Mass Comm

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KEY NAMES:
Rupert Murdoch:.

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owner of a media empire combining content creation companies and global distribution (News Corporation)

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Ben Bagdikian:

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critic of media consolidation in The New Media Monopoly.

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Robert McChesney:

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media scholar critical of media concentration of ownership.

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Time Warner, Disney, NewsCorporation, Viacom:

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America’s top four mass media empires.

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Johannes Gutenberg:

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inventor of movable metal type in 1440s

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Media literacy::

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knowledge about the mass media and its dynamics.

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Mass media

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: a form of communication involving technology (radio, newspapers, television, etc) used to reach a large number of people.

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Media multi-tasking:

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simultaneous exposure to messages from different media.

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Advertisement

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a message intended to persuade people to buy a product.

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Editorial content

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mass media content other than advertising.

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Alternative media:

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emerging, narrowly focused advertising vehicles.

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Conglomeration:

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combining of companies into larger companies.

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Content - distribution model:

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divides functions of media companies into two categories:
a creation function, like producing a television program.
a distribution function, like delivering the program on a cable system.

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Demassification:

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media focus on narrower audience segments.

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Targeted advertising:

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trying to sell a product or service to a particular group of people.

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Narrowcasting:

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seeking audience niche, as opposed to broadcasting’s traditional audience building concept.

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Technological determinism:

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the idea that machines and their development drive economic and cultural change.

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Literate culture:

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a culture that employs a written language.

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Oral culture:

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a culture without a written language.

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Third person effect:

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the common idea expressed by some people that others are influenced by media messages, but they are not.

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Demographics:

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characteristics of an audience for mass media based on age, gender, ethnic background, education and income.

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Populists:

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favor media that attract large audiences.

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Elitists:

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focus on media responsibility to society.

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Infotainment:

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melding of media role as purveyor of information and entertainment.

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Revenue stream:

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refers to the sources of income (advertising, subscriptions, government funding, public donations, etc).

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Chemical media:

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photographic chemistry on which the film industry is based.

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Electronic media:

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recordings, radio, television or web, whose messages are stored electronically for transmission or retrieval.

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Gatekeeper of information:

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term developed in the 1950’s to describe people who control the flow of information. A newspaper editor, who selects some stories and discards some others, acts as a gatekeeper of information

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KEY CONCEPTS:

Mass communication:

The media as a consumer market: the mass media can be described as operating in a market that sells useful information to readers, viewers and listeners.

The media as an advertising market: the mass media can be described as operating in a market that sells the attention of readers, viewers and listeners to product advertisers.

The media as a marketplace of ideas: the mass media can be described as operating in a market in which ideas compete for acceptance. A free exchange of ideas in the marketplace is considered necessary for a democracy.

New media: current media forms and content created and shaped by changes in technologies not yet fully recognized. It usually refers to electronic communication like mobile computing, streaming video and Internet messaging.

Media convergence or technological convergence: the fact that information is more able to travel easily between many devices and among many people across the world. Digital transmission has made convergence possible through the merging of different devices.

Communication models:

Narrative communication model: formulated by Harold Lasswell, it describes the process in words, not schematically. Who says what? In which channel (technology)? To whom? With what effect (consequence)?

Concentric Circle Model: devised by Thomas Bohn, it is a radiating model of the mass communication process, with the communicator at the center and a series of rings around the sender, all representing factors affecting the communication of a message (codes, gatekeepers, mass media, regulators, filters, audiences, effects), plus media distortion and noise.

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messages distributed by institutions such as the media have the potential to reach very large and anonymous audiences in a process called mass communication.

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Concentration of ownership:

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also called economic convergence, means that a single company possesses several media outlets, such as newspapers, Internet businesses, and radio stations. It is often used to describe the rise of large multinational media conglomerates that own many different types of media properties.

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Economic convergence

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refers to the relationships between different media outlets owned by a single company, especially the ability to distribute and promote content across different platforms.
Example: Time Warner owns 64 magazines including Time Magazine, Warner Brothers (movies), CNN and TNT (television), Warner Music.

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Media regulation:

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governments enforce rules and regulations to promote social stability and mediate social conflicts. Because the media and the public space they occupy can affect many members of society, the government has always been particularly concerned with regulation of the media.

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Market media systems

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in a free-market society, mass communication can be described as a system that produces information on the basis of the interaction between

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: two forces:

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audience demand and the ability of media companies to supply content. In other words, media companies produce what someone will pay for.

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Non-market media systems:

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in an authoritarian society (say, North Korea), mass communication may function as a system in which content is decided by an institution. In such societies, the media produce what the authorities want the public to know.

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Narrowcasting::

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seeking audience niche, as opposed to broadcasting’s traditional audience building concept.

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Technological determinism

Back 37

the idea that machines and their development drive economic and cultural change.

Front 38

Literate culture:

Back 38

a culture that employs a written language.
Oral culture: a culture without a written language.

Front 39

Third person effect:

Back 39

the common idea expressed by some people that others are influenced by media messages, but they are not.

