had broadband
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50%
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payola
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exchange of cash or favors for radio airplay
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biggest obstacle to internet radio
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internet broadcasters are required to pay as much as .08 cents for song to play music .
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media is in the process of.....
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convergence
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indirect effect of the Motion Pictures Patent Company's attempt at movie monopolization?
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viable competition from independent producers
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