Mass Comm Test 2: Sound Recording

Front 1

Thomas Edison invented the ____________ in 1877 (it recorded on a tinfoil cylinder); seen as suitable for dictation, not music

Back 1

phonograph

Front 2

Competition for the phonograph came from Chinchester Bell and Charles Tainther’s ___________, which recorded onto a wax cylinder, and Emile Berliner’s ____________, which made spiral track recordings on a flat disc.

Back 2

graphophone; gramophone

Front 3

______________ in the 1890s were an amusement arcade device that played a two-minute musical recording for five cents. They were immensely popular and demand for “entertainment cylinders” grew.

Back 3

Nickelodeons

Front 4

Emile Berliner premiered the _______ in 1906. It was the first disc player designed to look like the furniture.

Back 4

Victrola

Front 5

Emile Berliner formed the ________________.

Back 5

Victor Talking Machine Company

Front 6

By 1912, the _________ had captured the market.

Back 6

disk format

Front 7

By 1914 ___________ and ____________ became a household standard, encouraged by a national dance craze that lasted through the World War I years.

Back 7

record players and record collections

Front 8

By 1924 record player sales dropped 50 percent from the previous year, largely due to the _________________________.

Back 8

the popularity of live music delivered via the new radio medium

Front 9

What is a clear indication that radio and the recording industry can coexist?

Back 9

Record companies improved the sound quality of recordings, and marketed combined radio-phonograph devices

Front 10

When RCA and Victor merged in 1929 the new company was dominated by the __________________.

Back 10

radio domination

Front 11

With a hard economy imposing record low profits on the industry, a new coin-operated music device called the ____________ helped rescue the industry during the Depression years.

Back 11

jukebox

Front 12

Jukebox appeared after repeal of ______________.

Back 12

prohibition in 1933

Front 13

____________ , a vital manufacturing ingredient for records, was declared a vital defense commodity by the government during the war, and record making plummeted.

Back 13

Shelac

Front 14

___________ , however, began the novel idea of sending free records to radio stations to promote certain songs; this practice revolutionized both media.

Back 14

Capitol Records

Front 15

In 1948 Columbia Records introduced the _______________.

Back 15

33 1/3 long-playing record (the LP)

Front 16

RCA introduced the 45 rpm record, and the marketing battles of this era soon became known as the ________________.

Back 16

"Battle of the Speeds"

Front 17

Soon the ____ became the preferred format for albums, and the ____ remained the choice for singles; the older ___ format quietly disappeared.

Back 17

33 1/3; 45; 78 rpm

Front 18

In the 1950s _____________ players debuted, which quickly doubled the number of records being sold.

Back 18

sterophonic

Front 19

Many radio stars migrated to TV, so local radio stations were forced to look for new ways to attract audiences. What was one of the most popular ideas?

Back 19

playing the Top 40 songs

Front 20

What dies rock have roots in?

Back 20

black rhythm and blues, commercial white popular music, country and western, and jazz.

Front 21

Rock and roll owed much of its explosive popularity to what new singers?

Back 21

Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, Buddy Holly, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis,and Chuck Berry

Front 22

In the early 1960s how did the recording industry clean up rock and roll's image?

Back 22

With a new wave of wholesome, clean-cut American singers.

Front 23

. American genres developed, too including _____ (with artists such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez) and _______ (as recorded on the _______ label).

Back 23

folk; soul; Motown

Front 24

Freedom, experimentation, and innovation were encouraged, and the lines of _______ were crossed.

Back 24

genres

Front 25

The recording industry enjoyed a boom the 70s thanks to ______ , but profits headed south during the early 80s.

Back 25

disco

Front 26

The ______________ in the 1990s was also good for the bottom line because profit margins are higher for CDs than for tape, so despite fluctuations revenues generally increased during the 1990s.

Back 26

dominance of CDs

Front 27

The recording industry is more consolidated than ever; four major companies (three if a deal currently in the works goes through) control more than ____ percent of music sales.