Front 40

Demographics:

Back 40

characteristics of an audience for mass media based on age, gender, ethnic background, education and income.

Front 41

Populists:

Back 41

favor media that attract large audiences.

Front 42

Elitists:

Back 42

focus on media responsibility to society.

Front 43

Infotainment:

Back 43

melding of media role as purveyor of information and entertainment.

Front 44

Revenue stream:

Back 44

refers to the sources of income (advertising, subscriptions, government funding, public donations, etc).

Front 45

Chemical media:

Back 45

photographic chemistry on which the film industry is based.

Front 46

Electronic media:

Back 46

recordings, radio, television or web, whose messages are stored electronically for transmission or retrieval.

Front 47

Gatekeeper of information

Back 47

: term developed in the 1950’s to describe people who control the flow of information. A newspaper editor, who selects some stories and discards some others, acts as a gatekeeper of information

Front 48

KEY CONCEPTS:
Mass communication:

Back 48

messages distributed by institutions such as the media have the potential to reach very large and anonymous audiences in a process called mass communication.

Front 49

Concentration of ownership:

Back 49

also called economic convergence, means that a single company possesses several media outlets, such as newspapers, Internet businesses, and radio stations. It is often used to describe the rise of large multinational media conglomerates that own many different types of media properties. Economic convergence refers to the relationships between different media outlets owned by a single company, especially the ability to distribute and promote content across different platforms.
Example: Time Warner owns 64 magazines including Time Magazine, Warner Brothers (movies), CNN and TNT (television), Warner Music.

Front 50

Media regulation:

Back 50

governments enforce rules and regulations to promote social stability and mediate social conflicts. Because the media and the public space they occupy can affect many members of society, the government has always been particularly concerned with regulation of the media.

Front 51

Market media systems:

Back 51

in a free-market society, mass communication can be described as a system that produces information on the basis of the interaction between two forces: audience demand and the ability of media companies to supply content. In other words, media companies produce what someone will pay for.

Front 52

Non-market media systems:

Back 52

in an authoritarian society (say, North Korea), mass communication may function as a system in which content is decided by an institution. In such societies, the media produce what the authorities want the public to know.

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The media as a consumer market:

Back 53

the mass media can be described as operating in a market that sells useful information to readers, viewers and listeners.

Front 54

The media as an advertising market:

Back 54

the mass media can be described as operating in a market that sells the attention of readers, viewers and listeners to product advertisers.

Front 55

The media as a marketplace of ideas:

Back 55

the mass media can be described as operating in a market in which ideas compete for acceptance. A free exchange of ideas in the marketplace is considered necessary for a democracy.

Front 56

New media:

Back 56

current media forms and content created and shaped by changes in technologies not yet fully recognized. It usually refers to electronic communication like mobile computing, streaming video and Internet messaging.

Front 57

Media convergence or technological convergence:

Back 57

the fact that information is more able to travel easily between many devices and among many people across the world. Digital transmission has made convergence possible through the merging of different devices.

Front 58

Communication models:

Narrative communication model:

Back 58

formulated by Harold Lasswell, it describes the process in words, not schematically. Who says what? In which channel (technology)? To whom? With what effect (consequence)?

Front 59

Concentric Circle Model:

Back 59

devised by Thomas Bohn, it is a radiating model of the mass communication process, with the communicator at the center and a series of rings around the sender, all representing factors affecting the communication of a message (codes, gatekeepers, mass media, regulators, filters, audiences, effects), plus media distortion and noise.

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Types of communication:
Communication:.

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exchange of ideas, information.

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Interpersonal communication:

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usually two people face to face

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Group communication:

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more that two people, in person.

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Mass communication

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: a process involving many recipients, not face to face.

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Components of mass communication:
Mass communicators:

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the message crafters.

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Mass messages:

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what is communicated.

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Mass media:

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vehicles that carry messages.

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Mass audiences:

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recipients of mass messages.

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The five fundamentals of communication::Stimulation

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stirs someone to communicate.

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Encoding:

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putting something into symbols.

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Transmission:

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sending a message.

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Decoding:

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translating a symbolic message.

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Internalization:

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making sense of a decoded message.

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Gatekeepers:

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media people who determine what is message worthy and what is not.

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Regulators:

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non-media people who influence messages by determining who can broadcast (FCC Federal Communications Commission).

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Impediments to communication:
Noise:

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impedes communication before message reaches receiver.

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Semantic noise:

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sloppy message crafting.

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Channel noise:

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interference during transmission.

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Environmental noise:

Results of mass communication:
Amplification: spreading a message.
Status conferral: credence that a topic or issue receives because of media attention.
Feedback: recipient’s response to the sender.
Effect: result of mass communication.

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interference at reception site.

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Filters:

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receiver factor that affects communication negatively.

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Informational filter:

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receiver’s knowledge limits affects communication negatively.

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Physical filter:

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receiver’s alertness affects deciphering negatively.

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Psychological filter:

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receiver’s state of mind affects deciphering negatively.