Back 27

80

Front 28

What other developments has the iPod led to besides the business model?

Back 28

a new cottage industry (iPod accessories); a cultural impact (iPod nights at clubs); iPod jacking (strangers meet, swap earbuds, and listen to each others’ music); podcasts (downloadable pre-recorded programs); and a new radio format (“Jack FM” or “Dave FM,” resembling an iPod set to random shuffle).

Front 29

______________ takes out the middle man; they can come through us directly without having to go to the record store.

Back 29

Disintermediation

Front 30

_________ protects the creator of the work and the public.

Back 30

Copyright

Front 31

Consumers began abandoning the album format, and CD sales have been declining since _____.

Back 31

2000

Front 32

Why are wireless providers at a disadvantage when it comes to pricing?

Back 32

Because they must pay record labels a higher rate than online services pay.

Front 33

Both the recording industry and aspiring performers are realizing the importance of __________________.

Back 33

user-generated content

Front 34

Name teh defining features of sound recording.

Back 34

Sound recording is a cultural force, characterizing social groups, defining movements and trends in society; as such, it helps shape modern culture.

Sound recording is an international enterprise.

The recording business is a unique blend of business and talent.

Front 35

The recording industry can be divided into what four major segments?

Back 35

talent, production, distribution, and retail.

Front 36

What are the four firms that dominate the music industry?

Back 36

Time Warner, Sony BMG, Universal, and EMI.

Front 37

Name and describe the six main outlets for musical distributors.

Back 37

Direct retail: stores, many chain-owned, that specialize in CD and tape sales
Rack jobbers: serve department stores and major discount chains
One-stops: buy CDs from industry, then resell to CD stores
Direct consumer sales (a.k.a. packagers and record clubs): sales from TV promotions and
record clubs
Online sales: the consumer deals directly with an online retailer
Direct download: Web sites such as iTunes, Napster, MSN Music, etc., which offer single tracks or albums for purchase

Front 38

Name and describe the seven departments within the typical recording company.

Back 38

artists and repertoire (A&R): industry talent scouts
sales and distribution: sells products, makes sure inventory gets to targeted markets
advertising and merchandising: plans media ad campaigns and point of purchase displays
promotion: helps market and promote the company’s artists
business:lawyers, accountants, researchers, financial analysts, secretarial staff
publicity :seeks press coverage and reviews for new performers in trade press
artist development: helps further artist’s career with tours, concerts, and TV appearances

Front 39

Some artists produce a demonstration disc, or ________.

Back 39

demo

Front 40

With ________________ each instrument, person, and effect can be record separately and professionally blended together later.

Back 40

multitrack recordings

Front 41

In terms of profits for the artists themselves, a new group can expect to make from _____ percent royalty from a CD, up to ____ percent for established artists, and perhaps even ____ percent at the superstar level.

Back 41

9-12; 15; 20

Front 42

Royalty rates on downloads run about ________.

Back 42

9 percent

Front 43

What are performers two main sources of income?

Back 43

(1) record royalties, and (2) personal appearances, overseas sales and merchandising.

Front 44

Only about ___________ of new recordings released are profitable.

Back 44

10 percent

Front 45

Much of a group’s income can be eaten up by support expenses such as _________, __________, __________, and ___________.

Back 45

legal help, publicity, and accountants’ fees.

Front 46

Feedback in the record industry is measured by ___________ magazine's weekly ratings.

Back 46

Billboard's

Front 47

For sales figures, Billboard relies on ______________.

Back 47

Nielsen SoundScan

Front 48

To measure exposure, Billboard relies on _________________.

Back 48

Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems (NBDS)

Front 49

In addition, radio stations usually monitor Billboard magazine to see which records they ought to be playing. Thus, sound recording also functions as a _____________ for radio.

Back 49

feedback mechanism

Front 50

Why are demographic profiles for record audiences difficult to come by?

Back 50

Because the recording industry is supported by audience purchases and not by advertising.